...Classical Communication Models 1. Aristotle’s definition of rhetoric. a. “Rhetoric” is “the faculty of observing in any given case the available means of persuasion” Rhetoric is the counterpart of Dialectic. Both alike are concerned with such things as come, more or less, within the general ken of all men and belong to no definite science. Aristotle, On Rhetoric Aristotle was the first to take an initiative and design the communication model.Let us first go through a simple situation.In a political meeting, the prospective leader delivers speech to the audience urging for more votes from the constituency. He tries to convince the crowd in the best possible way he can so that he emerges as a winner. What is he actually doing ?He is delivering his speech in a manner that the listeners would get convinced and cast their votes only in his favour, or in other words respond in the same manner the speaker wanted to. Here the leader or the speaker or the sender is the centre of attraction and the crowd simply the passive listeners. | The example actually explains the Aristotle model of communication. The Aristotle model of communication is the widely accepted and the most common model of communication where the sender sends the information or a message to the receivers to influence them and make them respond and act accordingly. Aristotle model of communication is the golden rule to excel in public speaking, seminars, lectures where the sender makes his point clear...
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...ethos of the two candidates is bridged and the audience is swayed in Kerry’s direction. Obama uses personal anecdotes to build excessive pathos which reduces the amount of logos necessary to convince the audience to vote for Kerry because the...
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...Ryan Chavez Patho 2 Case study 7 Case1 1. Due to D.K.’s signs and symptoms she probably has a urinary tract infection or urinary cystitis. 2. Since E. coli is the most common cause of urinary treat infections, antibiotics are an appropriate treatment for D.K. because she is symptomatic with frequency, urgency and burning upon urination. 3. The factors that predispose the development of a UTI are sexually active women,the us of a diaphragm, failure to void after intercourse, improper hygiene, female anatomy, low estrogen levels in postmenopausal women, catheters or a foreign object placed in the urinary tract for a long period time, pregnancy, and diabetes mellitus. 4. The strategies that D.K can take to avoid the recurrence of a UTI would be clean perineal hygiene, stay well hydrated, wear cotton crotched underwear, void after intercourse, avoid feminine hygiene deodorants, avoid harsh toilet paper, and avoid tight fitting pant. Case 2 1. Due to the loss of blood P.W is at risk for pre-renal acute renal failure and it may lead to poor renal perfusion. 2. The best type of treatment to prevent renal failure would be adequate fluid volume replacement with blood or any isotonic solution maintain proper blood volume circulation and to maintain adequate blood pressure and perfusion to the kidneys. 3. P.W. is in the stage of pre-renal oliguria. This means that the kidneys are functioning as the should if blood volume and pressure are low. The kidneys will conserve...
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...THE THREE ADVERTISEMENT RHETORIC 2 The Three Advertisement Rhetoric The three-advertising rhetoric are ethos, pathos, and logos. According to the video, the art of rhetoric is known as persuasive technique in advertising. The goal remains the same no matter where found – bill boards, radio or print media, to convince my audience of my point of view. The aim is to make emotional appeals to trust them, build credibility, and use logic and reasoning to appeal to people. It is important to note that advertisers do not often use all three, but most times, combine two. The Greek philosopher, Aristotle was the first to speak of the three methods below: Ethos is an appeal to ethics, which seeks to convince someone of the character or credibility of the persuader. We tend to believe those who we respect or hold in high esteem as someone worth listening to. In other words, their appearance or say so, establishes the credibility or character of the...
