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Crm Strategy (Chinese)

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1. 案例
(一)公司简介
华泰证券股份有限公司(以下简称华泰证券)前身为江苏省证券公司,成立于1990年12月,是中国证监会首批批准的综合类券商,也是全国最早获得创新试点资格的券商之一。2007年7月,华泰证券在首次券商分类评级中被中国证监会评定为A类A级,2008年7月获得A类AA级资格。2009年11月30日,中国证监会发审委正式批准了华泰证券的IPO申请,2010年2月9日华泰证券成功发行A股(601688),成为江苏第一家市值超千亿的上市公司以及第一家上市券商。如今,华泰证券拥有证券经纪服务、资产管理服务、投资银行服务、固定收益服务和直接投资服务为基本架构的证券服务体系,以及研究咨询、信息技术和风险管理等强有力的服务支持体系。
(二)华泰证券的客户关系管理
华泰证券以做最具责任感的理财专家为服务理念,正在成长为市场中一个极具竞争力的综合金融服务提供商。“以客户服务为中心、以客户需求为导向、以客户满意为目的”是华泰证券的坚持,与大多数券商不同,华泰证券的客户关系管理始于2000年,并于2007年进行了战略性质的变革,实现了客户关系理念的全面渗透。
1、变革前
2000年,华泰证券建立了CRM系统。当时公司规模较小,历史包袱不大、对市场变化反映快并且具有先天IT优势。在当时证券市场的转型混战时期,公司利用网上交易这一技术创新手段一举确立了IT领先的形象并成为网络交易市场的先锋。而CRM系统的应用在改善市场营销、服务管理、投资技术和差异化竞争方面对公司业务起到了至关重要的作用。在当时作为一项IT技术应用的策略下,华泰证券CRM系统的应用推动了网上交易等多种非现场交易方式的迅猛发展,公司客户规模得以迅速壮大,但是公司此阶段的CRM存在诸多缺陷,比如信息不互通,缺乏个性化服务以及部门脱节等。
2、变革后
从2007年开始,华泰证券进行了行业内独一无二的CRM变革,确立并实施了CRM战略以及持续的服务推进。 改革伊始,华泰内部存在着众多阻力。当时,大部分证券公司的客户关系管理是辅助应用和被应用,只作为记录客户信息和核算经纪人工资的辅助工具,并没有与营销和服务进行深入的结合,成为营销服务人员的有利工具。而周易总裁认为行业内的系统不足以实现他的CRM战略,必须寻找跨行业的产业服务商,站在一个产业的高度上进行两到三年的CRM蓝图规划,在这个蓝图规划下进行转型和系统部署。随后的三、四年间,客户意识逐渐深入人心,客户无论大小都在华泰都得到了相应的尊重,差异化服务成为常态,客户服务中心从二级部门升为一级部门,CRM平台正成为华泰证券的核心业务运营支撑平台,面向客户的所有业务和资源都在这个统一的平台上运转。 具体来说,华泰证券采取多种举措保证了全新CRM战略的实施。证券经纪业务上,公司实现了从通道服务向理财服务的转型,构建了紫金理财服务体系,采用差异化竞争模式扩大了客户投资渠道,提高了客户服务质量。组织结构上,公司逐步提升客户服务部门的重要性并尝试建立轻型营业部和新型营业部。人员配备上,公司致力于打造经验丰富、责任心强的标准化服务队伍,第一时间响应客户需求,为客户提供周到、贴心的服务。技术上,公司基于Oracle Siebel CRM的客户关系管理系统支持了华泰证券从单一通道式服务到全方位理财服务的战略转型,并帮助其通过灵活、有针对性的服务,提高了客户满意度和忠诚度。2010年证监会的11号文件围绕围绕客户管理、分级分类、适当性管理等CRM核心要素展开,这些恰好是华泰证券几年间进行客户关系管理战略变革所潜移默化实现的模式。 经过10多年的发展,华泰证券的CRM实践在整个行业中具有领导地位;其客户关系管理荣获由中国信息化推进联盟客户关系管理专业委员会、CCCS联络中心标准委员会和ICMI国际客户管理学院2010年联合颁发的“年度中国最佳呼叫中心奖”、“年度最佳呼叫中心管理人奖”及“年度最佳客服代表奖”三项殊荣。因此,从行业和企业来看,将华泰证券作为客户关系管理研究的案例企业具有重大的价值。

2. 案例分析
(一)理论基础
本文的案例文本整合自网络资料和相关文献,借鉴了李浩然(2010)对华泰证券CRM系统的描述【1】,许晖,李巍(2011)对华泰证券员工导向与客户关系管理整合机制的研究【2】等。案例分析上,本文从战略角度统筹华泰证券的CRM体系,参考了王永贵(2007)《客户管理管理》一书中的CRM战略理论【3】,哈佛商学院Heskett教授提出的“服务利润链”模型,克里斯·安德森提出的“长尾理论”,许晖,李巍(2011)提出的员工导向和客户关系管理整合模型【4】以及其他学者关于证券行业客户满意度、客户忠诚度与客户保持、客户信任、客户价值的影响因素以及它们与客户关系管理的关系的相关研究。具体理论将在下文详细阐述。
