...Cations are divided into six groups. A specific reagent for each group is used for their separation from the solution. This separation is done in a particular sequence because some ions of prior groups can also react with the reagent of later groups. This can be cause of difficulty in their separation. The qualitative analysis of cations depends on the solubility products of the ions. The cations get precipitated on the optimum needed concentration and easily detected. 1st group of cations The group (I) cations form the insoluble chlorides. The dilute hydrochloric acid (generally 1-2 M concentration) is used as the group reagent. The Concentrated HCl is not used because it forms a soluble complex ion ([PbCl4]2-) with Pb2+ and would not be detected. The most important cations of 1st group are Ag+, Hg22+, and Pb2+. Color detection test is not suitable for their chlorides because all are white solid compounds. The analyzing of group is done by adding the respective salt into water and follow it with dilute HCl. This results in a white precipitate in which NH4OH is added. The insoluble precipitate shows the presence of Plumbous (Pb2+) and if precipitate is soluble, then it shows the presence of Argentous (Ag+).If the white precipitate turns black, it shows the presence of Hg22+. The obtained filtrate after first group analysis is used for the test of second group. Usually Pb2+ is also included in the 2nd analytical group because the solubility of PbCl2 is more than...
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...How does test for Cation and anion work Anion are negatively charged ion, this means that it would be attracted to the anode in electrolysis. Because anion are negatively charged particles, this means that the number of electron is greater than the number of proton. This happens when an atom receive an electron from another molecule or atom. This negative charge will now allow anions to attract and interact with positive ions, which are Cation. When anions from a bond with a Cation, they form salts. Salts are inorganic molecules, it doesn’t have a lot of carbon and hydrogen. Salts dissolve well in water, and will separate into anions and Cations in this solvent. An example of anion are; hydroxide, chloride, nitrate, oxide, carbonate, and sulphate. Testing for anion includes, testing for carbonate it requires you adding a dilute acid to the carbonate sample, using a pipette take out the air in the sample and bubble it through limewater. It will go cloudy which mean that carbon dioxide is present. Testing for sulphate and Sulphide, if sulphate dissolve in dilute nitric acid, then a white precipitate forms with barium chloride solution. If you was to add hydrochloric acid, the sulphate will dissolve but if it doesn’t dissolve it is a Sulphide. Testing for sliver nitrate you will do a halogens, or halide ions test. You add sliver nitrate to a solution, this could be chloride, bromide or iodide, and if they react with the sliver they will form a ppt. A white, cream or yellow ppt...
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...of atoms or ions to gain insight into the ways in which metallic or ionic crystals are formed. You will investigate three basic crystal structures which can form if all of the particles are the same size, as would happen in a pure metal: simple cubic (SC), body-centered cubic (BCC), and face-centered cubic (FCC). structures. Using the styrofoam models, you will determine the number of nearest neighbors (the coordination number) of the particles in each of these structures. In a simple crystal structure, all atoms or ions of the same type should have the same coordination number; in other words, any atom or ion of the same element is identical with respect to size and position relative to its neighbors. When ions form crystals, the cations and anions are normally different sizes. Often, the resulting lattice (a term that refers to the repeating layout of particles in the crystal) resembles one of the basic structures, however the difference in size will cause slight alterations in the packing arrangement. The coordination number in an ionic compound refers to the number of nearest neighbors of opposite charge. Another important concept in...
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...INTRODUCTION: Toxicity can affect human, animals and plants. A toxic is something poisonous to a living organism. In order to determine how this will affect a living organism, an experiment should be conducted. In this experiment it uses Fabric softener. Downy Fabric softener is a household chemical that is full of nitrogen, constantly exposed to the environment, and also claims to be biodegradable. Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in plants and therefore the aid of nitrogen should effect growth. Early active ingredient of fabric softener is dimethyl ammonium chloride (DHTDMAC), which belongs to the materials known as quaternary ammonium compounds, or quats (Fig. 1). Fabric Softener was observed to be toxic to the plants by inhibited production. Each day for one week, the plants effects would be recorded and the designated amounts of concentrations were added. I chose concentrations 1ml, 5ml and 9ml because it was believed that fabric softeners have a strong agent of chemicals. There were studies also conducted that showed how fabric softener affects the plants. I preferred this kind of test using fabric softener because it is very interesting, since fabric softener is commonly used by people in the laundry works. Fig. 1 Dimethyl Ammonium Chloride (DHTDMAC). This kind of ingredients is useful because part of the molecule has positive charge that attracts and binds it to negatively charged fabric fibers. HYPOTHESIS: The higher the concentration, the more it inhibits the...
