...Cells Biology- the study of life and living organisms Living- uses energy, maintains itself, capability to reproduce, and development/growth; also part of a population that evolve (each generation differs from the ones before and after) Cells- basic unit of life Prokaryotic- lacking nucleus Bacteria “archaea” Eukaryotic- nucleus Plants Animals Fungi Eukaryotic Nucleus- surrounded by a double membrane; contains DNA Linear chromosomes Cytoplasm contains everything outside of the nucleus Cytoskeleton crisscrosses the cell- holds shape and allows for cell movement Cytoplasm contains organelles- each plays a role in the functioning of the cell Organelles are surrounded by membranes Ribosomes- assemble proteins, only organelle not surrounded by membrane; some are suspended in cytoplasm and some are attached to Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles proteins for the cell membrane or outside of the cell Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum- assembles membranes Golgi Apparatus- “post office of the cell” Lysosomes- “garbage disposal of the cell” eats organic waste/ damaged organelles; some used to destroy bacteria Vacuoles- sacs surrounded by membrane used to store/expel nutrients or other materials such as pigments and hormones. Mitochondria- organelles that break down molecules to obtain energy for the cell Chloroplasts- plant cell structure that captures energy from sunlight to build molecules Cell membrane- defines...
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...Imagine cloning a cell 37.2 trillion times until there’s a whole person. Today, scientist have come extremely close to making this possible. Scientist haven’t been able to clone an adult human yet, but some have managed to successfully been able to clone a human embryo. Cloning will allow people to increase the amount of livestock and crops key to mankind’s survival, cure who knows how many diseases and even bring people back to life from a simple DNA cell. But even though all these things could be possibly, people are still against it. The idea that is going to change the world all started in 1885 by a German scientist named Hans Spemann. According to Utah Genetics, Spemann was the first person to split an embryo and went on to win a Nobel...
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...Importance of DNA - A T2 Assessment Understanding what DNA is, is very important. DNA is the material that carries all the information about how a human will look (facial features, etc,.) and also how they will process daily. For example, DNA in humans determines things such as what color the eyes are, what color the hair is, and also what gender you are when a baby. DNA is found in the nucleus of almost all cells. DNA also does something called replicating nucleotides. If DNA never replicated, cell life would be impossible. If this really were to happen, the cells would then die. DNA replicates itself in order to create more DNA strands for cells. It happens along the entire DNA molecule. It continues this until the entire strand/ladder...
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...There are two key processes of cell division in the human body. (A) Mitosis and this is where a one celled organism divides into two individuals one growth and the other replacement of body cells. (B) the Meiosis, this is the production of sex cells, which are located in the testes and the ovaries and that cell is called the Gametes. The gametes is the sex cell produced by the meiosis which contains a reproduction of the 23rd chromosome set. Within the gamete process, the production of spermatogenesis or sperm production begins at the average age of 12 or 13 years of age in American males. The production of sperm produces throughout life and can vary from populations and the male can produce millions sperm cells at a time. Now on the other hand, the female go’s through a process called Oogenesis, which produces Ova. This division phase meiosis occurs within the ovaries during fetal development and conception around the fifth or seventh month. This is usually triggered by stimulation or certain hormones around about thee age of puberty to complete there development. Now when it comes to the polar bodies, the cells develop within the Oogenesis process, which contains little cytoplasm and does not develop until the Ova is mature. Once maturity is met and the proper cycle time is right, the embryo attaches to the wall of the Uteri's between the ages of 20 to 40 years old. Now at the midpoint of the cycle, the Ovum has matured enough to breakthrough the wall of the ovary, this is called...
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...order to their environment, development and growth, reproduction, homeostasis, regulation and processing energy. When we view these together the eight items define life. Organisms and creatures are organized and coordinated structures that consist of one or more cells. Even the very simple, single-celled organisms and creatures are complex. Inside each cell atoms make up molecules, these atoms and molecules in turn make up organelles and other inclusions. In a multicellular organism or creature similar cells from tissues. These tissues in turn work together to form organs. Organs collaborate to form organ systems. Organisms respond to different stimulus. A good example of this is that plants grow toward the light they also climb on walls and fences or respond to the touch. Even the smallest bacteria can move away or toward chemicals. Movement toward this is considered a good response, while movement away from this is considered a negative response. The single celled creatures or organisms multiply by duplicating their DNA. They then divide equally as the cell prepares to divide to form two new cells. The multicellular creatures or organisms produce reproductive germline cells that form new individual cells. When the reproduction...
