... 6. What prevents food from entering the nasal cavity while swallowing? Soft palate 7. What muscles push food particles into the pharynx? Multiple voluntary muscle in the face, neck and tongue. 8. Name the structure that prevents food from entering the respiratory system? Epiglottis 9. Name the structure that connects the pharynx to the stomach. Esophagus 10. Once it has been swallowed, the food mass is called a Bolus. 11. What is the term for involuntary wavelike contractions that propel the bolus to the stomach? Peristalsis 12. What are rugae? What are their functions? Folds in the stomach. Allow for expansion as the stomach fills, and also increases surfaces area. 13. The stomach cells secrete hydrochloric acid, pepsinogen and various regulatory hormones that chemically digest the bolus. 14. What effect do these secretions have on the bolus? Muscular contractions in the stomach churn its contents to further break down the bolus and mix it with stomach secretions to form a thick liquid. 15. The bolus, mixed with stomach secretions, is now called chyme. 16. Chyme exits the stomach through the pyloric sphincter and enters the small intestine. 17. Name the major site of nutrient absorption. Small Intestine 18. Name the three parts of the...
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...T D Module 4 Assignment: Understanding Childbirth and Newborn Development 1. Describe the stages of childbirth and the outcome of each. There are three stages of childbirth; the dilation and effacement of the cervix, the delivery of the baby, and the delivery of the placenta. During the first stage called the dilation and effacement of the cervix, the woman experiences contractions of her uterus which in return causes her cervix to widen and prepare to receive the baby. In addition, the mother experiences a brief process called transition where the contractions are at the highest level. This entire stage can last between 12 to 14 hours if it is the women’s first child or 4 to 6 hours if she has had multiple births. The second stage of childbirth also known as the delivery of the baby can last between 20 to 50 minutes depending on the woman. Within the second stage the level of contractions continue to increase and the mother feels a natural impulse to squeeze and push using her stomach muscles to force the baby down and out the birth canal. The last stage of childbirth is when the mother feels the final contraction which in return forces the placenta to detach from the walls of the uterus and out the body. This third and final stage of childbirth can last between five and 10 minutes. 2. Compare and contrast the medical interventions for childbirth. During childbirth medical professionals tend to use medical interventions in order to safely deliver the baby...
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...the stages of labor. Progesterone levels drop off a bit by approximately week 37 but the level of estrogen stays pretty high. The new higher ratio of estrogen: progesterone causes the uterine muscles to be more sensitive to other hormones, like oxytocin from the posterior pituitary gland that try to stimulate uterine contractions. The placenta starts to secrete high levels of relaxin, loosening up some parts of the pelvic ligaments so that the pelvic bones can come apart a little bit to support the enlarging uterus. But more importantly, it opens up the pelvic outlet by loosening...
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...arteriole E. loop of Henle PLEASE REFER TO THE FOLLOWING DIAGRAM OF THE HUMAN DIGESTIVE SYSTEM TO ANSWER QUESTIONS 4-6. 4. Which structure transports food from the pharynx to the stomach? A. (arrow a) B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) D. (arrow d) @ 5. Which structure produces bile? A. (arrow a) B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) @ D. (arrow d) 6. Which structure is the place where almost all absorption of nutrients occurs? A. (arrow a) @ B. (arrow b) C. (arrow c) D. (arrow d) 7. The process by which food is propelled through the digestive tract by alternating contraction and relaxation of smooth muscle is: A. glycolysis B. plasmolysis C. emulsion D. peristalsis @ E. conjunctivitis 8. The organ in which the chemical digestion of fat molecules begins is the: A. stomach B. pancreas C. small intestine @ D. large intestine E. esophagus 9. The first portion of the small intestine is known as the: A. duodenum @ B. ileum C. colon D. cecum E. jejunum 10. Which of the following is not a structure that is part of the gastrointestinal (G-I) tract? A. stomach B. esophagus C. small intestine D. colon E. pancreas @ 11. Before lipase from the pancreas can efficiently break down fats (chemically), the fats must first be emulsified by: A. salivary amylase. B. the stomach. C. bile. @ D. proteases. E. sodium bicarbonate. 12. The primary function of the large intestine is: A. acid formation...