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...The Effect of Fabric Softener on the Plant Height and Flower Production in Brassica Rapa. Abstract: The effects of different amounts of Downey Fabric Softener were tested on two area of plant growth, flower production and plant height, to determine whether or not Fabric Softener is environmentally friendly. Each week for five weeks, the plants measurements would be recorded and the designated amounts were added. Fabric Softener was observed to be toxic to the plants by inhibited height and flower production. Fabric softener biodegrades into salt in the soil, depriving the plant of adequate water and thus proving the toxicity of fabric softener to plant growth. Introduction: The effects of different amounts of Downey fabric softener were tested on Brassica Rapa to determine whether or not this certain fabric softener is environmentally friendly. If Brassica Rapa is not environmentally friendly then alternatives to Downey can be explored. Brassica Rapa was used because high survival rate and rapid growth in waste areas and also in both acidic and basic areas (Young 2012). Downey Fabric softener is a household chemical that is full of nitrogen, constantly exposed to the environment, and also claims to be biodegradable (Austin et al. 1998) . Nitrogen is a limiting nutrient in plants and therefore the aid of nitrogen should effect growth (Freeman et al. 2013). The hypothesis that was being tested states that fabric softener will have a positive effect on the plant growth of...
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... Identification of ionic compounds is imperative for food, medicine and drug scientists to understand. If ionic compounds present in items such as food and drugs cannot be properly identified, the foodstuff and drug items put the consumer at risk of putting something into their bodies that could potentially cause them harm. During this project we used a variety of elimination and confirmation tests to test 4 known cations and 4 known anions in order to construct logic trees. The logic trees for both the cation and anion tests that we developed in parts 1 and 2 of this project were used to determine the identity of an unknown ionic compound in part 3. The objective of both the anion and cation elimination and confirmation tests...
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...Assignment Electrodialysis Submitted To Md, Rumman-uz-Zaman (Lecturer) Department of NFE Daffodil International University Submitted By Amanat Ullah ID-153-34-467 Department of NFE (Evening) Submitted Date 11.04.2016 Electrodialysis (ED) Definition - What does Electrodialysis (ED) mean? Electrodialysis (ED) is a membrane technique, during which ions are transported through a semipermeable membrane, under the influence of an electric potential. It is a very versatile technology for the separation of difficult mixtures. ED is very useful for water treatment, aiding in the removal of mineral salts, sulfate, nitrate, etc. from brackish water and seawater. ED is also useful for wastewater reduction or recovery. Some other applications of electrodialysis include: * Water reuse * Pre-demineralization * Food processing * Glycerin purification Corrosionpedia explains Electrodialysis (ED) Electrodialysis is a type of dialysis in which undesired ions are removed from solution by means of a direct current passing between two electrodes, one on each side of the membrane. It is used to desalinate or concentrate a liquid process stream containing salts. ED is a highly efficient method for separating and concentrating salts. It is also very useful in reducing salt content of process streams with high amounts of salts. Electrodialysis uses electrical potential to drive the positive and negative ions of dissolved salts through separate semipermeable...
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...ATOMS AND MOLECULES - The properties of matter depend on the properties of atoms and molecules from which it is made. Laws of chemical combination (I.) Law of conservation of mass: It states that mass can neither be Created nor destroyed in a chemical reaction. - It means that in a chemical reaction, the total mass of products is equal to the total mass of reactants. There is no change in mass during a chemical reaction. (ii) Law of constant proportions: In a chemical substance the elements are always present in definite proportions by mass. - Dalton’s atomic theory - The postulates of his theory are as follows: (I.) All matter, whether an element, a compound, or a mixture is Composed of very tiny particles called atoms. (ii.) Atoms are indivisible particles, which cannot be created or Destroyed in a chemical reaction. (iii.) Atoms of a given element are identical in mass and chemical Properties. (iv.) Atoms of different elements have different masses and chemical Properties. (v.) Atoms combine in the ratio of small whole numbers to form compounds. (vi.) The relative number and kinds of atoms are constant in a given compound. - Drawbacks of Dalton’s atomic theory: (I.) Atoms were indivisible according to Dalton. We now know that under special circumstances, atoms can be further divided into still smaller particles called electrons, protons and neutrons...