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...Cells Assessment- Second Sitting 2015-6 Watch the short video at: https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=Rpj0emEGShQ (see footnote ), then answer the following question 1. Type your answers into the boxes 1) a) What substance are the “yellow, little knobby things” called “Keys” on the virus made of? ------------------------------------------------- These are made of proteins 1.2 b) The narrator says the “keys” fit into locks”. Do eukaryotes and prokaryotes have similar “locks” and where are they found? ------------------------------------------------- 1.2 c) Specifically what type of substance are these “locks” in eukaryotes made of? ------------------------------------------------- Cell membrane. 1.2 d) “If the lock fits, the cell welcomes the virus in.” Name the transport process by which the cell takes the virus in. ------------------------------------------------- Endocytosis. 2.1 e) Name the structure in the host cell that is described as the “welcoming committee, that pulls the virus deeper into the cell” ------------------------------------------------- The cytoplasm. 1.1 f) Name the organelles...
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...fundamental concepts of chemistry in biology. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand how fundamental concepts of chemistry affect biology. [pic] 3. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that describes the energy metabolism of cells. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better understand the energy metabolism of cells. [pic] 4. Find a media piece—article, video, presentation, song, or other—that compares structures and functions of different cell types. Include the link or reference citation for the piece and describe how it helped you better compare structures and functions of different cell types. [pic] 5. Discuss what life means to you after completing questions 1–4. [pic] ----------------------- I found a YouTube video titled “energy and Metabolism explained”. The video explains how the body is constantly at work with repairing cells and building new ones. This action requires energy that the body converts from the chemical...
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...T.A. (personal interview, November 7,1998) when asked, “What do you think about human cloning?” responded, “I don’t know a lot about it, but I know it’s scary”. Opponents of human cloning argue that it is immoral and unethical to clone human beings for both religious and humanitarian reasons. Moreover, other opponents describe human cloning as a luxury for wealthy people or as a tool for organ market development. Conversely, I believe that human cloning can have many benefits for the human race in terms of helping infertile couples and people with genetic problems. In addition, it can be really helpful for a person with diseases such as kidney and liver defects or cancer. First of all, it seems logical that one needs to know what the process of cloning involves. It is not enough to simply say that it is the creation of another person, which is what many...
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...Cell membrane - forms the outer covering of the cell, and is semi-permeable. Cytoplasm - is a gel-like matrix where all the other cell organelles are suspended inside the cell. Nucleus - contains the hereditary material DNA and directs the activities of the cell. Centrioles - organize the microtubules assembly during cell division. Endoplasmic Reticulum - are a network of membranes composed of rough and smooth endoplasmic reticulum. Golgi complex - is responsible for storing, packaging of cellular products. Lysosomes - are enzyme sacs, that digest cellular wastes. Microtubules - are hollow rods, function primarily as support and shape to the cell. Mitochondria - is the site for cellular respiration and producers of energy. Ribosomes - are made of RNA and proteins, and are sites for protein synthesis. Nucleolus - is the structure within the nucleus and helps in synthesis of ribosomes. Nucleopore - is the tiny hole in the nuclear membrane, allows the movement of nucleic acids and proteins in/out of the cell Cell wall is the outermost rigid covering of the plant cell. It is a salient feature of plant cell. Cell membrane or the plasma membrane is the outer lining of the cell inside the cell wall. Cytosol or cytoplasm is the gel-like matrix inside the cell membrane which constitutes all other cell organelles. Nucleus is the control center of the cell. It is a membrane bound structure which contains the...
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...focuses mainly on internet websites and articles posted on to the internet. The articles focus mainly on the history of cloning and the various ways that nature has used cloning and how mankind has extended natures approach and ultimately advanced cloning methods and the new technology that has been discovered because of these advances. The articles contain proof that further advancements in cloning can develop possibilities in preventing and curing diseases. There is discussion on how continued research into therapeutic cloning can expand the knowledge of how certain diseases and cancer attack the body, and how this knowledge can help fight and even eliminate both these issues. Another topic of discussion is how cloning could lead specific cell production of various organs and tissues through-out the body which can lead to curing failing organs and even the possibility of growing replacements organs thus doing away with then need for lengthy organ transplant lists and the needless suffering of thousands of patients a year. The paper contains the various ethical and controversial arguments that human cloning bring up. Keywords: Therapeutic cloning, The Human Cloning Debate its Benefits Potential and Controversies Several couples sit together in the waiting room on the fifth floor maternity ward of a downtown hospital. One couple is three months into their pregnancy, today they will find out that they are pregnant with identical twins. The other couple sitting across from...
