...اإللكترونيات (1) ال تنسونا من الدعاء يحيى الكسابرة kasabra70@hotmail.com الجوامـــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــــد تصنف الجوامد حسب توصيميا لمكيرباء إلى : 1) مواد موصمة كالنحاس . 2) مواد عازلة كالبالستيك . 3) أشباه الموصالت كالسيميكون . * في ة المفردة : الذر ع اإللكترونات عمى سمسمة مستويات .تتوز - لكل مستوى طاقة محددة . كمما بعد المستوى ادت طاقتو .ز َ َُ * الحالة األرضية : حالة الطاقة األدنى لمنظومة مكماة . ة : حالة ذ ة ليست في الحالة األرضية . ر * الحالة المثار تثار الذ ات عندما يمتص اإللكترون طاقة تكفي لنقمو إلى مستوى أعمى .ر * إلكترونات التكافؤ : ىل اإللكترونات الموجودة في الطبقة األخي ة األبعد عن نواة الذ ة .ر ر عن عٌاض بن حمار رضً هللا عنه قال: سمعت رسول هللا صلى هللا علٌه وسلم ٌقول: “أهل الجنة ثالثة: ذو سلطان مقسط موفق، ورجل رحٌم رفٌق القلب لكل ذي قربى ومسلم، وعفٌف متعفف ذو عٌال”. "رواه مسلم". - ىي المسؤولة عن عمل الروابط الكيميائية . ضعيفة االرتباط بالذ ة عمل ؟ ألنيا في المستوى األخير تكون قوة الجذب الكيربائية المؤث ة عمييا صغي ة .ر ر ر تحدد الخصائص الكيميائية لمذ ة عمل ؟ ألنيا في المستوى األخير واألضعف ارتباطاً مع النواة .ر * اإللكترون الحر : ىو اإللكترون الذي يمتص طاقة تكفي لفك ارتباطو بالذ ة ويساىم في توصيل الكيرباء . ر * في الجوامد : ىا كحزمة طاقة . تتقارب الذ ات فينقسم مستوى الطاقة إلى عدة مستويات متقاربة جداً بحيث يمكن اعتبارر مستويات الطاقة في الذ ات تصبح حزم طاقة في الجوامد .ر نظرية حزم الطاقة ىي التي تُفسر الخصائص الكيربائية لمجوامد...
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...Hotdog55555 April 27, 2009 Written Communications 101 Manny Diaz Cruise Vacation or a Resort Vacation? Some people argue by asking the question, which is a better vacation? Is it a cruise vacation or an all- inclusive resort vacation? There are a lot of things that play a part in which is a better vacation; anything from food, activities, age of people to the price. My wife and I have taken both of these vacations in the past 12 months and will try to share our likes and dislikes. Some of the highlights are the same. They both have lots and lots of food. They both are full of fun with plenty to do and if you get bored, I would consider the experience your own fault. Our first cruise experience came with the opportunity to spend it with six other friends back in May of 2008. Carnival was the one we choose because people refer to it as a party boat (Cruise mates). If a person is looking for more of a party atmosphere, go with carnival. That is what we did and the reviews were correct. For a younger crowd; go in the spring or fall and for fewer days because kids are in school. Our first resort was nine days in Jamaica at an all inclusive Sandals Resort. The time was March 20th 2009 which was our honey moon. What makes Sandals the best place to spend your vacation, there is eight other locations over the island. People stayed at the less expensive location and played at all the rest which is included in the price. While everything is included in the price for the...
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...Chapter 1: Introduction Background Few in modern society argue that gun related violence is not a problem that requires attention. According to Centers for Disease Control and Prevention, firearm homicides account for roughly 11,000 of the 16,000 homicides that occur the United States annually (2013). The subject of gun control has been a topic that has generated an enormous amount of controversy and attention. When one hears the term “gun violence”, vile acts against humanity, such as the shootings at Sandy Hook Elementary and Columbine High School, come to mind. More recently, the rise in extremist acts of terror has heightened the public’s concern over gun control. In the aftermath of multiple occasions, President Obama has publically called for stronger gun control laws, specifically calling for stricter background checks among other provisions. In response to the public’s concern for safety, the president used executive action which increased the number of businesses which require federal licenses to sell guns, thus increasing the number of dealers requiring background checks when selling firearms (National Conference of State Legislatures, 2016). This is, of course, not a one-sided argument. The subject creates strong feelings across the political spectrum. Gun rights groups, such as the NRA, suggest that gun control laws are not only unconstitutional, but actually leave citizens in more danger by preventing them from using their best form of protection (National Rifle...
