General Introduction Nucleic acids are large biological molecules essential for all known forms of life. They include DNA (deoxyribonucleic acid) and RNA(ribonucleic acid). Together with proteins, nucleic acids are the most important biological macromolecules; each is found in abundance in all living things, where they function in encoding, transmitting and expressing
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Shier, Butler, and Lewis: Human Anatomy and Physiology, 12th ed. Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology Chapter 1: Introduction to Human Anatomy and Physiology I. Introduction A. The interests of our earliest ancestors most likely concerned injuries and illness because healthy bodies demand little attention from their owners. B. Primitive people certainly suffered from occasional aches and pains, injuries, bleeding, broken bones, and diseases. C. Before agriculture
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total protein present. The portion containing the greatest concentration of the desired enzyme would be kept for further fractionation and testing. Use of substances such as ammonium sulfate or polyethylene glycol that compete for water with the macromolecules could then be employed. This process, known as "salting out" the organic material from water by varying the solvent ratio or through doing another assay measuring the specific activity. Again, the portion containing the lesser amount would be
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contained in the lysosomes are formed by ribosomes and are then packaged by the Golgi apparatus. Lysosomes (which are common in animal cells but are rare in plant cells) contain a range of hydrolytic enzymes which take part in the digestion of macromolecules such as nucleic acids, proteins and polysaccharides. These hydrolytic enzymes are only active within the acidic interior of the lysosome. This acid-dependency of the enzymes prevents the self-deterioration of the cell in case of lysosomal leakage
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Hypothesis c. Experiment d. Data collection e. Analysis f. Conclusion g. Communication 3. What is biology? a. Biology means “the study of life.” b. Characteristics of life 1) Complex, organized (hierarchy of biology) a) Atoms b) Molecules c) Macromolecules d) Organelles e) Cells f) Tissues g) Organs h) Organ systems i) Organisms j) Populations k) Communities l) Ecosystems m) Biospheres 2) Grow and reproduce 3) Respond to external stimuli 4) Acquire and use energy and materials and change
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the function of mitochondria, chloroplasts, nuclei, and lysosomes. Mitochondria facilitate aerobic cellular respiration, chloroplasts is where photosynthesis occurs, nuclei holds the cell’s genetic material, and lysosomes recycle and break down macromolecules. What is the evidence for endosymbiosis? The similar size and composition shows that mitochondria were initially a bacteria. Mitochondria were engulfed. The aerobic heterotrophic bacteria were kept inside a larger, heterotrophic eukaryotic
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• The 2 reasons for this is… o Need water for biochemical reactions o Things move around in cells (transportation) • The remaining 10 % is inorganic and organic materials o Organic materials: Proteins, carbohydrates, lipids, nucleaic acids(macromolecules- major molecules) o Inorganic materials: salts Cell theory • Two German scientists who were credited for the cell theory: Schawn, Schleiden, Virchow o All living organisms are composed of cells. They can either be unicellular or multicellular
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content of a food is commonly determined by organic solvent extraction methods. The accuracy of these methods greatly depends on the solubility of the lipid in the solvent used and the ability to separate the lipids fom complexes with other macromolecules. The lipid content of a food determined by extraction with one solvent may be quite different from the content determined with another solvent of the different polarity. In addition to solvent extraction methods there are non-solvent wet
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found in the nucleus. Electrons are negatively charged particles whirling around the atom. An isotope is an atom that has extra or fewer neutrons than the number of protons. If carbon gains a proton it becomes nitrogen. 3. What are the major macromolecules in living systems? Explain their unique bonding patterns and functional groups. Carbohydrates – contain mostly carbon, hydrogen, and oxygen. They are the primary fuel for running all of the cellular machinery and form the structure of cells in
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ABSTRACT Your abstract must include the major objective(s) for this investigation along with a summary of what you learned or concluded from your results. Your abstract should be in paragraph form. Gel Electrophoresis is a process by which macromolecules like DNA are separated based on their size. DNA is carried with electricity in an apparatus across an agarose gel matrix. The gel slab is burrowed in a conductive solution, allowing DNA to be measured for analytical and diagnostic purposes
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