...Kenya Communications Amendment Act (2009) Progressive or retrogressive?1 by ptah Association for Progressive Communications (APC) September 2009 1 This report was written as a part of APC’s Communication for influence in Central, East and West Africa (CICEWA) project, which is meant to promote advocacy for the affordable access to ICTs for all. CICEWA seeks to identify the political obstacles to extending affordable access to ICT infrastructure in Africa and to advocate for their removal in order to create a sound platform for sub-regional connectivity in East, West and Central Africa. This was possible thanks to Canada's International Development Research Centre (IDRC). Contents Preface.................................................................................................................3 1. Introduction.......................................................................................................4 2. Background to ICT policy making in Kenya.............................................................5 3. To regulate or not to regulate the media in Kenya? ................................................6 3.1. A failure of media responsibility? ....................................................................6 3.2. Key media concerns.......................................................................................7 3.2.1. Section 88: Inheriting the problem ..........................................................7 3.2.2. Enforcement...
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...On January 13, 1910, tenor Enrico Caruso prepared to perform an entirely new activity: sing opera over the airwaves, broadcasting his voice from the Metropolitan Opera House to locations throughout New York City. Inventor Lee deForest had suspended microphones above the Opera House stage and in the wings and set up a transmitter and antenna. A flip of a switch magically sent forth sound. The evening would usher out an old era—one of dot-dash telegraphs, of evening newspapers, of silent films, and of soap box corner announcements. In its place, radio communications would provide instant, long-distance wireless communication. In 2009, America celebrated the 40th anniversary of the creation of National Public Radio; thanks to deForest, 2010 marks the centennial of the true birth of the era of public broadcasting. Wireless telephony had been several decades in the making. European experimenters (including Heinrich Hertz, for whom the radio frequency unit hertz is named) had contributed to the field in the late 1800s by experimenting with electromagnetic waves. In the 1890s, Guglielmo Marconi invented the vertical antenna, transmitting signals of ever-increasing distance; by 1901, he could send messages from England across the Atlantic Ocean to Newfoundland. Thanks in part to these advances, in December 1906, Canadian inventor Reginald Fessenden was able to arrange a holiday broadcast to operators off the Atlantic seaboard. His singing, violin playing and biblical verse reading...
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...dominant media of the second half of the twentieth century. Television has had an immense impact on human society in many forms including sociality, knowledge, experience and leisure. After the first experimental broadcasts in America in the 1920s, the British Broadcasting Corporation was set up in 1922, however television broadcasting did not begin until 1936 when an estimated 23,000 people saw the first broadcasts. In 1939 television had ceased and was described as something that would amount to nothing. During the war the radio was extremely popular and this was the case for several years after as television sets were expensive and had limited broadcasting hours with poor receptions. The BBC was dominated by their director general, John Reith, who had negotiated a position where the BBC was independent from both the government and free from the pressures of market forces. For the BBC had an assured income from all those who owned radio receivers. Reith had established a corporation with aims to inform, educate and entertain the public as a whole, making available cultural experiences that they would otherwise not have seen [HOLLAND, 1997: Page 8]. Up until the 1950s the BBC had a monopoly on broadcasting and it wasn’t until 1951 that various criticisms began to emerge. The 1951 Beveridge report was critical of the stance and arrogance of the BBC and there were even reports suggesting that it should be discontinued. In 1953 the coronation of the Queen was broadcast...
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...WWW.IBISWORLD.COM Internet Publishing and Broadcasting in the US August 2014 1 High-speed growth: The internet’s advertising expenditures will increase, spurring growth IBISWorld Industry Report 51913b Internet Publishing and Broadcasting in the US August 2014 Stephen Hoopes 2 2 2 2 3 About this Industry Industry Definition Main Activities Similar Industries Additional Resources 17 International Trade 18 Business Locations 34 Regulation & Policy 34 Industry Assistance 20 Competitive Landscape 20 Market Share Concentration 20 Key Success Factors 21 Cost Structure Benchmarks 23 Basis of Competition 24 Barriers to Entry 24 Industry Globalization 35 Key Statistics 35 Industry Data 35 Annual Change 35 Key Ratios 4 5 5 5 7 9 Industry at a Glance Industry Performance Executive Summary Key External Drivers Current Performance Industry Outlook 36 Jargon & Glossary 26 Major Companies 26 Google Inc. 27 Facebook 28 Apple Computer, Inc. 11 Industry Life Cycle 13 Products & Markets 13 Supply Chain 13 Products & Services 15 Demand Determinants 16 Major Markets 31 Operating Conditions 31 Capital Intensity 32 Technology & Systems 33 Revenue Volatility www.ibisworld.com | 1-800-330-3772 | info @ibisworld.com WWW.IBISWORLD.COM Internet Publishing and Broadcasting in the US August 2014 2 About this Industry Industry Definition This industry includes organizations and individuals that offer nonphysical products such as...
