...J. Basic. Appl. Sci. Res., 4(1)321-326, 2014 © 2014, TextRoad Publication ISSN 2090-4304 Journal of Basic and Applied Scientific Research www.textroad.com A Comparative Study of Wireless Power Transmission Techniques A. Mahmood1, A. Ismail1, Z. Zaman1, H. Fakhar1, Z. Najam1, M. S. Hasan1, S. H. Ahmed3 1 COMSATS Institute of Information Technology, Islamabad, Pakistan 2 University of Alberta, Alberta, Canada 3 SCSE, Kyungpook National University, Korea Received: November 2 2013 Accepted: December 2 2013 ABSTRACT The advent of various wireless technologies have revolutionized the communication infrastructure and consequently changed the entire world into a global village. Use of wireless technology has also been made for transmission of electric power wirelessly. It can reduce heavy line losses; increase the portability of power systems. It also integrates the communication technologies and electric power to the same platform. This paper presents a comprehensive review and detailed analysis of various techniques used for wireless power transmission. Role of wireless power transmission in applications of smart grid like electric vehicle charging has also been covered. Feasibility, implementations, operations, results and comparison among different methods have been elaborated in order to identify the favourable and economical method for low power and small distance applications. KEYWORDS: Power systems, Wireless power transmission, Magnetic resonance. INTRODUCTION Role of electricity...
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...documented discovery of carbon nanotubes (CNTs) in 1991 by Iijima [1] and the realization of their unique physical properties, including mechanical, ther-mal, and electrical, many investigators have endeavored to fabricate advanced CNT composite materials that exhibit one or more of these properties [2,*3,*4]. For example, as conductive filler in polymers, CNTs are quite effective compared to traditional carbon black micro-particles, primarily due to their large aspect ratios [5]. The electrical percolation threshold was recently re-ported at 0.0025 wt.% CNTs and conductivity at 2 S/m at 1.0 wt.% CNTs in epoxy matrices [6]. Similarly, CNTs possess one of the highest thermal conductivities known [*7], which suggests their use in composites for thermal management [2]. The main focus of this paper, however, will be on the use of CNTs as discontinuous reinforce-ment for polymer matrices. The CNT can be thought of as the ultimate carbon fiber with break strengths re-ported as high as 200 GPa, and elastic moduli in the 1 TPa range [8,**9]. This, coupled with approximately 500 times more surface...
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...Australian Journal of Basic and Applied Sciences, 6(8): 492-499, 2012 ISSN 1991-8178 Kinect-based Gesture Password Recognition Mohd Afizi Mohd Shukran, Mohd Suhaili Bin Ariffin Faculty of Science and Defence Technology, Universiti Pertahanan Nasional Malaysia, Aras 6, Bangunan Bistari, Kem Sungai Besi, 57000 Kuala Lumpur. Abstract: Hand gesture password might be the most natural and intuitive way to communicate between people and machines, since it closely mimics how human interact with each other. Its intuitiveness and naturalness have spawned many applications in exploring large and complex data, computer games, virtual reality, health care, etc. Although the market for hand gesture password is huge, building a robust hand gesture recognition system remains a challenging problem for traditional vision-based approaches, which are greatly limited by the quality of the input from optical sensors. In this paper, we use their gesture in order to login or authenticate to the system. And then we introduce a novel method to create a gesture pattern that act as a password. This hand gesture recognition system performs robustly despite variations in hand orientation, scale or articulation. Moreover, it works well in uncontrolled environments with background clusters. Key words: Password Recognition, Authentication, Gesture password INTRODUCTION The advent of relatively cheap image and depth sensors has spurred research in the field of object tracking and gesture recognition. One...
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...REVIEW D. Ryan Georgianna1 & Stephen P Mayfield1 . doi:10.1038/nature11479 Exploiting diversity and synthetic biology for the production of algal biofuels Modern life is intimately linked to the availability of fossil fuels, which continue to meet the world’s growing energy needs even though their use drives climate change, exhausts finite reserves and contributes to global political strife. Biofuels made from renewable resources could be a more sustainable alternative, particularly if sourced from organisms, such as algae, that can be farmed without using valuable arable land. Strain development and process engineering are needed to make algal biofuels practical and economically viable. D espite limited supply and increasing demand, fossil fuels remain among the world’s cheapest commodities. Prices will inevitably rise once demand starts to outstrip supply, but short- to medium-term replacement of fossil fuels by renewable and more environmentally benign alternatives will occur only if the substitutes can compete economically. One of these alternatives is based on the oils extracted from algae, and commercial-scale pilot facilities to test these are in operation. However, significant improvements are still needed to make algal biofuels economically viable. In this Review, we outline the advantages of algae as a biofuel producer, discuss the different cultivation methods, consider the options for achieving optimal algal biomass and lipid production, and the process engineering...