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...the James Bulger Case is presented in texts 1, 2 and 3. The first text, ”Every parents nightmare”, is a news article written by Mark McKay for BBC in October 2000. The article, in a chronologically and neutrally fashion, objectively describes the James Bulger Case from beginning to end. The text is dense in terms of factual information, as one would expect from a news article. The second text, “Life after James”, is an article written by Blake Morrison for The Guardian Online in Februrary 2003. The article approaches the presentation of the James Bulger Case in a different way. By peaking behind thick curtains of opinions held by the public, the text man-ages to provoke thoughts and stimulate ideas. Blake Morris succesfully shifts the paradigm of the James Bulger Case by taking a step backwards, which leads the audience to the introduc-tion of the bigger picture, where he explains and examines his view; the James Bulger Case is a problem, but it is not the problem. The issue lies in the society itself. The third and last text, “James Bulger killing; 20 years on”, is an article written by Amelia Hill for The Guardian Online in Februrary 2013. Arguably, the article is an addendum to the previ-ous text, “Life after James”. Amelia Hill takes the reader back twenty years, where she daringly questions the method of which the public, the media and the politicians used to deal with the case. Analyse how Blake Morrison presents the James Bulger case in text 2. Here you must use...
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...feeling unsafe and untrusting of adults, they are on a dangerous path that could turn them into unsafe and possibly abusive adults. It is our hope, through vigorously campaigning and the elements of persuasion we can alleviate the hardships that child abuse cause, on both the child and society. Understanding the importance of prevention and intervention, it is our mission to bring awareness as well as reform. Bullet 1- Savannah Thurman Discuss the nature and history of your issue: I. What is Child Abuse? A. Classic Signs 1. Physical State of Child 2. Emotional State of child II. History of child Abuse in the United States? 1. Reported child abuse cases from 1990-2000 vs 2000-2010 2. Intervention that caused the change in numbers Bullet 2 – Jessica Roberts Effects of Child Abuse on Society A. Children need to be able to respect and trust adults, whether it’s their parents or any other adults in society. 1. If a child is abused by an adult, they may feel as those they cannot trust adults as they are not safe. 2. This can also cause a child to lose respect for adults. 3. This can cause children to not get the help they need to be able to function in the world as they do not...
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...Ethos, Pathos, and Logos Whenever you read an argument you must ask yourself, "is this persuasive? And if so, to whom?" There are several ways to appeal to an audience. Among them are appealing to logos, ethos and pathos. These appeals are prevalent in almost all arguments. To Appeal to Logic (logos) | To Develop Ethos | To Appeal to Emotion (pathos) | Theoretical, abstract language Literal and historical analogies Definitions Factual data and statistics Quotations Citations from experts and authorities Informed opinions | Language appropriate to audience and subject Restrained, sincere, fair minded presentation Appropriate level of vocabulary Correct grammar | Vivid, concrete language Emotionally loaded language Connotative meanings Emotional examples Vivid descriptions Narratives of emotional events Emotional tone Figurative language | | Effect | | Evokes a cognitive, rationale response | Demonstrates author's reliability, competence, and respect for the audience's ideas and values through reliable and appropriate use of support and general accuracy | Evokes an emotional response | Definitions Logos: The Greek word logos is the basis for the English word logic. Logos is a broader idea than formal logic--the highly symbolic and mathematical logic that you might study in a philosophy course. Logos refers to any attempt to appeal to the intellect, the general meaning of "logical argument." Everyday arguments rely heavily...
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... Based on Paul Feldman’s findings, the authors of Freakonomics argue that a person, who is faced with an efficient way to cheat, will not necessarily choose to. The data involved in Feldman’s accidental bagel study proves that not all humans are corrupt. However, their tendency to cheat alters based on several factors, such as the characteristics of the person, the value of the incentive, and the impact of the setting on the person’s mood. 1. Metaphor- “He had thrown off the shackles of cubicle life and made himself happy.” (Levitt/Dubner 45) 2. Juxtaposition- “But in the big-office/small-office comparison, bagel crime seems to mirror street crime. There is far less street crime per capita in rural areas than in cities, in large part because a rural criminal is more likely to be known (and therefore caught).” (Levitt/Dubner 46) 3. Allusion- “Because many of Feldman’s customers are affiliated with the national security, there may have been a patriotic element to this 9/11 effect.” (Levitt/Dubner 47) 4. Antithesis- “But often a small and simple question can help chisel away at the biggest problems.” (Levitt/Dubner 45) 5. Pathos- “Paul Feldman’s bagel business was different. It did present a victim. The victim was Paul Feldman.” (Levitt/Dubner 46) Argument: How is the Ku Klux Klan like a Group of Real-Estate Agents? The second chapter of Freakonomics states that, though...