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...MEDIA AND COMMUNICATION TABLE OF CONTENTS: INTRODUCTION/ OVERVIEW TRENDS AND OPPORTUNITIES SKILLS AND LICENCES REQUIRED ENTRY AND PROGRESSION TRAINING AND DEVELOPMENT PROFESSIONAL BODIES INVOLVED SOURCES OF REFERENCE LINKS TO RESOURCES INTRODUCTION/ OVERVIEW The large and diverse media and communications industry assumes a central role within most economies. The industry covers a range of occupations and media, including: radio, television and film; print media; internet content development; advertising; public relations; speech writing; and design. The industry is highly concentrated and production is dominated by a small amount of large firms that are able to shape the industry’s direction and price levels The media and communications industry encompasses a wide variety of establishments. The media segment includes motion picture/video producers who create movies, television shows, and other videos to sell to broadcasters; publishers who produce and distribute items such as books, newspapers, magazines, and CDs, excluding software; and television and radio broadcasters. Telecommunications is another segment of the industry. It includes both equipment from cables to telephones to services such as wireless carriers or cable providers. Telecommunications is what makes voice, data, and video communication possible, resulting in the information age. A new, quickly rising segment is the use of the internet for new media...
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...IS FO TR R IB L U IM TI IT O E N D O N LY D Choosing the Channels of Communication A Review of Media Resources for 11 Countries in the Western Pacific Region This document is part of a continuing project of the Tobacco Free-Initiative and the Health Promotion Unit, World Health Organization, Western Pacific Regional Office. Tobacco-Free Initiative & Health Promotion Unit World Health Organization Regional Office for the Western Pacific P Box 2932, 1000 Manila, Philippines .O. Tel: (632) 528-8001 Fax: (632) 521 1036 http://www.wpro.who.int Choosing the Channels of Communication Choosing the Channels of Communication A Review of Media Resources for 11 Countries in the Western Pacific Region Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 1 Key elements in choosing the channels of communication ................................................ 2 Cambodia Summary of media resources ...................................................................................................... 8 Media directory ............................................................................................................................ 10 China Summary of media resources ........................................................................................................ 18 Media directory .........................................................................................
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...EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ON SOCIETY | | | EFFECTS OF TELEVISION ON SOCIETY Television broadcast has broad effects on the society all around the world. The strong verbal and non verbal combination and the facility to highlight different subject matters created one of the most important impressions in mass media. There are so many angles to see as to what extent TV has brought about changes in daily life of people and the nations as well. Here we will see some of the key changes affected by TV transmissions in general. Seeing is believing The authenticity of news and other informative material has never been more acceptable to people through other means of communication than the one available on TV. People already informed about an event still like to see the news along with footage on TV. For instance, the winning run scored by your favorite team in an exciting match is something people would like to see again and again although they know the outcome of the match. So is about visuals on accidents and unusual events like hanging of Iraqi leader Saddam Hussain etc. Changes in timings Most people have tuned their daily timings in accordance with their popular programs. Students tend to finish their homework before their favorite show. Housewives would make their cooking schedule as not to miss the soap tonight. Men would get ready for relaxing by watching programs of their interest. Much noticeable change is in bed-timings. Early to bed... dictum seems to have...
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...to assist or perform the duties of KPI. For example in IT, monitoring, and other technical tasks. Comparison of HR were civil servants and non-civil servants, can be seen in the following figure. Figure 2 Comparison of civil servants and non-civil servants Source: General Bureau KPI 2011 C. POTENTIAL AND PROBLEMS From the above description of the scope of duties, responsibilities and authority and also the condition of human resources, then there are a few notes into the potential and also problems for KPI management organization in the context of a knowledge-based such as: KPI duties, obligations and authority are strategic in the field of broadcasting considering it serves to accommodate the aspirations and interests of the community in broadcasting. Moreover, the current broadcasting output are felt at large effect on the point of views and behavior of society; KPI human resources are...