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...The SN2 reaction can be evaluated by first observing the chemical mechanisms of the compounds involved. The agents took into account for the mechanism was the naphtholate anion and allyl bromide. First, a pair of lone pairs on the oxygen anion on the naphtholate compound attacks a single-bonded carbon on the allyl bromide compound. Afterwards, the bromide leaving group exits the allyl bromide compound, and creates its own anion cloud. Overall, this synthesizes naphthyl ether. The mechanism cannot be successfully accomplished without the input of the phase transfer catalyst. In the lab, the benzyl tri-n-butylammonium chloride acts as the phase transfer catalyst. As a phase transfer catalyst, it has the ability to transfer a reactant between...
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...experiment will separate the components of a mixture on the basis of their differing absorptive tendencies on a stationary phase, which is the method of chromatography. The mobile phase will consist of four distinct transition metal cations dissolved in an acetone-hydrochloric acid eluent, along with three unknown solutions; the identities of these will be determined based on a comparison of the Rf value of these to the known cations. First to be prepared was the stationary phase, or chromatographic paper, which in this case was filter paper. Given only large sheets, it was cut into a rectangle with 20 cm length and 10 cm width. Before cutting, though gloves were put on so that skin oil would not stain the filter paper. Also, the filter paper was not laid on the lab table, but on a paper towel. With a pencil, a line was drawn 2 cm from the bottom edge of the paper. Marks were put on the line, 2 cm apart, and labeled with the appropriate cations and the unknowns labeled as U1, U2, and U3. The stationary phases were then spotted with the corresponding knowns and unknowns, then dried under a heat lamp. This spotting process was repeated 3 times. It was done using glass capillary tubes; these used adhesive and cohesive forces to draw up the cation solutions into the tube and subsequently released them onto the filter paper when touch. With the stationary prepared, the developing chamber was made. In a 600-ml beaker 9 ml of acetone and 1ml of 6 M HCl were combined (under a fume...
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...the high level of integration,1 and the continuous improvement of the device performance has made it a contender for low-power and eventually low-cost radio front-end. The paper introduces the RF speci¯cations of the latest nm (nanometer) CMOS node and present the evolution of the RF-FOMs2,3 with gate downscaling over the past nanometer generations. Whether we discuss the digital, analog, or RF performance of a technology, ¯gures-of-merit are used to quantify its potential. Since 45 nm CMOS is the next generation to be available in production we present here its RF performance estimated from the simulations. First, we introduce the devices considered in this work followed by a validation of the simulation results. Then we present their estimated RF speci¯cations. Finally, we illustrate the e®ect of gate downscaling on the peak RF performance of bulk planar CMOS transistors. Estimated RF speci¯cation for 45 nm CMOS are 240/290 GHz (fT/fMAX), and an extended set of speci¯cations as been established including boundary conditions and other RF-FOMs. The actual RF power and bandwidth performance of a 45 nm device can be reduced up to 25% compared to the speci¯cations because realistic bias conditions can be far o® from the one used in the de¯nition for the RF speci¯cations. Downscaling is more bene¯cial to the cuto® frequency, the voltage gain bandwidth for low DC gain, and the noise ¯gure than to the RF power, the maximum frequency of oscillation of a cross-coupled pair...
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...Nuclear Power Radioactive wastes, must for the protection of mankind be stored or disposed in such a manner that isolation from the biosphere is assured until they have decayed to innocuous levels. If this is not done, the world could face severe physical problems to living species living on this planet. Some atoms can disintegrate spontaneously. As they do, they emit ionizing radiation. Atoms having this property are called radioactive. By far the greatest number of uses for radioactivity in Canada relate not to the fission, but to the decay of radioactive materials - radioisotopes. These are unstable atoms that emit energy for a period of time that varies with the isotope. During this active period, while the atoms are 'decaying' to a stable state their energies can be used according to the kind of energy they emit. Since the mid 1900's radioactive wastes have been stored in different manners, but since several years new ways of disposing and storing these wastes have been developed so they may no longer be harmful. A very advantageous way of storing radioactive wastes is by a process called 'vitrification'. Vitrification is a semi-continuous process that enables the following operations to be carried out with the same equipment: evaporation of the waste solution mixed with the additives necesary for the production of borosilicate glass, calcination and elaboration of the glass. These operations...