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...Scientists said that any type of life must have certain features such as active metabolism, reproduction, and evolution. Also other scientists suggested that each cell would have to contain ribosomes to be able to distinguish alien microbes. 3. What are ribosomes? Cells must have enough space to contain a protein building machine called a ribosome. 4. Why do many scientists argue that viruses are not alive? What is Christoph Adami’s argument for refuting that assessment? Many scientists believe that viruses aren’t alive since they rely on their host to multiply. Christoph Adami claims that viruses live because they transfer DNA to other generations. 5. Why did Kathie Thomas-Keprta and her team think they had found life on a Martian meteorite in 1996? How did other scientists shoot down that claim? Katieee Thomas-Keprta thought they found life on a meteorite because they found large organic compounds in the meteorites that looked similar to Earth. Other scientists argued that the crystals formed during a process where no life was needed. 6. What is desert “varnish” and why does Carol Cleland make the case it could...
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...Some Americans, notably George Washington, never forgot that the motive of King Louis XVI in sending officers to serve in the American Revolution was not devotion to anti-monarchical principles but a plan to regain territory that had been lost to England after the Seven Years War. For this reason, Washington sought to keep America nonaligned between England and France by maintaining a policy of neutrality. French commercial losses suffered during the war strained Jefferson saw the stirrings of discontent with the established church and state as natural consequences of the example America had set in its state and federal constitutions. Even if Jefferson did not at first see America as the torchbearer of liberty to the world, his experience...
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...The goal of this essay is to discuss the importance of culture, the job, and organisational context in determining whether wage compression and symbolic egalitarianism are best. Pfeffer (2005) argues for wage compression and symbolic egalitarianism as two of thirteen management practices that lead to superior organisational performance, and the rationale and validity of his argument will be assessed in line with the work of Hofstede as applied to studies of multinational corporations. Pfeiffer’s arguments will be shown to be of limited application contingent on the context they are being applied to. Symbolic egalitarianism is a conscious strategic decision within the organisation to remove symbols of hierarchy and the differential valuing of employees. This can include decisions such as moving managers from their offices to open plan areas, reducing or removing tiers of titular status, or status symbols attached to seniority or role. Pfeffer argues symbolic egalitarianism signals equality and improves communications, it “diminishes ‘us’ versus ‘them’ thinking” [ (Pfeffer, 2005, p. 101) ] which he believes creates a more collaborative environment with better information flow and cooperation due to the hierarchical barriers between employees and managers being removed. Organisations make a strategic choice in their remuneration and reward programs to enforce either hierarchical or egalitarian culture. Egalitarian systems allow earnings to increase without employees having...
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...Argue for and against the use of personality tests in management. Personality testing is a tool used by many national and international organisations in evaluating candidates for the Selection and Hiring processes. Some Managers use them as a tool to evaluate the types of employees they have within the company, which employees they want more of and some companies even go as far as using these personality tests in promoting people. The number of companies that use these personality tests as part of their Human Resource functions, especially when the validity, reliability of results obtained by these tests is questionable, is alarming. Studies have shown that personality is unrelated to job performance, which shows personality can make no constructive contribution to management. When research can prove that these tests are not useful predictors of performance, why then do companies insist on using them? I suspect because administering psychological assessments give the assessor a feeling of power, control and importance. In contrast some studies have stated personality is likely to influence behaviour in weak situations which occurs when there is ambiguity in the meaning of the situation, where incentives for a particular response are unclear or absent. Strong situations are those that lead people to act in more or less the same way due to expectations and reward systems. Organisations are mainly strong situations, meaning the influence of personality on behaviour is nonexistent...