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...African Journal of Basic & Applied Sciences 4 (3): 95-105, 2012 ISSN 2079-2034 © IDOSI Publications, 2012 DOI: 10.5829/idosi.ajbas.2012.4.3.1593 Corporate Social Responsibility Initiatives of Major Companies of India with Focus on Health, Education and Environment Anupam Sharma and Ravi Kiran School of Behavioral Sciences and Business Studies, Thapar University, Patiala, India Abstract: Corporate social responsibility (CSR) is emerging as a new field in the management research. In India, many firms have taken the initiatives of CSR practices which have met with varying needs of the society. The present study has made an attempt to understand the status and progress and initiatives made by large firms of India in context to CSR policy framing and implementation. Data has been collected from the official websites of the firms, in-person interviews and through structured questionnaire. The CSR initiatives in context to health, education and environment sector to be rated by the interviewee were identified from the literature. Based on the information and discussions mentioned a matrix of various policy factors has been prepared. All initiatives factors have been rated on the scale of 1 to 5. Results of the study depicts that IT and Auto industry is more going for taking up CSR initiatives while FMCG sector has focused yet not too much into the social responsibility initiatives. Although India has entered or taken a transformational change by involving into new CSR initiatives, but...
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...Biochemical Engineering Journal 13 (2003) 169–179 Bioconversion of lignocellulose in solid substrate fermentation R.P. Tengerdy a,∗ , G. Szakacs b b a Department of Microbiology, Colorado State University, Technical University, Fort Collins, CO 80523-1677, USA Department of Agricultural Chemical Technology, Technical University of Budapest, 1111 Budapest, Gellert ter 4, Hungary Received 15 November 2001; accepted after revision 24 July 2002 Abstract In this review the state of the art of lignocellulose bioconversion by solid substrate fermentation (SSF) is presented. The most important lignocellulolytic fungi and their properties are described, and their application in novel solid state bioreactors with on-line process control is discussed. The most important bioconversion products, biofuels, enzymes, animal feeds, biofertilizers, biopesticides, biopromoters, secondary metabolites, and the economy of their production by SSF is discussed. The use of SSF in the pulp and paper industry and in integrated crop management is illustrated. © 2002 Elsevier Science B.V. All rights reserved. Keywords: Lignocellulose; Bioconversion; Solid substrate fermentation 1. Introduction Lignocellulose composes more than 60% of plant biomass produced on earth. This vast resource is the potential source of biofuels, biofertilizers, animal feed and chemical feedstocks. Lignocellulose is also the raw material of the paper industry. To fully utilize the potential of lignocellulose, it has...
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...Antonie van Leeuwenhoek81: 537–547, 2002. © 2002Kluwer Academic Publishers. Printed in the Netherlands. 537 Antibiotic production by bacterial biocontrol agents Jos M. Raaijmakers ∗ , Maria Vlami & Jorge T. de Souza Department of Plant Sciences, Laboratory of Phytopathology, Wageningen University, Binnenhaven 5, 6709 PG Wageningen, The Netherlands (∗ Author for correspondence) Abstract Interest in biological control of plant pathogens has been stimulated in recent years by trends in agriculture to-wards greater sustainability and public concern about the use of hazardous pesticides. There is now unequivocal evidence that antibiotics play a key role in the suppression of various soilborne plant pathogens by antagonistic microorganisms. The significance of antibiotics in biocontrol, and more generally in microbial interactions, often has been questioned because of the indirect nature of the supporting evidence and the perceived constraints to an-tibiotic production in rhizosphere environments. Reporter gene systems and bio-analytical techniques have clearly demonstrated that antibiotics are produced in the spermosphere and rhizosphere of a variety of host plants. Several abiotic factors such as oxygen, temperature, specific carbon and nitrogen sources, and microelements have been identified to influence antibiotic production by bacteria biocontrol agents. Among the biotic factors that may play a determinative role in antibiotic production are the plant host, the...
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...Macromolecular Rapid Communications Communication Forming of Polymer Nanofibers by a Pressurised Gyration Process Suntharavathanan Mahalingam, Mohan Edirisinghe* A new route consisting of simultaneous centrifugal spinning and solution blowing to form polymer nanofibers is reported. The fiber diameter (60–1000 nm) is shown to be a function of polymer concentration, rotational speed, and working pressure of the processing system. The fiber length is dependent on the rotational speed. The process can deliver 6 kg of fiber per hour and therefore offers mass production capabilities compared with other established polymer nanofiber generation methods such as electrospinning, centrifugal spinning, and blowing. 60 Frequency (%) 50 40 30 20 10 0 0 50 100 150 200 250 300 350 400 Fibre diameter (nm) 1. Introduction Polymer nanofibers are a promising class of materials for various applications, including electronics, optical devices, batteries, and filtration.[1–9] Indeed, due to their high surface area to volume ratio, they are attractive in many biomedical applications such as scaffolds used in tissue engineering, drug release, artificial organs, wound healing and vascular grafts.[10,11] Due to the expanding demand for nanofibers across a wide range of industries, there needs to be an improvement in the current state-of-art technologies to mass produce them more consistently, reliably, robustly and cost effectively.[12] Electrospinning is a well-established technique...
