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Case Diversity Management

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LA GESTION DES MINORITÉS DISCRÉDITABLES :
LE CAS DE L’ORIENTATION SEXUELLE
Christophe Falcoz et Audrey Bécuwe

Présentation des auteurs

Christophe Falcoz et Audrey Bécuwe sont partis du constat qu’il était trop facile d’opposer l’approche égaliste antidiscriminatoire au « diversity management » (approche anglo-saxonne).
Ils tentent donc de démontrer que la question du genre et du sexe n’est pas forcément distincte de celle de l’orientation sexuelle car les gai et lesbiens ne sont pas forcément confrontés aux même difficultés. Il étoffe cette analyse une distinction goffmanienne qui population stigmatisée et population stigmatisable.

Dans la première partie de leur recherche, l’utilité des politiques de management de la diversité, sont mises en avant plutôt que la lutte contre la discrimination des les gays et lesbiens qui veulent se dévoiler sans risque au travail.

C’est en voulant trouver des soultions à la source plutôt que des solutions curatives q’ils mettent en évidense le fait la stigmatisation des gais et lesbiens ne vient non pas comme l’articulation entre un sexe biologique et d’une construction sociale et culturelle des rapports hiérarchisés de sexe mais plutôt comme les multiples configurations dominées ou dominantes entre le sexe, les rapports de force entre les sexes et les sexualités (hétéro, homo, bi, trans…)

Les études gays et lesbiennes se sont développée en même temps que les études féministes et de genre mais d’un point de vue politique les relations sont plutôt conflictuelles. Par exemple les féministes voient les gays comme des hommes dominants comme les autres et les lesbiennes comme des antiféministes. De leur côté les lesbiennes féministes radicales dénoncent le féminisme blanc et bourgeois. Ainsi il en ressort qu’historiquement les études féministes se sont concentrées sur le genre et les études gays et lesbiens plutôt sur les minorités sexuelles.

Mais c’est essentiellement l’arrivée des études version « queer » qui ont apporté de nouvelles remise en cause et mis en évidense l’importance de la question du genre et un dualité homme/femme-homo/hétéro.

Les deux auteurs mettent donc en évidenses le fait que les gai et lesbiens, souvent regroupé sous le nom de minorités sexuelles mais qu’ils ont cependant des revendications distinguées. Il est normal que la question des différences entre les gays et lesbiennes se pose.

Différences entre les formes d’homophobie que ces deux populations pouvaient avoir à subir.

Homosexualité féminine Homosexualité masculine
- double invisibilité : femme et lesbienne Seul caractéristique discriminatoire : orientation sexuelle

Inversion du genre

Enquête :
- sous représentation des femmes parmis les répondants
- plafond de verre
- lesbiennes moins souvent cadre et plus dans le secteur publics
- inégalité estéthique entre les sexes
- sous représentation des métiers (commerce, gestion/administration des entreprises
- par exemple),
- tandis que d’autres sont surreprésentés (communication/information/art et spectacle, informaticien-ne, fonction publique, santé/action sociale).
- Les gays et les lesbiennes semblent donc s’orienter majoritairement vers des métiers féminins et délaisser les métiers masculins.
Il y a plus de gays que de lesbienne dans les metiers féminins, et au contraire plus de lesbiennes que de gai dans les métiers très masculins. Ce n’est pourtant pas un choix volontaire car seulement 19 % à répondre plutôt oui à l’assertion « il m’est arrivé de choisir un métier où les lesbiennes et gays sont, selon moi, nombreux et/ou bien acceptés »

Cet aspect constitue une spécificité fondamentale de l’orientation sexuelle par rapport au sexe, mais ne l’isole pas non plus. L’orientation sexuelle est plus facile à dissimuler que le sexe ou l’origine ethnique.

DE L’IMPORTANCE D’UNE GESTION DE LA DIVERSITÉ DANS LE CAS DE POPULATIONS
« DISCRÉDITABLES »
L’orientation sexuelle : une caractéristique pouvant être cachée

Individu discrédité
Individu discréditable par ce que son stigmate n’est pas forcément visible au premier abord

Notion de placard = lieu ou les gays et lesbiennes s’enferment ou se trouvent enfermés à cause de leur différence

Stratégie d’intrusion quand à l’inversion du genre qui pourrait permettre la découverte de l’homosexualité d’une personne

Les auteurs ont mis en évidense deux questions qui permettent d’avoir une idée du degré de dévoilement au travail, le degré d’hétéronormativité.

- avez-vous parlé ouvertement de votre homosexualité dans votre entreprise actuelle ?
- avez-vous caché/masqué votre homosexualité dans votre entreprise actuelle à l’issue de la phase d’intégration ?
-

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