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...Socrates argues during his interrogation If he is such a bad influence on the youth of Athens, what is it that has a good influence? Meletus replies that the men of the jury, Councilors, and members of the assembly as good influences. Per this statement everyone except for Socrates is a good influence on the youth. Socrates then compares this to that of a horse trainer, they are specialized in the training of horses. They have positive influence on horses, where most people uneducated in the training of horses would have a negative influence on the horse. He then affirms if it takes such knowledge to improve a horse, it would be impossible for all men to have the ability better others. (24a-25b) Socrates replies to Meletus that, in doing harm...
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...The design argument is also known as the teleological argument. Telos means goal, aim or purpose. The argument looks at the idea of purpose and order within the universe to argue for the existence of God. The argument is an a posteriori, inductive, synthetic argument. A posteriori arguments have statements that rely on proof from the external evidence. In inductive arguments the argument is only brought in at the conclusion. Aquinas's 5th way in the cosmological argument as it argues for the existence of God, with regards to the evidence of purpose in nature. Aquinas stated that everything works together in a particular order despite the fact that inanimate objects have no mind or rational powers to achieve this. He explained his point by using the example of an arrow, saying that for an arrow to reach its destination it must be directed first of all by the archer. In the same way ‘natural bodies’ seem to act in a regular fashion to reach a specific purpose. As they, like the arrow, are not able to direct themselves, there must be a first cause. This first cause is what Aquinas considered to be God. Another philosopher that postulated a teleological argument is Paley. Paley put forward his argument for the existence of God during the period of enlightenment (where science was being used to prove evolution). Paley explained his theory using an analogy of the watch, but drawing comparisons between features of the watch and of the universe. He stated that if a man was walking...
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...Question; Argue whether teachers should be evaluated based on student performance Introduction Fairtest 2013 studies clearly present several reasons why teacher evaluations should not solely rest on student test scores. Haertel (2012 p.4) informs that the role of the teacher in school is only critical in the boundaries of the institution and that learning that also takes place out of the school matters even more. Teacher evaluations based on student performance has key measurement errors when results of one year show big scores by a teacher and subsequent years present a different story. Another error forwarded by the author is fade out which suggest that even if students benefit from highly evaluated teachers the effects fades out once they join other classes or graduates to different institutions of higher learning. Most important is the implementation challenge which paints the bigger picture, that the evaluation method may not be practically adapted in a system as it would mean the teachers with the highest scores remain working while the rest are left out of the program (pp.6-7). Thesis Education program logistics and Individual student love of education evaluations are better variables compared to teacher evaluation based on overall student performance. Following the November 20, 2013 article in the New York Times campaigning to recruit top students to become teachers more questions than answers in regard to educationist evaluation based on student performance...
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...Organisations can gain a competitive advantage through managing people effectively. “Achieving competitive success through people involves fundamentally altering how we think about the workforce and the employment relationship.” (Pfeffer, 2005) Pfeffer argues that wage compression and symbolic egalitarianism are practise that can be used in order to gain a competitive edge. Wage compression is flattening out the differentials between the highest and lowest paid jobs. Wage compression can create a sense of teamwork, collaboration and cooperation. Symbolic egalitarianism can signal to insiders and outsiders that there is a comparative equality within the organisation. This is done by diminishing status distinctions, for example eliminating executive dining rooms and not having reserved parking spaces for certain employees (Standford University, 1994). Pfeffer’s arguments can be valid however they can also be questionable, in whether they are the right practices to use. Culture, job factors and organisational context are important aspects to consider in determining whether these practises may or may not work. Pfeffer’s rationale and casual logic for wage compression is that by “reducing interpersonal competition and enhancing cooperation, can lead to effective gains.” (Pfeffer, 2005) Although Pfeffer recognises that large differences in rewards can increase motivation and improve performance, Pfeffer believes that wage compression can produce a higher overall performance, as...