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... Engr. Antonette V. Chua Instructor December 17, 2015 Karen Mae L. Nuguid ECE- 5201 Definition of Radio Stations and Services * Station – One or more transmitters or receivers or a combination of transmitters and receivers, including the accessory equipment, necessary at one location for carrying on a radio communication service. * Fixed Service – A service of radio-communication between specified fixed points. * Fixed Station – A station in the fixed service. * Aeronautical Fixed Service – A fixed service intended for the transmission of information relating to air navigation, preparation for and safety of flight. * Broadcasting Service – A radiocommunication service in which the transmissions are intended for direct reception by the general public. * Broadcasting Station – A station in the broadcasting service. * Mobile Service – A service of radiocommunication between mobile and land stations, or between mobile stations. * Land Station – A station in the mobile service not intended to be used while in motion. * Mobile Station – A station in the mobile service intended to be used while in motion or during halts at unspecified points. * Aeronautical Station – A land station in the aeronautical mobile service. In certain instances it may be placed on board an aircraft. * Maritime Mobile Service – A mobile service between coast station and ship stations, or between ship station, in which survival craft stations may also participate...
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...09BE08989 MASS COMMUNICATION 400LEVEL SIS STELLA ARIBUGIZOR MAC 423 TOPIC: HOW CAN YOU USE RURAL BROADCASTING PROGRAMMES TO DEVELOP ASONG? Rural broadcasting programmes are mostly programmes that are produced and coordinated by rural dweller for the main purpose of creating awareness and influencing development. Before a person can venture into creating programmes or understand the meaning behind rural broadcasting programmes, we have to understand the meaning of a community radio and how it works. Community radio can be defined as a medium of communication that is owned, controlled and runned by the people in the community it is for the people, by the people and of the people. We must also understand the meaning of a radio broadcasting it means transmitting content to a particular area. In other words you give the people in the community what you think they need, and you can also go and find out what the people in the community needs. Always note that the main basic objective of rural broadcasting is to have nation development. You can use rural broadcasting programmes to develop Asong by getting a very active and energetic staffs of the rural broadcasts department to broadcast special programmes to the indigenes of Asong, such as the farmers, the fisherman and most especially the women in the community, this agents would ensure that these indigenes practice what they hear on the air, so as to get a desired result. The languages that would be used in these...
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...1 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS’ SATI STATION (A CASE STUDY OF NIGERIAN AIRWAYS ENUGU ) 2 THE IMPACT OF NEWS COMMENTARIES ON RADIO LISTENERS (A CASE STUDY OF FEDERAL RADIO CORPORATION OF NIGERIA ENUGU) 3 HAZARDS OF JOURNALISM PROFESSION UNDER MILITARY REGIME (FROM 1993 – 1998) 4 MASS MEDIA COVERAGE OF RURAL DEVELOPMENT NEWS. A CONTENT ANALYTICAL STUDY OF THE GUARDIAN, DAILY CHAMPION, PUNCH AND DAILY STAR NEWSPAPERS. 5 THE ROLE OF MODERN TECHNOLOGY IN ACHIEVING COMMUNICATION EFFICIENCY IN NIGERIA 6 INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND THE CHANGING ROLE OF MASS MEDIA IN NIGERIA A DISCOURSE ON THE IMPACT OF INFORMATION TECHNOLOGY AND MEDIA DEVELOPMENT IN NIGERIA 7 THE ROLE OF THE BROADCASTING MEDIA IN UPLIFTING THE EDUCATIONAL SYSTEM OF ENUGU STATE. (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU METROPOLIS ) 8 A COMPARATIVE STUDY ON “THE IMPORTANCE OF PIDGIN ENGLISH IN BROADCASTING” (A CASE STUDY OF THE ESBS ENUGU 9 THE IMPACT OF TESTIMONIAL USE ON ADVERTISING EFFECTIVENESS (A CASE STUDY OF KANU NWANKWO IN PEAR MILK ADVERTISMENT) 10 AN A****SMENT OF THE EFFECTS OF TELEVISION PROGRAMMES ON YOUTHS. (A CASE STUDY OF CAMPUS CIRCUIT ON MINAJ BROADCAST INTERNATIONAL) 11 THE ROLE OF RADIO IN DEMOCRATIC SOCIETY (A CASE STUDY OF ENUGU NORTH LOCAL GOVERNMENT AREA) 12 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS 13 THE ROLE OF PUBLIC RELATIONS IN ENHANCING CUSTOMERS SATISFACTION IN A GOVERNMENT PERASTATTALS 14 THE ROLE OF...