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...The goal of this experiment was to learn how to separate and identify cations. This was done by completing a series of chemical reactions in a specific order to rule out or prove the existence of specific cations within an unknown solution. Methods used included acidity tests(litmus paper), and precipitation tests. The solution that my partner and I were given to test was unknown solution Q21. Through several tests, we were able to determine that NH4+(aq) (Group V), Pb2+(aq) (Group I), and Mn2+(aq) (Group III) were present in Q21. In order to identify that the NH4+ was present, we set up an apparatus with an evaporating dish, watch glass, red litmus paper, the unknown solution, and 10M NaOH(aq). The unknown solution reacted with NaOh(aq) and the red litmus paper, in which was adhered to the watch glass trapping the gases in the dish, turned blue in a matter of a few seconds. This indicates NH4+(aq) was present because NH3(g) which is formed when NaOH(aq) and NH4+(aq) reacted, causes red litmus to turn blue. We then added 6M HCl to the solution following with the usage of a centrifuge to remove Group III Cations from Group I. Consequently, it created a precipitate that was formed with Group I ions and HCl. The centrifuge separated the Group III cations (which did not precipicate) from the Group I cations (which did precipitate). Four different tests were conducted to determine which Group III ion was present in our solution. Out of the tests, only one resulted in a positive...
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...CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS (Written Report) GROUP MEMBERS Alzate, Niel Aquino, Stef Bartolazo, Ronald M. Belen, Sinotriss Benjamin, Jessa BSIE III-I CHAPTER 12: STRUCTURES AND PROPERTIES OF CERAMICS (Written Report) Bartolazo INTRODUCTION Ceramic materials are inorganic and nonmetallic materials. Most ceramics are compounds between metallic and nonmetallic elements for which the inter-atomic bonds are either totally ionic, or predominantly ionic but having some covalent character. The term “ceramic” comes from the Greek word keramikos, which means “burnt stuff”, indicating that desirable properties of these materials are normally achieved through a high temperature heat treatment process called firing. Up until the past 60 years or so years, the most important materials in this class was termed “traditional ceramics (china, porcelain, bricks, tiles, glasses and high temperature ceramics)”, those for which the primary raw material is clay. Of late, significant progress has been made in understanding the fundamental character of these materials and of the phenomena that occur in them that are responsible for their unique properties. Consequently, a new generation of these materials has evolved, and the term ceramic has taken on a much broader meaning. To one degree or another, these new materials have a rather dramatic effect on our lives; electronic computer, communication, aerospace and a host of other industries rely on their use...
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...Designing a Lead Lifecycle in Salesforce.com A Best Practices White Paper for Response Management from Full Circle CRM Full Circle CRM FullCircleCRM.com 650.641.2766 877.834.4001 Copyright© 2013, Full Circle CRM, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Table of Contents Introduction The Words We Use What is a Lead? Evolving the Lead Lifecycle The New Name The Existing Name Elements of Lifecycle Design Reports—Always at the Beginning When Does the New Name Get into Salesforce.com? Data Quality Scoring Response History—What Did the Person Do? Facilitating Engagement Nurturing—Some Considerations How Do We Know Whom to Nurture? Disquali cation Feedback Nurture Time-Outs Returning from Nurture Rep Visibility and Aging Creating Opportunities and Campaign Attribution The Big Picture About Full Circle CRM Addendum A—Lead Conversion in Salesforce.com 4 4 4 5 5 6 7 7 7 8 8 9 10 10 11 12 12 12 13 13 14 14 15 Copyright © 2012, Full Circle CRM, Inc., All Rights Reserved. Full Circle CRM | FullCircleCRM.com | 650.641.2766 | 877.834.4001 3 Introduction Because a lead, either an Inquiry or a Target, can be represented in salesforce.com as either a Lead or Contact record, organizations should give careful thought to how to engage in a consistent and measurable manner with both types of salesforce.com objects. Using salesforce.com’s CRM solution for marketing is a natural choice, particularly if your Sales organization is running operations with this popular cloud-based CRM application...
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