(二)CRM战略的制定
CRM战略作为一项业务战略会随着企业采用的公司战略做出相应的重大调整。任何决策者在制定战略时首先考虑的是愿景和使命,即企业为什么存在以及想成为什么样的企业的问题。只有明确了这两项才可能制定出相关措施来实现既定的战略。
1、华泰证券CRM战略的愿景和使命
CRM战略有效地承接公司战略是其成功的前提,因而CRM战略的愿景和使命要与企业总体愿景和使命相契合。在华泰,“做最具责任感的理财专家”是企业2007年以后最主要的业务愿景,“以客户服务为中心、以客户需求为导向、以客户满意为目的”是企业的使命。可见,华泰证券的公司战略充分考虑了CRM理念,使得其CRM战略里以客户为导向的愿景和使命的确立水到渠成。
2、华泰证券的客户战略
客户战略是企业对如何建立和管理客户关系的目标及目标实现途径的整体性把握,至少分为客户理解,客户竞争,客户吸引力和客户管理能力四个方面【5】。华泰证券的客户战略是:第一、客户细分,通过交易数据和交易类型来区别;第二,目标客户的选择,主要有机构客户和零售客户之分以及一般客户和VIP客户之分;第三,服务市场定位,主要有基础服务和增值服务之分以及传统服务和创新服务创新服务之分。具体来说,华泰将目光放到了客户身上,试图与客户积极对话,达成双方的合作。
(1)、客户理解
企业一般都会对客户实行组合管理,这是因为没有完全同质化的客户,企业不能利用统一模式去试图满足所有客户。基于此,企业需要理解客户的真正需求并对客户进行细分。华泰证券很好地做到了这一点,它的目标客户与大多数券商一样分为机构和零售客户,也有大户和小户的区别。所不同的是,其他券商大多遵循帕累托法则,努力争取影响较大的关键客户而边缘化了散户【6】。在华泰,客户会有分类,但是客户体验不会有很大差距,因而客户觉得得到了尊重,其不公平感就降低了。
(2)、客户竞争
华泰证券在业内的竞争力一直居于前位,这与客户战略是分不开的。客户关系的发展有三个维度,即多、久、广。企业都希望能够争取到更多、质量更高、关系更久的客户。但是这导致一些企业盲目地试图满足所有客户而忽略了哪些才是能给企业带来盈利的客户。华泰利用Siebel CRM系统获得了客户评级和分配定位高价值客户的能力,确保了客户得到适合自身的产品和服务,这种具有针对性的服务,有效降低了企业的沉没成本。
(3)、客户吸引力
增加对客户的吸引力就要与客户建立情感联系,从而培养客户忠诚和信任【7】。华泰证券从2000年起就运用了CRM系统,虽然当时存在诸多不足,但是在客户心里产生了先入为主的观念,形成了一定的品牌依赖,随后华泰通过各种个性化的定制服务实现了柔性化营销,赢得了一批忠诚客户。
(4)、客户管理能力
客户管理不仅仅是客户服务部门的任务,而且是企业整体的责任。华泰克服了积攒客户数据而不深入分析的行业通病,利用IT技术充分扩大了客户价值,依靠公司整体合作来服务客户。
(二)CRM战略的实施及评价
华泰证券在组织结构重组、人员配备、业务整合等一系列方面实行了以CRM战略为指导的管理改善。
1、基于“长尾理论”的服务体系
“长尾理论”认为,以前人们只关注重要的人或重要的事,如果用正态分布曲线来描绘,人们只能关注曲线的“头部”,却将处于曲线“尾部”,需要更多成本和精力才能关注到的人或事情忽略。在网络时代,由于关注的成本大为降低,人们有可能以很低的成本关注正态分布曲线的“尾部”,而关注“尾部”所产生的总效益甚至会超过“头部” 【8】。 [pic]
图表 1 长尾理论示意图 由案例可知,华泰证券与一般券商的不同之一在于对待散户和非VIP客户的态度,可以说这些人就是所谓的“长尾”。出于成本考虑,券商们一般会放弃短暂而庞杂的小客户而对机构客户呵护备至。但是在华泰证券,这些客户也会得到“卓越的、超值的、超满意的服务”。特别是“紫金财富管理”投顾业务的设立,帮助了处于不同财富生命周期的客户规避投资风险,以差异化的投资策略为客户创造价值。 笔者认为散户们成为券商鸡肋的主要原因是其流动性大,忠诚度低,投资回报率小。华泰证券利用差异化的服务体系有效发现并引导了客户需求,培养忠诚客户群。
2、组织结构重组