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...MP A R Munich Personal RePEc Archive Financial management practices and their impact on organizational performance Babar Zaheer Butt and Ahmed Imran Hunjra and Kashif-Ur- Rehman Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan, Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan 2010 Online at http://mpra.ub.uni-muenchen.de/32685/ MPRA Paper No. 32685, posted 15. August 2012 01:05 UTC World Applied Sciences Journal 9 (9): 997-1002, 2010 ISSN 1818-4952 Financial Management Practices and Their Impact on Organizational Performance 1 Babar Zaheer Butt, 2Ahmed Imran Hunjra and 2Kashif-Ur-Rehman 1 2 Foundation University, Rawalpindi, Pakistan Iqra University Islamabad Campus, Pakistan Abstract: This study measures the relationship between organizational performance and financial management practices like capital structure decision, dividend policy, investment appraisal techniques, working capital management and financial performance assessment in Pakistani corporate sector. Sample of the study consisted of forty companies operating in Pakistan, related to different sectors and listed at Karachi Stock Exchange. The finance executives and financial analysts of the companies responded to questionnaire that identified through company profiles and references. The questionnaires were self administered to collect the data from respondents. The results show a positive and significant relationship between financial management practices and organizational performance in Pakistani corporate sector...
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...ANRV296-PS58-19 ARI 17 November 2006 1:33 Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2007.58:479-514. Downloaded from arjournals.annualreviews.org by University Of Maryland on 12/11/06. For personal use only. Cross-Cultural Organizational Behavior Michele J. Gelfand,1 Miriam Erez,2 and Zeynep Aycan3 1 Department of Psychology, University of Maryland, College Park, Maryland 20742; email: mgelfand@psyc.umd.edu 2 Technion, Israel Institute of Technology, Technion City, Haifa, Israel 32000; email: merez@ie.technion.ac.il 3 Department of Psychology, Koc University, Sariyer, Istanbul, Turkey 34450; email: zaycan@ku.edu.tr Annu. Rev. Psychol. 2007. 58:479–514 Key Words First published online as a Review in Advance on October 17, 2006 culture, management, organizations, work The Annual Review of Psychology is online at http://psych.annualreviews.org Abstract This article’s doi: 10.1146/annurev.psych.58.110405.085559 Copyright c 2007 by Annual Reviews. All rights reserved 0066-4308/07/0203-0479$20.00 This article reviews research on cross-cultural organizational behavior (OB). After a brief review of the history of cross-cultural OB, we review research on work motivation, or the factors that energize, direct, and sustain effort across cultures. We next consider the relationship between the individual and the organization, and review research on culture and organizational commitment, psychological contracts, justice, citizenship behavior...
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...Sarhad J. Agric. Vol. 21, No. 4, 2005 PRIMING AFFECT CROP STAND OF MUNG BEAN Ahmad Khan, Shad Khan Khalil*, Shakirullah Khan** and Ashfaq Afzal * Department of Agronomy, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan. ** Department of Extension Education and Commutation, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar- Pakistan. ABSTRACT Seed priming had increased germination of several plants particularly vegetables. The effect of PEG 8000 concentrations levels i.e. 100, 200, 300 g liter-1 water, water soaked and control (seed not treated) on germination m-2 and plant population hectare-1 at harvest of Mung bean varieties NM-92 and NM-98 seeds treated for 6 and 12 hours and then dried for a whole day in open air at room temperature, were studied at Agricultural Research Farm, NWFP Agricultural University, Peshawar during 2003. Emergence m-2 was significantly enhanced by 8% for treated seed compared to control but has non-significant improvement over water soaked. Emergence was increased from 56% (control) to 69% for seed treated 300 g PEG liter-1 water. Longer treatment duration (12 hours) significantly increased emergence m-2 by 1% compared to 6 hours treatment. Though non-significant result was found for plant at harvest yet increment in PEG concentrations had resulted in more number of plants at harvest for primed seed compared to non-primed seed. In conclusion PEG 8000 treated seeds showed better performance than both water soaking and control seeds. INTRODUCTION ...