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...television in promoting national development in Nigeria. DEDICATION. I want to dedicate this to God, Thank you for all your blessing. ACKNOWLEDGEMENT. I want to acknowledge God Almighty for impacting such wonderful knowledge and may he continue to guide me. PREFACE. This paper discusses the significant methods and ways that radio and television can improve and promote national development in Nigeria to increase its economic power and interaction ability among her people. This topic offers solution and background to the issues of language barrier among the people and communication barriers among the leaders and the people at the grassroots. It also discusses the functions of the media as whole and also defins radio and television. TABLE OF CONTENT Title page……………………………………………….. 2 Dedication……………………………………………….. 3 Acknowledgement………………………………………. 4 Preface……………………………………………………. 5 Table of content……………………………………………6 CHAPTER ONE 1. Introduction………………………..…………………8 Definition of terms 1.2 Radio.………… ….………………………………….10 1.3 Television………………………………………..……11 1.4 National development………………………..………..12 CHAPTER TWO 2.1 The origin of radio………………………….…………. 13 2.2 The origin of television…………………………………14 2.3 The birth of radio in Nigeria……………………………15 2.4 The birth of television in Nigeria …………………... .17 CHAPTER THREE 3.1 The function of media in promoting national development in Nigeria…………………………………………...
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...However, economic constraints also influence the development of Canadian media through the generation of revenue for the production and distribution of Canadian content. Due to the ‘economies of scale’ – a concept where the cost and production of a product decreases in a larger market, such as the United States – Canadian media purchases and airs more foreign (often American) programming than Canadian programming (Gasher, Skinner & Lorimer 34). Also, the cheaper American programming is preferred by Canadians and it attracts more audiences for advertisement revenue. In Canada, the media is heavily dependant on advertising. Advertising connects consumers to products and, primarily, is the chief source of income for the production and distribution...
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...Natural Monopoly Kenneth Banks Telecommunications Law and Regulation (TM584) Professor Dwight Elliot March 7, 2012 Natural Monopoly When it comes to our economy, the first thing that comes to mind are jobs and the number of people that are unemployed. Could the high unemployment rate be due to the lack of companies hiring or could it also be contributed to the lack of the number of jobs and the need for more jobs to be created? Many feel that it is a combination of both, the lack of hiring as well as the lack of jobs. So now the question is, why not create more jobs? How hard is it to create more jobs? One thing to take a look at is the fact that some companies have a stronghold on a certain product or service within the industry. These companies are looked at as having a monopoly on that industry or that good or service. A monopoly is “an enterprise that is the only seller of a good or service. In the absence of government intervention, a monopoly is free to set any price it chooses and will usually set the price that yields the largest possible profit.” ( Stigler, 2008). Another term that you hear in this situation is the word “natural monopoly.” So is a natural monopoly the same thing as a monopoly? Are they two different entities or are they one in the same? A natural monopoly is present when in any situation a particular company or organization has the ability to handle the demand...
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...The changing audience Media uses are closely bound up with our social life. The way that people obtain information is changing every day in every aspect of our daily life, along with the developments of new technologies. Some researches tend to show us that the audience has become more active in a range of ways since the emergence of social media. Social media generally applied to web-based services that facilitate many forms of social interactions or networking. The design principles behind these websites enable users to create and develop online relationship with others. We are communicating with potentially large and invisible audiences by using social network sites or blogs (Zappavigna, 2012, p. 2). People has drawn attention to the fact that social media is changing the way of how we use media in daily life. All these indicate that audience research is no longer in the old-school. This article will provide a theoretical framework of how media is used, and the challenges that the emergence of social media has posed on audience theory. Audiences play critical roles in any types of mediated communication. We all participate in the mass media, and most people have a sense of audience in every aspect of it. Back to the decades ago, some audience theories such as linear communication theory is about the direct relationship between the mass media and audience. It instils the ideas to the passive audience directly. Moreover, the two-step flow theory of mass communication. The...
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