2007年华泰证券实行CRM改革后,客户服务中心从二级部门升为一级部门,CRM平台成为华泰证券的核心业务运营支撑平台,面向客户的所有业务和资源都在这个统一的平台上运转。这有两方面的意义:首先,从根本上提高了所有员工对CRM的重视,其次,使得客户信息流在企业内的传达更加通畅。具体来说,客户服务中心的部门升级具有象征意义和实际意义,它令所有成员了解到服务的重要性。另外长期以来由于华泰证券的垂直管理模式,不同部门之间的沟通不足,就像在部门间筑起了一道道的“墙”,而统一平台的运转有效地改善了这一局面,让信息穿过了这些“墙”,实现了企业的同步化【9】。这样的改革不仅使得企业内部增加了沟通,提高了工作效率,也向外部展示了一个统一和谐的整体。
3、基于“服务利润链”的员工导向和客户关系的整合(人员配备)
“服务利润链”模型认为企业利润、客户忠诚、客户满意、客户感知价值、员工能力、员工满意、员工忠诚及生产率之间存在着密切联系,由此可知,客户感知价值来源于第一线的满意员工创造,员工满意产生于对员工的培训、授权和工作环境等。 华泰证券的员工导向哲学影响至深,它致力于提供一个良好的内部环境。在员工培训方面,华泰证券在不同级别和岗位上开展定期和不定期的的相关培训,包括技能和理念两部分(CRM培训一直是重点),以此来增强员工服务客户的意识与能力。另一方面,企业针对新进员工和部门轮岗员工开展了“辅导制”活动,跨部门、跨级别的培训活动使员工全面了解企业的方方面面,提升了服务客户的综合能力。在绩效考核方面,华泰证券在CRM战略中所实施的行为基础型绩效评估系统一直被业内人士称道,这一体系量化了员工客户关系管理的实施程度,给奖惩制度以借鉴。 华泰证券的员工满意度普遍较高,想必也是其客户满意度较高的原因之一。
4、CRM技术
技术历来是CRM的有力支持,是实现CRM的战略工具与手段。华泰证券选择Oracle Siebel CRM的解决方案来打造其“以客户为导向”的CRM系统,并依托3G互联网推出“涨乐”理财客户终端。随着企业战略方向从产品战略到客户战略的转变,实现360度客户统一信息视图,促进信息共享、部门协作以及满足客户独特需求和提高服务质量的要求就更高了。实现这些要求必须要有强大的技术支持,一方面IT技术支持实现了华泰证券分析型CRM的转变,另一方面,强有力的技术支持节约了大量时间和金钱成本。 首先,华泰证券的CRM系统构建了全面和实时的展现客户信息的视图,实现了对客户的分类管理和服务匹配,使工作人员对客户进行特征分析,发掘客户需求,实现精细化和个性化营销。同时自2009年启动涨乐品牌系列产品构建至今,华泰证券逐步实现在互联网上面向客户多平台、立体化的综合服务模式,使客户得到更加准确和快速的服务。 其次,CRM技术的使用降低了企业成本。强大的后台支持让快速便捷的查阅客户信息不再是难题,取得其他部门客户信息也不再是遥不可及了。笔者认为这也是华泰证券使用“长尾”理论的关键原因之一。
(三)CRM战略的影响
1、改善管理观念 如今,证券行业的竞争呈现了白热化状态,仅仅执着于硬件设备和价格战是不够的,将注意力转移到客户身上,实施CRM战略才是券商们的竞争策略。华泰证券通过实施客户战略,有效地提升了自身的竞争实力,从根本上改变了公司的管理观念,将服务客户理念贯彻到了所有细节。 这对所有券商来说是一个好榜样,只有对目标客户采取差异化管理,让客户体验到平等的服务,消除不公平感,才会赢得客户的好感,从而获得忠诚客户。
2、提高员工素质
一线员工如客户经理等直接接触客户,客户体验的好坏很大程度上取决于这些员工的表现,的确如何激活一线员工一直是企业的重点【10】。为了配合CRM战略,华泰证券配备了高素质的员工,特别是投资顾问方面,拥有了一支700多人的专家型队伍。通过员工导向和CRM的整合,这些员工拥有较高的专业素质和服务意识,并且有很强的集体意识,能够把企业的使命当成自己的责任。 员工是企业最重要的战略资源,拥有一批好员工是企业成功的关键,如果仅有完美的CRM理念而没有优秀的员工来实施就注定会失败。
3、创造客户价值
华泰证券在CRM战略的指导下充分整合企业资源,实现资源的最优配置,形成跨业务的服务产品从而更好地满足客户,实现客户价值最大化。 对客户来说,从企业获得良好产品和优质服务从而产生满足感是至关重要的,CRM战略的实施以客户为中心,把客户放在最高位置,从而发现甚至创造客户需求,给客户带来完美体验。对企业来说,伴随客户价值创造而来的双方长期稳定关系带来了实际的利润。据华泰证券的财务报表显示,公司总资产从2007年的778.7亿元增值到了2011年的829.6亿元,可见实施CRM战略创造了相当大的客户价值。

3. 结语 华泰证券是证券业实行CRM的先行者也是成功者,通过案例分析可见,它完美地实施了CRM战略,将CRM理念贯穿至企业管理的方方面面并坚持十多年来不断改进,将服务理念深入人心,为企业赢得了不小的收益,也为客户创造更多的价值。

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