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SISTEM PENGENDALIAN MANAJEMEN
Case 20 : Chadwick, Inc : The Balanced Scorecard

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Case 20 : Chadwick, Inc : The Balanced Scorecard

Latar belakang perusahaan
Chadwick inc adalah produser yang mendeversifikasikan produk-produk konsumsi pribadi dan obat-obatan. Divisi Norwalk dari Chadwick mengembangkan, memproduksi, dan menjual obat-obatan untuk manusia dan binatang. Itu adalah satu dari enam persaingan perusahaan didalam pasar, tapi tidak mendominasi industrinya, perusahaan dianggap memiliki pengaturan yang baik dan memperhatikan kualitas produk yang tinggi. Norwalk tidak bersaing dengan supply produknya yang luas.

Norwalk menjual produknya melalui beberapa distributor inti yang mensupplai pasar local, seperti toko retail, rumah sakit dan organisasi kesehatan, dan prakter dokter hewan. Norwalk bergantung pada hubungan yang baik dengan distributor yang melayani untuk mempromosikan produk Norwalk ke pengguna akhir dan juga menerima umpan balik dari pengguna akhir tentang produk baru yang digunakan oleh konsumen akhir.

Chadwick mengetahui bahwa kesuksesan jangka panjangnya tergantung pada berapa banyak uang yang distributor hasilkan karna promosi dan menjual produk Norwalk. Jika laba dari menjual produk Norwalk sangat tinggi, kemudian produk ini dipromosikan secara besar-besaran oleh distributor dan Norwalk menerima respon balik secara ektensif tentang konsumen dimasa yang akan datang. Norwalk memiliki sejarah produk yang cukup profitability di pasarnya, tapi baru-baru ini serangan dari generic manufaktur telah mengikis penjualan dan profit margin dari distributor. Norwalk memiliki kesuksesan dimasa lampau karena memilik catatan yang mengalir dengan menarik, pada produk-produk yang popular. Selama setengah tahun yang kedua pada tahun 1980, bagaimanapun, persetujuan proses pada produk baru memiliki ukuran yang luas dan sedikit pemenang yang muncul dari laboratorium R&d Norwalk. Research dan Development
Pengembangan dari obat-obatan sangat luas , sangat berbiaya, dan proses yang tidak terduga. Siklus pengembangan sekarang memilki rata-rata sekitar 12 tahun. Proses dimulai dengan menggambarkan jumlah yang besar dari gabungan keuntungan kegunaan yang potensial. Untuk setiap obat yang akhirnya muncul sebagai obat yang disetujui , sampai dengan 30000 gabungan telah dicoba diawal dari siklus pengembangan produk baru. Proses pengembangan dan ujicoba memiliki banyak langkah. Siklus pengembangan dimulai dengan menemukan gabungan yang memiliki property yang menguntungkan dan diakhir tahun kemudian dengan pengujian yang panjang dan melelahkan dan dokumentasi untuk mendemontrasikan bahwa obat baru bisa dicocokan dengan peraturan pemerintah untuk bisa menghasilkan , bisa diproduksi dan bebas dari efek yang menyebabkan luka.

