...In the American Revolution the United States key problem was to secure aid from abroad without sacrificing independence. The fight for American independence piqued the interest of Europe’s most powerful colonial powers. The result of this conflict would not only determine the fate of the thirteen North American colonies, but also alter the balance of colonial power throughout the world. John Dickinson and Patrick Henry believed that independence without an alliance in place would put America at the mercy of France. Samuel and John Adams believed that other nations would not sign alliances until America declared its independence and that the offer of trade would bring alliances without political commitments. European support varied greatly in both its form and intensity. For France, support of the Americans meant strong, direct action. This included heavy shipments of military supplies and significant financial support. Later in the war, French action took the form of direct military intervention as French troops landed in North American and French ships began to roam the Atlantic coastline. In fact, the argument exists that if it were not for the influx of French troops and ships, towards the end of the conflict, the...
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...France aided the colonists greatly in the American Revolution, especially with providing a source for weaponry and assisting their weak militia. As a result, America was able to defeat Britain’s strong military. Without the help of France, America would have perished and would have not gained independence from Britain. Out of spite especially, France provided the help, support and materials needed to triumph over the British and earn freedom for the new country, America. France had sent supplies to America as early as 1775 (“Silas Deane’s Mission”). However, America needed to secure a formal alliance with France and began by sponsoring a trip of Benjamin Franklin, Silas Deane, and Arthur Lee (“Benjamin Franklin in France”). In spite of this,...
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...to France is one of, if not the most, important event in American history because without his endeavors, America would have likely lost the Revolutionary War. Every single event which is in The American Pageant following the end of the Revolutionary War would likely have never happened without French support during the revolution. Their navy is what won the Battle of Yorktown where General Cornwallis of the British surrendered, winning America the war. Franklin’s envoy is also an indication of American Foreign Policy in its earliest days. After making a hard alliance with France, America soon realized the mistake they had made and this would cause America to pursue an isolationistic foreign policy in later years. The results of the negative drawbacks of the treaty are best seen in Washington’s Neutrality Proclamation during the conflict between France and Britain and his advice during his Farewell Address warning Americans to avoid long lasting treaties. The much later Monroe Doctrine also represents this isolationist ideal since it told European powers that they were no long welcome on the American Continent. Franklin’s belief of religious toleration also had influence in the country of France itself. Before Franklin arrived in France, the Edict of Fontainebleau was in effect which revoked the Edict of Nantes (which...
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...Lincoln High School IB History Internal Assessment Student Handbook Table of Contents What is the History IA? Planning Your Historical Investigation Examples of Types of Investigations Examples of Research Questions Choice of Topic 20th Century History of the Americas Alternative The Written Account & Assessment Criteria A. Plan of the Investigation B. Summary of Evidence C. Evaluation of Sources D. Analysis E. Conclusion F. Sources and Word Limit Sample History IAs 1Trotsky and the Russian Civil War 2US in Chile 3Women in the French Revolution 4PreWWI Alliances 4 7 9 10 11 12 13 14 14 1 2 2 3 4 10 16 Information in this guide is gathered from a variety of sources, including, but not limited to: The IB History Course Guide, Oxford’s IB Skills and Practice, IBOCC, and anecdotal experience. What is the History IA? The History IA is your chance to explore a period, theme, or event in history that you are interested in. For full IB Candidates, it also serves as 20% of your final History Grade. The final paper will be assessed by your teacher, with a sampling sent off to IB for score moderation. The History IA asks you to use the full range of skills you have been taught in class. In particular: ● knowledge and understanding ● application and interpretation ● synthesis and evaluation...
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...Terrin Chacko HIST 1013.09 10/28/2012 Chapter 9 Guided Reading Questions 1. What changes did the Republicans bring to the federal government? a. The Republicans started by making fiscal policies. They “eliminated all internal taxes” in order to help people with large debt (Goldfield 224). Republicans tried to take all the offices they could be appointed to. After Jefferson finished his presidency, Republicans too almost all the appointive offices (Goldfield 224). Jefferson decided to reverse foreign policies in order to stop Napoleon from making a treaty with Spain which posed as a threat. Jefferson had a deal with Napoleon, which helped expand the size of the United States. Furthermore, it opened up another frontier for slaveholders south of the Mississippi Valley (Goldfield 226). b. How did their policies differ from those of the Federalists who came before them? Federalists wanted people to be in large public debt. Federalists tried to have a grip on federal offices; however Republicans managed to take over. Then the Federalists passed the Judiciary Act of 1801 (Goldfield 224). John Marshall, who was a Federalist, created a precedent of judicial reviews in the Marbury v. Madison case. c. What factors accounted for the Federalists’ inability to regain national power after they lost the election of 1800? Hamilton and his fellow Federalists wanted people to be in a large debt. They failed to keep hold of federal offices when Republicans simply used...