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...The success was the progress of salmon coming back, but the failures lies on the drought that California has been exposed to. The water diverted from the farmers will cause them to use up about 300,000 acres of farmland. The money spent on the river as of 2012 estimates to $892 million and levee improvements for the river approximate to $188 million, and the total of all that rounds up to over $1 billion, which was way over the original estimate of $400 million. My viewpoint remains the same because only a small amount of fish came back and the amount of money put into it was not worth it. The cost of reviving the river in 2012 exceeded the estimated amount when they approved of the plan. The tiny amount of salmon brought back does not compare to the huge amount of money funded towards this project. Furthermore, a drought has engulfed California and the water shortages for the farms will be even worse than it already was. If the El Niño hits California, there might still be hope for this project, but we do not when it is going to happen and what will happen to the river and farms if El Niño does not come soon. For now, the money and...
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...not billions – of dollars in coming years on a program that will yield a salmon exhibit instead of a sustainable fishery” (1). This quote displays pathos because the government is funding large amounts of money towards this risky project that could end up as a failure, yet they could finance projects with a higher chance of success. They are taking a chance with that money and the people would lose a fair deal of benefits that the money could have been used for if the plan fails. The government is trying to look like they are enivironmentally friendly and “good” people, but in reality they do not even know for sure this plan will succeed, but they gamble with their chances anyways and hope for a favorable outcome which is foolish because the victims that will have to suffer their failures will not be them, but the common middle to lower class people. In this case of the river project, they are creating a thriving wild salmon in the revitalized San Joaquin river façade when they could have funded the money to create an actual sustainable fishery that has a higher success rate with the same results of bringing back the salmon industry. Another pathos quote that portrays the river project as a flawed idea is seen here, “And it’s coming at a time when water shortages already are killing the Valley’s westside, farm-based economy... won’t be celebrating later” (2). This section evokes feelings of fear in the reader because even though the approval of the project seems to be a good idea...
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...NAME Chi Hsiao DATE 12-2-2014 English 1301: Final Exam Study Guide Fall 2014 (Suarez) 1. Narration - telling a story or several related stories. 2. Flashback- returns to an earlier time in the narrative 3. Dramatic License- adding or reshaping details in order to shape the narrative point 4. Flash-forward- gives the reader a glimpse of the future before the story continues in the present 5. Conflict- the source of tension in the event 6. Dialogue- allows the reader to experience characters directly 7. Narrator- person who tells the story 8. Causal analysis- shows how one event or phenomenon brings about anothe 9. Causes- why an event or phenomenon happens 10. Effects- what happens because of the event or phenomenon 11. Chronological - arranged in a time sequence 12. Emphatic- Most compelling saved for last 13. Comparison and Contrast- to point out similarities and/or dissimilarities 14. Subject-by-Subject - describing everything relevant about one subject before moving to another subject. 15. Point-by-Point- alternating from one aspect of a subject to the same aspect of another subject 16. Transitions - words and phrases that ease readers from one idea to another 17. Basis of Comparison- Common characteristic on which to base the essay. 18. Argumentation-...
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...2007 February 20, 2007 Aristotle’s Life and the Rhetoric Books I and II Aristotle (384-322 BCE) • Aristotle was a student of Plato’s who disagreed with his mentor over the place of public speaking in Athenian life • born in Macedonia about the time Plato was opening the Academy in Athens • age seven went to Athens and entered the Academy--stayed on as teacher; left 20 yrs later on Plato’s death in 347 • Was ineligible to inherit Academy because he wasn’t Athenian • believed only scientific demonstration and the analysis of formal logic could arrive at transcendent truth • Dialectic and rhetoric form 2 major divisions in his view of human inquiry but they deal with subjects on which true knowledge isn’t available • Rhetoric: making persuasion possible • for Aristotle, rhetoric as the discovery in each case of the available means of persuasion--this discovery requires scientific investigation o in terms of speech situations, he focused on civic affairs • forensic speaking considers guilt or innocence—judicial speech centering on accusation and defense • deliberative speaking considers future policy—political speech centering on future policy • epideictic speaking considers praise and blame—ceremonial speech ▪ Aristotle classified rhetoric as the counterpart of dialectic o dialectic is on-on-one conversation; rhetoric is one person addressing the many o dialectic...