Obat-obatan yang diakui dan dipatenkan menghasilkan pendapatan yang sangat besar untuk Norwalk dan distributornya. Profitabilitas Norwalk selama tahun 1980 dipertahankan oleh salah satu obat kunci yang telah ditemukan sejak tahun 1960. Tidak ada obat yang sangat laris muncul di tahun 1980, tetapi pipa saluran pencampuran senyawa yang telah melalui pengembangan evaluasi dan test tidak sesehat yang Norwalk manajemen inginkan. Manajemen telah melakukan penekanan terhadap ilmu pengetahuan di R&D lab untuk meningkatkan hasil atas produk baru dan mengurangi waktu dan biaya dari siklus pengembangan produk. Para ahli akhir-akhir ini mengembangkan teknik bio-engineering yang baru untuk membentuk senyawa-senyawa yang mempunyai sifat-sifat aktif daripada bergantung pada komponen-komponen atau senyawa yang tidak pasti. Teknik baru ini dimulai dengan rincian spesifikasi bahan-bahan kimia yang dibutuhkan oleh obat baru ini, lalu mencoba kandungan kandungan senyawa sintesis lainnya sebagai kandidat salah satu kandungan obat ini. Prosedur bio-engineering sangat mahal dan membutuhkan investasi yang besar dalam peralatan baru dan analisis berbasis komputer.
Pendekatan yang lebih murah untuk meningkatkan penghasilan financial atas investasi di R&D adalah dengan menggunakan aplikasi baru untuk senyawa-senyawa yang telah ada (obat-obat yang telah ada atau telah disetujui untuk digunakan), dimana beberapa persetujuan lain masih harus diajukan dan membutuhkan persetujuan pemerintah untuk mendemonstrasikan keefektifan obat dengan aplikasi baru tersebut. Biaya untuk meningkatkan produk yang sudah ada dengan menggunakan aplikasi baru lebih murah dari mengembangkan dan membuat obat baru dengan komponen-komponen senyawa baru yang belum ada sebelumnya.
Beberapa saran berharga untuk membuat aplikasi baru untuk peningkatan produk yang sudah ada datang dari salesman Norwalk yang bekerja di lapangan. Salesman tersebut sekarang ditraining tidak hanya untuk menjual produk, tetapi juga untuk mendengarkan pendapat konsumer (end user) yang tertarik terhadap produk baru Norwalk .
MANUFACTURING
Proses produksi Norwalk adalah yang terbaik dalam industrinya. Sehingga dengan demikian, manajemen dapat berbangga atas kemampuan proses produksi yang cepat dan efisien dalam memproduksi obat-obat yang juga sesuai dengan peraturan-peraturan pemerintah dalam melakukan prosesnya. Bagian produksi Norwalk juga memiliki kemampuan untuk memproduksi produk dalam jumlah kecil untuk masa percobaan dan evaluasi.
PENGUKURAN PERFORMA
Chadwick memperbolehkan divisi-divisinya untuk beroperasi dalam model desentralisasi. Manager divisi hampir membuat keseluruhan kebijakan dalam menangani kritikal proses R&D, produksi, penjualan dan pemasaran, dan fungsi administrasi lainnya seperti keuangan, HRD dan hukum. Chadwick menetapkan target yang cukup menantang untuk dipenuhi oleh tiap divisi. Target tersebut umumnya ditentukan dalam bentuk ROCE. Sebagai perusahaan disersifikasi, Chadwick ingin menyebarkan keuntungan dari divisi yang paling menguntungkan ke divisi yang berjanji untuk membuat suatu pertumbuhan profit. Rangkuman keuangan bulanan tiap divisi diserahkan ke kantor pusat. Komite eksekutif Chadwick yang terdiri dari CEO, COO, dan dua executif Vice President , dan CFO menemui manager tiap manajer divisi untuk merivew performa ROCE dan informasi finansial cadangan lainya untuk bulan-bulan terdahulu.