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...InterActive Physiology( Exercise Sheets Below is a table display showing you the eight modules and topics covered in the IP Exercise Sheets, which begin on the next page. |Module |Exercise Topic | |The Muscular System |Neuromuscular Junction | | |Sliding Filament Theory | | |Contraction of Whole Muscle | |The Nervous System |Ion Channels | | |Membrane Potential | | |The Action Potential | |The Nervous System II |Ion Channels | | ...
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...studying about nutrition we all should know that proteins are molecule cells that are always hidden throughout our body that serve as important functions will also help to defend anybody to help maintain and protect you against any and all invading organisms and to help in maintaining the PH balance that lies within the stomach. Proteins are also known to be made up from amino acids that form a three dimensional shape so that we know the functions of proteins that are hidden throughout our body will also vary by structure. So we will go ahead and list and describe the six different kinds of proteins and their functions on what they do as well. Enzymes is a type of protein that is also known to be called a catalyst and this is so that it speeds up the chemical that lies within the body. I will go ahead and give a good example for this and that would be because of the lactase and pepsin. So then the pepsin will eventually help with the digestive enzyme that is located in the stomach so that it can be responsible and is only responsible to help in the aid of digestion so that means that the word lactase will aid in the breakdown of any sugars that lies with in the stomach. Antibodies and these will go ahead and protect the human body that are being...
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...released 3. Exercise during which the patient does not assist the therapist is called? a. coordination b. resistive c. passive d. active 4. Migraine and cluster headaches are? a. tension headaches b. vascular headaches c. traumatic d. psychogenic 5. What do you do if you are working on a client and he/she complains of pain where you are working? a. say “no pain, no gain” b. back off and continue communicating to be sure they are comfortable now c. stop the massage d. only work areas that don’t cause pain 6. if you are using a technique which requires firm pressure and it’s causing pain, You should? a. have the client qualify the pain and then modify your pressure b. explain to the client why pain is necessary c. continue with the same pressure d. terminate the session 7. What is the best position for massaging a pregnant woman? a. prone b. supine c. on her side d. postural drainage position 8. Which BEST describes the location of the Yin channels? a. anterior b. posterior c. proximal d. distal 9. Where is the center of gravity for a massage/bodywork therapist? a. knees b. shoulders c. pelvis d. legs 10. Which would you use to increase mobility at a joint? a. gliding b. rang of motion c. percussion d. friction 11. Which is the best technique for creating heat in tissues? a. gliding b. kneading c. friction d. tapotement 12. Which is an endangerment site located behind the knee? a....
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...1 Learning objectives By the end of this chapter, students should be able to: Describe the mechanism of feeding State and explain four stages of food processing including hormonal control. Differentiate the variation in vertebrate digestive system. 2 Main feeding mechanisms Suspension feeders Substrate feeders Fluid feeders Bulk feeders Main feeding mechanisms Suspension feeder/ filter feeders Sieve small food particles from water E.g : whales, clams and flamingos 4 Main feeding mechanisms Substrate feeders Animals that live in/on their food source Eat their way through the food E.g : earthworms and termites 5 Main feeding mechanisms Fluid feeders Suck nutrient-rich fluid from a living host E.g : mosquito, aphids 6 Main feeding mechanisms Bulk feeders Eat relatively large pieces of food (swallow altogether) Spend a long time to digest their food E.g : snake 7 8 Mouth Esophagus Stomach Large intestine Rectum Anus Tongue Glands in mouth that make saliva Pancreas Liver Gallbladder 9 The mammalian digestive system consists of an alimentary canal and accessory glands that secrete digestive juices through ducts Mammalian accessory glands are the salivary glands, the pancreas, the liver, and the gallbladder 10 Stages of Food Processing Ingestion is the act of eating Digestion is the process of breaking food down into molecules small enough to absorb ...