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...WORLD WAR I Era Bella: growing tension between powers, as a result of economic globalization and the rise of colonialism 1882 Triple Alliance: linking Germany with Austria-Hungary and Italy, to maintain the beneficial state for Germany. Weltpolitik: world hegemony policy driven by William II, after acceding to the throne in 1888 and in 1890 to dismiss the Chancellor Bismark • Withdrawal from Russia in 1890 to renew the Reinsurance Treaty. • Confrontation with Britain by economic competition and German shipbuilding plans. • Creation of a Franco-Russian alliance 1893: military assistance in case of war against Germany. • The Entente Cordiale in 1904 Franco-British • Anglo-Russian Agreement 1907 (Persia, Afghanistan (England), Tibet) • Finally, the formation of the Triple Entente to counteract this policy 1.1. The transformations of the new century and the conflicts between the powers. Emergence of USA and Japan, which retention passage of a European to a global. • Spanish-American War 1898: conflict between USA and Spain, the latter losing the Cuban island, Puerto Rico, the Philippines and Guam • 1905 Russian-Japanese War: Russian aggression ultimately led to the British-Japanese alliance in 1902 which led to the aforementioned war, winning Japan. As a result Russia turned its attention to the Balkans, leads to clash with Astro-Hungary. 1.2. The Road to War 1905-1914 Balkans: • Austrian annexation of Bosnia-Herzegovina October 5, 1908 (United...
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...DIFFERENCES BETWEEN THE FEDERALISTS AND THE JEFFERSONIANS (DEMOCRATIC-REPUBLICANS) NAME OF STUDENT; NAME OF INSTRUCTOR; NAME OF COURSE; DATE; The Federalist was the first American party and was established in 1792 as a result of alliance between bankers and businessmen who supported Alexander Hamilton. The party led until 1801 where it was overpowered by the Democratic-Republicans. The Jeffersonian consisted of artisans, shopkeepers, frontier settlers and small farmers. It was the strongest in the frontier, south and the south west. CENTRAL GOVERNMENT Hamilton approved of a strong central government with financial credibility and power to make treaties, tax, control commerce, declare war and control factions....
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...1815-Napoleon’s empire ended, and nationalism began its rise. Rising nationalism would eventually be a leading cause of World War I. 11. In the 17th century, witchcraft hysteria took hold in England, Scotland, Switzerland, Germany, New England, and various other countries. Many people, mainly old women, were accused of witchcraft with no evidence. In the 1950s, many American people were accused of being communist sympathizers with no evidence. These events mirrored the witchcraft hysteria. 12. In 1648, the Thirty Year’s War ended. The Peace of Westphalia was created, allowing all German states to determine their own religion. 13. In 1699, the Treaty of Karlowitz was created. Austria took control of Hungary, Transylvania, Croatia, and Slovenia. The empire never became centralized due to all of the national groups. Austrian nationalism was a driving force behind World War I. 14. 1697-1698-Peter the Great of Russia visits the west, and decides to ‘westernize’ Russia. Although he brought many great things to Russia, the forceful way with which he introduced these western ideas made many people distrustful of Western civilization. This distrust would never go away, and would fuel the Cold...
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...France were pushing the US to get more involved in their conflicts. ○ The Native Americans that were aided by the British and Spanish fought the westward advance of American settlers. This in addition, were some growing unrest from within the American population • The new government wanted to collect taxes on some products made in the US. ○ The Western Pennsylvania farmers were upset by the taxes on the manufacture and sale of whiskey. ○ The farmers anger was then turned into violence in July 1794. ○ The Armed mob attacked the tax collectors and burned down the buildings. ○ The Whiskey Rebellion alarmed the government leaders. ○ Washington then sent federal troops to meet...
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...annexed Texas illegally leaving them with not much. Annexed means to add to something larger, especially the incorporation of a new territory into the domain of a city, country, or state and in this situation America illegally took over Texas, which belonged to Mexico. This happened because Texas didn't want to be apart of Mexico because of their government, so they threw a revolution which is now called the Texas Revolution. The Texas Revolution was a revolutionary movement, in which settlers asserted their independence from Mexico and established the republic of Texas. Some people may say that Mexico didn't need the land and America...
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...attended to minor issues, such as property disputes, but worked his way to more important ones, like theft. Adams soon became a well-known New England lawyer. As he gathered prestige in his law career, Adams also gathered a wife. In 1764, he and Abigail Smith married. Smith was well educated, coming from an upper-middle class home. She and Adams would eventually have a number of children together, including president John Quincy Adams. Despite Adams from being away so often, John and Abigail Adams had one of the best marriages of any president and first lady. They were well known for their frequent, unending correspondence with one another. While John Adams was spending time with Abigail in his private life, trouble was brewing in the American Colonies. In 1765, the Stamp Act was passed, taxing various paper products, from legal documents to playing cards. John Adams very much opposed this tax, but also did not approve of the many protests and riots breaking out in response. Frustrated, Adams tried to voice his opinion in his essay, A Dissertation on the Canon and Feudal Law, where he stated that colonists did not favor this law because the colonists felt they were being deprived of their human rights. His essay was published in the Boston Gazette and was widely read. John Adams became better known, both through his essay and through his law career, his final burst to fame was soon to come. On March 5, 1770, a group of British soldiers fired out into a crowd of people and killed...