The Balanced Scorecard Project Bill Baron, pengawas keuangan dari Chadwick, telah mencari metode peningkatan untuk mengevaluasi kinerja dari berbagai divisi. Manajer divisi mengeluh mengenai tekanan yang berkelanjutan untuk memenuhi tujuan keuangan jangka pendek dalam bisnis yang memerlukan investasi yang luas dalam proyek yang berisiko untuk menghasilkan pengembalian jangka panjang. Ide yang diusulkan ia mengenai permohonan akan balanced scorecard ialah sebagai jalan yang berguna untuk menyeimbangkan tujuan keuangan jangka pendek dengan kinerja jangka panjang perusahaan. Baron membawa artikel dan konsep ke Dan Daniels, presiden dan kepala operating dari Chadwick. Daniels begitu antusias dengan konsep Baron, merasa bahwa Balance Scorecard akan lebih fleksibel untuk manajer divisi dalam mengukur dan memperlihatkan hasil dari operasi kepada manajemen perusahaan. Ia juga menyukai ide mengenai tanggung jawab manajer untuk meningkatkan kinerja jangka panjang dari divisinya. Setelah beberapa hari melihat bayangannya akan seperti apa, Daniels mengeluarkan memorandum untuk semua manajer divisi dari Chadwick. Memo tersebut sederhana dan terdapat pesan : Baca artikel mengenai Balance Scorecard, kembangkan scorecard tersebut untuk semua divisimu, dan persiapkan untuk dating ke kepala perusahaan dalam 90hari untuk menampilkan dan mempertahankan scorecard kepada Komite Eksekutif Chadwick. John Greenfield, manajer divisi pada Norwalk, menerima memorandum dari Daniels dengan beberapa perhatian dan ketakutan. Secara dasar, Greenfield menyukai ide mengenai pengembangan scorecard bahwa akan lebih responsive untuk operasinya, tetapi ia curiga mengenai seberapa banyak kebebasan yang ia punya untuk mengembangkan dan menggunakan scorecard. Greenfield memanggil kembali : “Ini nampaknya seumpama seperti jalan lain untuk perusahaan untuk mengklaim bahwa ia memiliki pengambilan keputusan desentralisasi dan tanggung jawab ketika masih menahan pengendalian pusat terakhir” Greenfield mengetahui bahwa ia akan mengembangkan rencana tindakan untuk memenuhi permintaan dari perusahaan tetapi kekurangan pengertian mengenai bagaimana Chadwick melakukan konsep, ia tidak mempersiapkan untuk mengambil waktu yang banyak dari mereka atau tanggung jawab dari bawahannya yang kini telah ada. Hari selanjutnya, saat minggu pertemuan dari Komite Operating Divisi, Greenfield mendistribusikan memo dan mengangkat 3orang komite, yang dikepalai oleh Kontroler Divisional, Wil Wagner, untuk memfasilitasi proses dari pembuatan Balance Scorecard Norwalk. Wagner mendekati Greenfield beberapa hari kemudian : “ Saya telah membaca artikel mengenai Balance Scorecard. Berdasarkan pada pengertian saya mengenai konsep tersebut, kita harus memulai dengan pengertian yang jelas mengenai divisi bisnis. Saya tidak yakin saya memiliki pengertian yang jelas mengenai visi dan strategi bisnis untuk Norwalk. Bagaimana saya dapat memulai untuk membangun scorecard tanpa pengertian ini ?” Greenfield mengakui : “Itu poin yang benar. Mari lihat apa yang dapat saya kerjakan agar anda dapat memulainya” Greenfield mengambil beberapa kertas dan mulai menulis. Beberapa menit kemudian ia telah memproduksi pernyataan strategi bisnis yang pendek untuk Norwalk (lihat Exhibit 1 ). Wagner dan timnya mengambil pernyataan strategi Greenfield dan memulai untuk memformulasikan pengukuran untuk divisi.

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Ac 505 Case Study I

...Case Study I Materials purchased $325,000 Direct Labor $220,000 Sales $1,350,000 Gross Margin 30% Cost of Goods Available for Sale $1,020,000 Prime Costs $545,000 Manufacturer Overhead 65% of Conversion cost Direct Materials $325,000 Beginning Inventory numbers: Raw Materials $41,000 Works in Process $56,000 Finished Goods $35,000 Formulas: Prime cost = Direct Materials cost + Direct Labor cost Conversion cost = Direct Labor cost + Manufacturing overhead cost (65% conversion) Prime cost = 325,000 + $220,000 545,000 ( Data given) Trying to get to the Conversion cost. Direct labor = 220,000 = 35% of conversion costs = 220,000/.35 = 628,571.42 Manufacturing Overhead = 628,571 - 220,000 = 408,571 Prime cost = direct material cost + 220,000 545,000 = direct material cost + 220,000 545,000 – 220,000 = 325,000 Direct material cost = 325,000 Gross Margin = 30% of $1,350,000 = 405,000. $1,350,000 – 405,000 = 945,000 Ending balance finished goods = 945,000 Cost of Goods Available for Sale $1,020,000 - Finished Goods Inventory (Beginning) 35,000 = Cost of Goods Manufactured $985,000 Cost of Goods sold: Beginning balance finished goods $ 35,000 + Cost of Goods Manufactured $985,000 Goods available for sale $1020,000 - Ending balance finished goods 945,000 Cost of goods sold $ 75,000 Manufacturing Costs: Direct Materials $325,000 ...

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