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...Raymond Williams argues that ‘Culture is one of the two or three most complicated words in the English language’ (1983: 87). With reference to at least one of the key readings other than the extracts from Williams that you’ve studied in weeks 1-5, discuss (1) why Williams argues this and (2) some of the different ways in which culture has been defined. Culture is one of the most difficult words to define as there are so many modern and traditional meanings that come across as being the ‘true’ definition. Williams said that it is because ‘it is now used in important concepts in intellectual disciplines and systems of thought’, however a more modern way of putting this is that it is part of spiritual development and a way of life. Arnold describes culture as a ‘study of perfection’, which, if you look at the dictionary definition of culture, applies to it; ‘Noun: The arts and other manifestations of human intellectual achievement regarded collectively’, referring to high culture. High culture, as Leavis put it is ‘the use of such language’, meaning the appreciation of finer living. Finer living means people who visit the theatre, art galleries, drink fine wines; are socially higher than the majority of society who most of the time cannot afford to live like that, they would swap the theatre for a cinema, the art gallery for ‘Madame Tussards’ and the wine bar for a nightclub. Such definition of the word culture makes it seem like a class division; something that Shakespeare picked...
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...Autonomy provides self-identification and placement in a person culture. Immanuel Kant believes that autonomy plays a big role in making ethical decisions. I believe that is correct and this is because morals vary from culture to culture and universalizability does not exist. Morals are supposed to bring good but there are circumstances where a moral action might bring damage. Due to this premise I feel as though it is not always right to do the duty that is expected. I also believe that if a duty is imposed on us, the fulfillment of that duty will not make us any more ethical. To explain my universalizability statement, Immanuel Kant believes that acting immorally is unreasonable because it is inconsistently unfair and unjust towards whomever it may have a negative impact on, even though that person may not know. According to Kant, an action is morally right if its maxim is universalizable. In which a maxim is a “principle of action you give yourself when you are about to do something” (162), and universalizable means that your acts of your maxim would be supported by everyone. According to Russ Shafer-Landau in The Fundamentals of Ethics, Kant believes that, “the morality of our actions has nothing to do with results. It has everything to do with our intentions and reasons for action, those are contained in the principle we live by” (163). Morality relies on people acting out with a good intention, but the action has to be universalizable, and if it is not, we are being inconsistent...
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...“Herzberg (1968) argues that pay is a “hygiene factor”. Critically evaluate his position drawing on your understanding of what motivates individuals and groups.” This assignment will look at the origin of Herzberg’s theory, those who agree with Herzberg’s two-factor theory and those that disagree with his two-factor theory. The assignment will look into what motivation means to individuals, and how motivation creates job satisfaction. It will then be possible to evaluate the relevance of Herzberg’s and how relevant it is to all individuals. Herzberg carried out a survey interviewing 200 Engineers and Accountants from Pittsburgh in the 1950’s. From his findings he came up with the two-factor motivation theory which consisted of motivational factors and hygiene factors. Both factors affect motivation in the workplace, but are very different and are completely unrelated. “Motivators refer to factors intrinsic within the work itself like the recognition of a task completed” (Tietjen & Myers, 1998) while “hygiene factors tend to include extrinsic entities which do not pertain to the worker’s actual job” (Tietjen & Myers, 1998). Motivators make the employee content and when they are present they increase job satisfaction. They were named intrinsic factors as they are factors that are related to the job itself. Hygiene factors do not make the employee happy when they are present but they do dis-satisfy when they are not present or are in shortfall, the hygiene factors...
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...1. After exploring the sociological literature on death and dying, explore and argue for or against one of the following statements: b. Death and dying are subjected to and defined by the clinical gaze. Euphemism and grandiloquence are core mechanisms employed in the theoretical and authoritative discourses surrounding the issues and definitions of death, as seen with the propositions put forward by the British Medical Association (BMA 2003). The BMA’s ideas allude to a suggestion that death could be redefined and that ‘Elective Ventilation’ (a prohibited medical procedure on the outer frontiers of legality and morality) might become a ‘new’ status of the dead and dying. Other articles take this presumption further, by questioning whether as individuals, society should legally be bound to ‘opt out’ rather than ‘opt in’ of this innovative condition; meaning if our bodies befall fatal injuries there is a presumption that they instantly become the assets of the medical institution (Wilkinson 2012). An alternative belief is being presented, that our ethical and moral concerns should lay with the future recipient of our assumedly ‘redundant’ organs. Already some European states such as Wales are considering backing such a proposal (Wales News 2012). Actively delaying death or maintaining a body to increase organ donation is illegal as the interests of the patient are not paramount. Is the idea of Elective ventilation the ultimate scenario in defining death through a clinical...
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