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...Digestive and Respiratory System Worksheet Name: Before answering the questions below, log in to ADAM and view the clinical animations for Peristalsis and Gas Exchange. Remember, you may use our text, our discussions, and the internet to write your answers, but be sure to write your answers in your own words and to use correct citations where appropriate! Cutting and Pasting your responses will result in a Zero for this assignment! 1. Trace the path of an oxygen molecule from the air outside you to your tissues. Nose --> Mouth --> Pharynx --> Larynx --> Trachea --> (LUNGS: Bronchus --> Bronchioles --> Alveoli), then back out. Air enters the body through the nose and then moves into spaces called the nasal cavities. (Hair and cilia trap dust and debris and Air is warmed and moistened) Some of the cells lining the nasal cavities produce mucus. This sticky material moistens the air and keeps the lining from drying out. Mucus also traps particles such as dust. The cells that line the nasal cavities have cilia, tiny hair like extensions that can move together in a sweeping motion. Next, air enters the pharynx. The pharynx opens to two different passages. One is connected to the esophagus, wherein food and fluids are directed and the other is linked to the trachea where the air is passed through to the lungs. From the pharynx, air enters into the larynx (the voice box). The larynx is part of the upper respiratory tract that has two main functions: a passageway...
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...Identify the anatomical structure of the GIT? * Mouth * Pharynx * Oesophagus * Stomach * Small intestine * Large intestine 1.2 – Explain the functions of the features identify in activity 1.1? * Mouth: Food begins its journey through digestive system in the mouth; inside the mouth are many organs that aid in the digestion of food –the tongue, teeth, and salivary glands. Teeth chop food into small pieces, which are moistened by saliva before the tongue and other muscles push the food into the pharynx. * Pharynx: the throat; a tube that starts at the internal nares and runs partway down the neck where it opens into the oesophagus posteriorly and the larynx anteriorly. It functions as a passage way for both the digestive and respiratory systems. The pharynx receives the food after being swallowed and pushes it to the oesophagus. * Oesophagus: The hollow muscular tube that connects the pharynx and the stomach. The oesophagus contracts to produce wavelike motions, it receives food from the mouth when you swallow by means of a series of muscular contractions called peristalsis, the oesophagus delivers food to the stomach At the inferior end of the oesophagus is a muscular ring called the lower oesophageal sphincter .The function of this sphincter is to close of the end of the oesophagus and trap food in the stomach. * Stomach: The J shaped enlargement of the...
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...Dr. Robert P. Marino Review Questions 2 Question 1 Describe basic bone structure and classification. There are two basic types of Bone tissue, compact bone and spongy bone. 1. Compact bone is dense and homogeneous and forms the walls of bone. 2. Spongy bone is composed of slender intertwined pieces of bone enclosing a space filed with non-bone tissue. It is found in the interior of normal bone. Bones can also be classified according to shape: 1. Long bones are longer than they are wide. All bones of the limbs except for the wrist and ankle bones are long bones. 2. Short bones are cube-shaped and are found in the wrist and ankle of the limbs. 3. Flat bones are thin and flat and often curved. These bones include some bones of the skull, the ribs and the sternum. 4. Irregular bones as their name suggests do not fit conveniently into any category according to their shape. 5. Sesamoid bones is not a category based on shape although they tend to be short bone. A sesamoid bone is a bone that develops within a tendon. The knee cap or patella is an example. Question 2 Bones grow in length at the growth plate by a process that is similar to ossification. The cartilage in the region of the growth plate next to the epiphysis continues to grow by mitosis. This process continues throughout childhood and the adolescent years until the cartilage growth slows and finally stops. When cartilage growth ceases, usually in the early twenties, the growth plate completely ossifies...
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...Motivation Motivation refers to a secondary process within a person or animal that causes that creature to move toward a goal. The goal may be to satisfy a biological need, as in eating a sandwich to reduce hunger. The goal may be to complete a psychological goal, such as having fame, money, or a good marriage. The real definition of motivation is the need or desire that energizes and directs behavior. This often involves choice, length, power, resolution, and emotional response. Motivation can be seen as both stable and unstable. Motivation can be seen as behavior, or stable personality of individuals. Motivation can be seen as a temporary state that changes in response to environmental or internal states. There are four perspective theories of motivation: Instinct theory, Drive-Reduction theory, Arousal theory, and Maslow’s Hierarchy of Needs. Instinct theory is replaced by the evolutionary perspective. Instincts are complex behaviors that have fixed patterns throughout different species and are not learned. When the instinct theory of motivation failed, it was replaced by the drive-reduction theory. A physiological need creates an aroused tension state (a drive) that motivates an organism to satisfy the need. Drive-Reduction Theory Emphasize the interaction between inner pushes and external pulls. The physiological aim of drive reduction is homeostasis. Homeostasis is trend to maintain a balanced; the regulation of any aspect of body chemistry, such as blood...