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...Deepika et al. Microbial Cell Factories 2012, 11:116 http://www.microbialcellfactories.com/content/11/1/116 RESEARCH Open Access Influence of fermentation conditions on the surface properties and adhesion of Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG Gurjot Deepika1, Esther Karunakaran2, Claire R Hurley3, Catherine A Biggs2 and Dimitris Charalampopoulos1* Abstract Background: The surface properties of probiotic bacteria influence to a large extent their interactions within the gut ecosystem. There is limited amount of information on the effect of the production process on the surface properties of probiotic lactobacilli in relation to the mechanisms of their adhesion to the gastrointestinal mucosa. The aim of this work was to investigate the effect of the fermentation pH and temperature on the surface properties and adhesion ability to Caco-2 cells of the probiotic strain Lactobacillus rhamnosus GG. Results: The cells were grown at pH 5, 5.5, 6 (temperature 37°C) and at pH 6.5 (temperature 25°C, 30°C and 37°C), and their surfaces analysed by X-ray photoelectron spectrometry (XPS), Fourier transform infrared spectroscopy (FT-IR) and gel-based proteomics. The results indicated that for all the fermentation conditions, with the exception of pH 5, a higher nitrogen to carbon ratio and a lower phosphate content was observed at the surface of the bacteria, which resulted in a lower surface hydrophobicity and reduced adhesion levels to Caco-2 cells as compared to the control fermentation (pH 6.5...
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...VoLUME 56, NUMBER PHYSICAL REVIEW LETTERS 9 3 MAR. cH 1986 Atomic Force Microscope G. Binnig"~ and C. F. Quate' Edward L Gi.nzton Laboratory, Stanford University, ' Stanford, California 94305 and Ch. Gerber" IBM San Jose Research Laboratory, San Jose, California 95193 I, Received 5 December 1985) The scanning tunneling microscope is proposed as a method to measure forces as small as 10 N. As one application for this concept, we introduce a new type of microscope capable of investigating surfaces of insulators on an atomic scale. The atomic force microscope is a combination of the principles of the scanning tunneling microscope and the stylus profilometer. It incorporates a does not damage the surface. Our preliminary results in air demonstrate a lateral resoluprobe that 0 0 tion of 30 A and a vertical resolution less than 1 A. PACS numbers: 68.35.Gy %e are concerned in this paper with the measurement of ultrasmall forces on particles as small as single atoms. %e propose to do this by monitoring the elastic deformation of various types of springs with the scanning tunneling microscope (STM). ' It has been a common practice to use the displacement of springs as a measure of force, and previous methods have relied on electrostatic fields, magnetostatic fields, optical waves, and x rays. Jones~ has reviewed the devices that use variable capacitances and he reports that displacements of 10 4 A can be measured. SQUIDs3...
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...Biogas production in Pakistani rural areas Introduction and Background Energy in the form of gas or electricity has become an essential part of global world. The economic growth will be simulated due to the presence of sufficient quality and quantity of electricity at affordable prices. The history about biogas plants goes us back to ancient China and Persia. Millions of bio energy plants have been installed in developing countries like India, china, Nepal etc. In the era of 1950’s small biogas plants have also been installed in India, now these plants are also installing in poor rural areas. In the 19th centenary, the covered sewage tanks were being used by china to generate power energy. The 1st plant of biogas was built in 1859 at the Bombay in the India by Panhwar. 30million rural households in china that have biogas digesters, these rural areas have many benefits such as saving fossil fuels, saving time, protecting forests, saving money, saving cooking time, improve hygienic conditions, improving the rural quality of life, reducing water and air pollution(Prabhu et al.). Biogas is a kind of bio-fuel and it is derived from biogenic. Biologically break down of organic materials in the absence of oxygen is referred to as Biogas. Organic wastes include kitchen-wastes, dead-plants, animal-dung etc, these organic wastes are converted into biogas. Pakistan has one of the biggest unexploited coal and biogas resources. Greater than 70% population of Pakistan is living in rural...
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...Available online at www.sciencedirect.com Biotechnology Advances 26 (2008) 246 – 265 www.elsevier.com/locate/biotechadv Research review paper Biological degradation of plastics: A comprehensive review Aamer Ali Shah ⁎, Fariha Hasan, Abdul Hameed, Safia Ahmed Department of Microbiology, Quaid-i-Azam University, Islamabad, Pakistan Received 22 November 2007; received in revised form 31 December 2007; accepted 31 December 2007 Available online 26 January 2008 Abstract Lack of degradability and the closing of landfill sites as well as growing water and land pollution problems have led to concern about plastics. With the excessive use of plastics and increasing pressure being placed on capacities available for plastic waste disposal, the need for biodegradable plastics and biodegradation of plastic wastes has assumed increasing importance in the last few years. Awareness of the waste problem and its impact on the environment has awakened new interest in the area of degradable polymers. The interest in environmental issues is growing and there are increasing demands to develop material which do not burden the environment significantly. Biodegradation is necessary for water-soluble or water-immiscible polymers because they eventually enter streams which can neither be recycled nor incinerated. It is important to consider the microbial degradation of natural and synthetic polymers in order to understand what is necessary for biodegradation and the mechanisms involved. This...
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