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...brought the world to the brink of nuclear apocalypse. While the war remained technically cold, the fear of a nuclear disaster made it feel very different to the peoples of the world. OVERVIEW The Formation of a Bipolar World Despite the lingering general animosity and mistrust that the Soviets and Americans shared, at the heart of the cold war was a fundamental disagreement between political, economic, and social systems. Capitalism and communism, at least in the minds of the superpowers, remained mutually exclusive. The United States attacked communism and backed, at least in theory, liberalism. Consequently, the United States criticized the Soviet record on human rights and the suppression of civil and religious institutions. In turn the Soviets, led by Nikita Khrushchev, were critics of the failings of laissez‐faire capitalism and the wide gulf between rich and poor in western European and especially the United States. Further, the Soviets recognized the shortcomings of the collectivization and the brutal use of terror during the Stalinist years. In reality, both the Russians and Americans increasingly were practitioners of reformed versions of communism and capitalism. The heart of the American policy, as expressed clearly in the Truman Doctrine, was to limit the spread of communism...
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...Wars and Revolutions of Western Civilizations Bobby Linnane HIS 102- OL012 Jan 2013 War and Revolutions have happened all over the world for many different reasons. Some were for social and cultural change, others for political change and most of them for nation dominance. The Wars and Revolutions in Europe had an everlasting impact and either heightened or hindered the area in which it took place. Yet through the masses of all the social and political upheaval, we see arise an alliance where the nation finally came together to turn any ones state strength or weakness to offset another. Revolutions 1830-1832 The revolutions of 1830 through 1832 were the breakthrough of liberalism in many areas of Western Europe. The July revolution in France from 1824-1830 was the pivotal point of liberalism. Charles X proclaimed four ordinances 1) dissolving the new Chamber 2) impose censorship on the press 3) reduce voting power to bankers, merchants, etc. and 4) election of the new basis. This produced the July Revolution and the upper class took action as to not be outcastes from political life. The workers and students in Paris put barricades in the city to fight away the army and police. These leaders wanted a democratic republic and workers wanted better conditions for employment. All these people simply wanted a king they could trust. When Charles X fled to England, Louis Philippe was offered the throne. He knew that he had received the throne through the insurrection...
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...construction directly took the constitution for what it said exactly, Hamilton’s loose construction said that what the constitution didn’t forbid, it allowed. * Whiskey tax was made, low class whiskey farmers got angry and started to rebel, Washington came in and “smashed a fly with a sledgehammer” * At the time, the founding fathers believed that anyone against the government was disloyal. * Hamiltonians and Jeffersonians were the beginning of these political parties. One side supporting strong central government and the other supporting a weak government. * At first, we were flattered that the French would follow our precedent of revolution but after heads rolled, Hamiltonians feared that the same would happen in the U.S. * This was an alliance made because the French helped us win our revolution, we were then held to our alliance but couldn’t due to the imminent danger that the British provided. * This was a reaction to the British and the French trying to get us to side with either one of them. * The British gave money to Indians and also stopped merchant ships. * Chief Justice Jay went to Britain and brown nosed the queen and ended up getting us into even more debt with the British and made us look weak. * To keep us out of foreign war. * To...
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...The American Revolution (1775-1783) Have you ever sat and actually wondered how the United States came about? The American Revolution which is also known as the American War of Independence played an important role in the formation, of what we see today as the United States. The American Revolution was a conflict between the thirteen British colonies in North America and their mother country Great Britain. The American Revolution began on April 19, 1775 and ended on September 3, 1783. There are several causes to how the American Revolution came about. Among these causes are The Stamp Act, The Townshend Acts, The Tea Act and the Boston Tea Party. The Stamp Act, which was passed in 1765, was Parliament’s first serious attempt to assert governmental authority over the thirteen colonies. It was an act for granting and applying certain stamp duties, in the British occupied colonies. The main purpose of these taxes was to help Britain pay for the troops stationed in North America. Not only the British colonies in America, but even the British merchants and manufacturers opposed the act, and the exports to the colonies were threatened by colonial economic problems caused by the taxes The Townshend Acts were a series of acts passed in January 1767, by the Britain Parliament. These acts primarily included the Revenue Act of 1767, the Commissioners of Customs Act, the Vice Admiralty Court Act, the Indemnity Act and the New York Restraining Act. The sole purpose of...
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