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...Melissa Ruiz Biology Review Rasmussen College 10/07/2011 1. Describe the interdependency of structure and function in the human body. Physiology depends on anatomy; anatomy is study of the structures in the body, physiology is the study of the functions of those structures. In other words, without structure there is no function. Physiology depends on anatomy, the operation or function of a structure is dictated by its anatomy. Anatomy and physiology are really inseparable because function always reflects structure. For example, oxygen and carbon dioxide are exchanged across the thin membranes of the lungs but not across the skin. (Marieb and Hoehn, 2010, page 3) 2. Describe the three patterns of chemical reactions. Synthesis reaction is when atoms or molecules combine to form a larger, more complex molecule. It always involves bond formation and can be represented as A+B→AB. This is the basis of constructive activities in body cells. Amino acids are joined together to form a protein molecule. Decomposition reaction occurs when a molecule is broken down into smaller molecules. It can be represented as AB→A+B. Decomposition reactions are the reverse of synthesis reactions. This underlies all degradative processes in body cells. Bonds are broken in larger molecules, resulting in smaller, less complex molecules. Glycogen is broken down to release glucose units. Exchange reactions involve both synthesis and decomposition. Bonds are both made and broken, which...
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...pneumonia Nutrient- substance obtained from food that is needed by the body for growth, maintenance, and/or repair Energy providing nutrients (provide calories): * Carbohydrate – 4 Kcal * Protein – 4 Kcal * Fat – 9 Kcal *alcohol – 7 Kcal Non energy providing nutrients (just as important): * Vitamins * Minerals * Water Dietary Reference Intakes (DRI): * Recommended Dietary Allowances (RDA)- 2 % margin of error, used as a goal for individual, intake sufficient to meet/exceed nutrient requirement for 98% of healthy ppl in a particular stage of life and gender group * Tolerable Upper Intake Level (UL)- highest amount of nutrient intake that will not pose a risk for adverse health effects, higher doses likely to cause toxicity, not available for every nutrient * Estimated Average Requirements (EAR) – level that indicates that the needs for 50% of those consuming that amount will be met; needed to set RDA * Adequate Intake (AI) – average amount a group of healthy ppl consume, not scientifically based, cannot provide EAR or RDA Dietary guidelines for Americans – based on ages 2 +, promote health and prevent chronic diseases. Done by the ISDA and USDHHS every 5 years 6 principles to diet planning (ABC, DMV) * Adequacy * Balance * kCalorie control * nutrient Dense – more nutrient dense than calorie dense * Moderation * Variety Healthy People- guide lines for healthy living, redone every 10 years Daily Food Guide: * Grains...
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...LECTURE NOTES For Nursing Students Human Anatomy and Physiology Nega Assefa Alemaya University Yosief Tsige Jimma University In collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education 2003 Funded under USAID Cooperative Agreement No. 663-A-00-00-0358-00. Produced in collaboration with the Ethiopia Public Health Training Initiative, The Carter Center, the Ethiopia Ministry of Health, and the Ethiopia Ministry of Education. Important Guidelines for Printing and Photocopying Limited permission is granted free of charge to print or photocopy all pages of this publication for educational, not-for-profit use by health care workers, students or faculty. All copies must retain all author credits and copyright notices included in the original document. Under no circumstances is it permissible to sell or distribute on a commercial basis, or to claim authorship of, copies of material reproduced from this publication. ©2003 by Nega Assefa and Yosief Tsige All rights reserved. Except as expressly provided above, no part of this publication may be reproduced or transmitted in any form or by any means, electronic or mechanical, including photocopying, recording, or by any information storage and retrieval system, without written permission of the author or authors. This material is intended for educational use only by practicing health care workers or students and faculty...
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