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...typical example of baroque discourse and the latter as a specimen of mannerist discourse. The reference to the terms melodrama, mannerism and baroque does not imply that these films are just formal repetitions of historical periods or that they thematically and structurally refer to historical styles, but that they are characterized by opposing discursive strategies which came to the foreground in a specific historical time and constellation. Because these discursive strategies return in other historical periods and socialpolitical circumstances in different guises and with different aims, they can be compared to what Aby Warburg calls Pathosformeln (pathos formula). The expressive forms, gestures and discursive modes of melodrama, baroque and mannerism can thus be understood as transhistorical (gestural) languages of pathos that recur in history. Résumé Bien que All that heaven allows (1954) par Douglas Sirk et Far from heaven (2002) par Todd Haynes se caractérisent nettement comme un mélodrame, les deux films adressent leur public de manière fondamentalement différente. La divergence au niveau des réactions (émotionnelles) envers ces deux films, résultent d’une différence au niveau des stratégies rhétoriques auxquelles ils font appel : alors que le film de Sirk semble être un exemple type du discours baroque, l’autre serait plutôt un spécimen du discours maniériste. La référence aux termes de...
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...Laura Martz "Where's the Beef?" 22 September 2011 1. “One study that is not often cited by animal activists is a recent report by the Centre fo Energy and the Environment at the University of Exeter in England. David Coley and his associates analyzed how much fuel energy is used to produce and process different foods” (96) Ethos and Authority, because the paragraph lets you know that someone else who studies fuel energy from a top University had results that back Herscovici’s case. 2. “They have trouble explaining, however, why human health and longevity have improved steadily and animal products became more readily available throughout the century” (95) Assertion, because they author is using this to support his clam against vegetarians not really being able to back up their reasoning. 3. “In fact, meat is an excellent source of 12 essential nutrients, including protein, iron, zinc, and B vitamins” (95) Logos, because he is using facts to clearly state that meat has good in it that help our bodies, but he is doing it with a fact which backs up this reasoning. 4. “Thanks to modern agriculture, many city people now take our abundant food supply for granted” (97) I see a little bit of Pathos in this statement because if I was, what he considered a “city” person I would take offense to what he was trying to say. I would be a little shocked at that statement. 5. “Meat does not contain harmful pesticide, antibiotic or other residues. This is assured...
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...COMMUNICATION THEORY A review of Stephen Mailloux’s (1995, ed) discussion of “Sophistry and Rhetorical pragmatism” (pp1-30) and West and Turner’s (2010, pp.312-327) discussion of “Rhetoric”. This essay is a review of Stephen Mailloux’s discussion of Sophistry and Rhetorical pragmatism (Mailloux, 1995) and West and Turner’s discussion of Rhetoric (West & Turner, 2010). The writings in question discuss the origins and evolution of Rhetoric, with Mailloux introduce a historical and philosophical criticism of “sophistic Rhetoric as applied in the modern American context” (for example, neopragmatism and poststructuralism), and evaluated in the rest of the book, whilst West and Turner enlighten the reader about the heurism and globalism of Aristotle’s Rhetorical theory with a focus on the discipline of public speaking. Mailloux introduces sophistic Rhetoric as founded on the pragmatic doctrine that “Man is the measure of all things: of things which are, that they are, and of things which are not, that they are not”, a phrase attributed to the Sophist Protagoras (Patrick, 2006). Others Sophists of note include Gorgias, Prodicus, Hippias and Thrasymachus – quoted in Plato’s Republic as saying “… ‘Just’ or ‘right’ means nothing but what is to the interest of the stronger party” (Plato & Lane, 2007)). West and Turner’s account of the Rhetoric show that the first teachers of Rhetoric were the "Sophists”, who were nomadic teachers of public speaking that were respected for their intellect...
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