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...Thomas Spann Biology Lab Plant Cell Definitions and Functions Nucleus: The cell nucleus is supposed to be the most important organelle. It carries the genetic information present in this organelle which inherits the physical traits from one generation to another. It has a dark stained nucleolus mainly responsible for protein formation. Apart from this, the nucleus coordinates all the cell functions and regulates the metabolism of plants. The passage of food and water and the influx of nutrients in and out of the cells are some of the characteristic functions of a plant cell. Nuclear Membrane: As the name indicates, this membranous sheath surrounding the nucleus protects it from physical damage. You can go through the nuclear membrane function for better understanding. Cytoplasm: As seen from the diagram, the cytoplasm of a cell is the ground substance or the matrix which is jelly like material in which all the cell organelles are embedded and suspended. The main cytoplasm function in a cell is to keep all the cell constituents intact. Cell Membrane: Similar to a nuclear membrane, the main cell membrane function is to give the cell an appropriate shape and size. This thin membrane is made up of cellulosic fibers and proteins and its main function is transport of materials through cells. Cell Wall: The cell wall is a distinguishing part which is not present in animals and mainly responsible for imparting rigidity to the cells. The cell wall material differs with plant...
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...a sign of potential for the scientific community. Cloning a whole organism can be done by two methods. The first, artificial embryo twinning, involves separated an embryo into individual cells in a Petri dish. These embryos are placed in a surrogate mother for their development and are identical because they all had the same fertilized egg. The other method of entire organism cloning is called somatic cell nuclear transfer or SCNT. SCNT involves isolating a somatic cell, or any cell that is not a reproductive cell, and removing the nucleus and DNA from an egg cell. The nucleus is then transferred from the somatic cell to the egg cell. Now, the egg cell with a new nucleus develops like...
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...There are two types of cloning, reproductive cloning and therapeutic cloning. Reproductive cloning is the creation of an individual who has identical nuclear genetic material (DNA) to an existing human being, and who is allowed to develop to term and beyond (bioethics.ac.uk). In this type of cloning it is the whole genetic of a single individual. There are different methods to do with this type of cloning but the most common is somatic cell nuclear transfer. The first step is to remove the nucleus from the mother egg. Second is to take a somatic cell from the individual being cloned, take out the DNA and put it in the egg of the mother. Then the cell that is formed from putting the two together is then induced to divide and form an embryo....
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...Anatomy and Physiology Cell Organelles There are 50 trillion (50 million million) cells in the human body; they carry out chemical reactions essential to life, for example Blood cells. Nucleus The nucleus is the largest structure in any human cell, it contains gasps or pores, which allow protein and nucleic acid, pass through. It is the central part of the cell and it’s usually a lot darker than the rest of the cell because it absorbs stain quickly and stores the entire DNA (Deoxyribonucleic Acid) in the human body. Cytoplasm The cytoplasm is a semi-fluid material made up of salt and water, likened to a gel, which carries chemical reactions that take place in the body. It contains enzymes responsible for breaking down waste and aid in metabolic activity. And means cell material refers to anything inside the cell boundary and outside the nucleus. Mitochondria Concerned with energy release - each have a double-layered membrane and each inner layer is folded at intervals producing shelves or ridges known as cristate. They help cells to maintain proper concentration on calcium ions. Smooth Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) Studded with tiny black bodies used to fill the cell interior, has a similar structure to the cell membrane. They have no attached ribosomes and are involved in the metabolism of lipids or fats. Rough Endoplasmic Reticulum (ER) With ribosomes attached to it’s membrane which makes it rough, it is also attached to the nuclear envelope that surrounds...
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...The Human Rights Cell |To provide an expeditious and inexpensive remedy in matters relating to infringements of Fundamental Rights enshrined in Chapter| |II of the Constitution, a Human Rights Cell has been established in the Court. The Cell functions under the direct supervision | |of the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Pakistan. It is mandated to expeditiously process the complaints and grievances received from | |the general public by post addressed to the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Pakistan. Reports and comments are called from the | |concerned quarters under the orders of the Hon'ble Chief Justice of Pakistan and the matters disposed of. The cases requiring | |hearing are fixed in Court and are decided there. Relief is provided to the poor persons without going through the traditional | |protracted litigation process. | | | |The public interest litigation in this form paved way for bringing various statutory reforms in matters of general public | |importance, e.g., the enactment of the Human Organ Transplantation Ordinance 2007, Prohibition of Smoking at Public Places | |Ordinance, etc. | | ...
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