...Symptoms and Diagnosing of Autism Spectrum Disorder Stephanie R. South University of Cincinnati Abstract This paper explores the symptoms and how to accurately diagnosis of Autism Spectrum Disorder. Autism is classified as a psychological condition that starts in adolescence. Psychology classes, specifically an introductory course, briefly cover this condition and its diagnosis. This paper will provide a great knowledge and understanding of diagnosing Autism. There are many symptoms and signs exhibited in children diagnosed with Autism. There is no clear answer for why or how this disorder occurs, making it hard to properly diagnose those afflicted. It is extremely important for the child’s caregiver to be proactive and seek out medical expertise at the onset of behavioral issues in their child. Diagnosing the child at a younger age can ensure proper treatment and interventions for him/her. I have chosen to write my paper on the symptoms and diagnosing of Autism. This disorder is mysterious, but also fascinating. Being a mother, I worry all the time about new and strange afflictions that are attacking our children. To be proactive in our children’s lives, we must be knowledgeable and observant for the early warning signs or symptoms. Throughout the research process of preparing my paper, I have gained a greater comprehension of this disorder and the first indicators that has prepared me to act promptly for the sake of my children. In the last decade, Autism has gained...
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...Conflict Diagnosis Paper CJHS/430 Conflict Diagnosis Paper Deaths in the prisons are on the rise in the recent years and the major cause of these deaths are mostly suicide and I this review I will focus mostly on diagnosis on suicide related deaths in the United States. The research in the past has also been criticized for focusing mostly on the static variables like the demographics. In the United States, suicide is more common in prisons compared with the general populations as a whole. Each year it is approximated that the number of prison suicide is 200, and it is the third leading cause of death in prison behind aids and natural cause. Many suicides are seen as accidental deaths. Some workers fear reporting suicide-related incidents for fear of cases being brought against them. Somebody dying in the hospital after attempting suicide may not be reported as deadly occurred at the prison. The homicide rate in local jails nationwide hovered around 3 inmates per 100,000 between 2000 and 2010, according to data from the Bureau of Justice Statistics. Violent, troubled individuals are concentrated in prisons and jails. “The violent prisoners exert pressures on the most vulnerable inmates who end up succumbing to health related problems or they result to suicide.” (Theodore, Max, & Mitch, 2009.) The populations or individuals that are vulnerable to these pressures should be identified, and this is an essential first step towards resolving the problem. However, it...
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...Suggest 2 improvements that could be made to the Griffiths study and outline any implications these changes may have. (8) One change would be to replicate the study in different countries. Pseudo patients could see if they would be diagnosed as having schizophrenia by doctors in England, France and Canada. The pseudo patients would provide the same symptoms as in the original study (thud, hollow and empty). This would allow the researcher to investigate any cross cultural differences in diagnosis and the treatment of patents (if admitted to a hospital). An implication of this may be that doctors in the other countries may make the same mistakes with diagnosis thus showing practitioners to be bias cross cultural. This would give further support for the need of the DSM to be updates and would mean that the results form Rosenhan's study could be generalised to other countries. In addition to this it would provide insight into treatments used in the different countries, they may find that the type of care/ standard of care differ from country to country (possibly worse in counties with lower economy) Another improvement could be to set up CCTV cameras into the hospitals to record the behaviours of the staff towards the patients. This would be overt at first as the staff would be aware the cameras are being brought in, however they would soon forget they are there. This would allow Rosenhan to have a record of staff patient interaction and the treatment of the pseudo patients...
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...to be standardized across psychology; however, the DSM-IV is not as precise for diagnosing personality disorders as some psychologists would like. Give an example of each of the following problems identified in your readings and explain how these problems could negatively affect a diagnosis. 1. Some criteria used for reaching a diagnosis cannot be observed directly. The DSM-IV has been criticized for diagnosing patients with disorders because of their reliability. A patient is diagnosed by a clinician based on the patient telling them their symptoms, when it is possible that the patient is exaggerating and this can result in a patient being mis diagnosed because the clinician may not have paid close attention to body language and actions from the patient. 2. Personality disorders can be similar to each other. A person can be diagnosed with one or more personality disorders because symptoms are related to one another according to the DSM-IV. With the symptoms of personality disorders being similar in nature to one another it does make it hard to diagnose a person with a single personality disorder according to the DSM-IV. 3. People with different personalities can be given the same diagnosis. Each person is different so therefore one person’s symptoms may not be the same as another person. The DSM-IV does not account for a person’s individuality. An individual’s personality affects how they react to different situations in life, this can lead to a misdiagnosis by a clinician...
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...pre-adoption? When was she adopted? How did the process go? How specifically have her eating and sleeping patterns changed? What is she throwing tantrums over? Describe the tantrums and situations during and before they happen. 2. In addition to the clinical interview, what other clinical assessment tools should you consider? Why? Which ones would you not consider? Why? I’d start off with observation of the family in a natural environment concentrating on not only Clara but her parents as well. 3. If you were preparing to diagnose Clara, you would refer to the DSM-IV classification system to evaluate her condition on five separate axes. What type of information would go into each axis? Note: You are not asked to enter a diagnosis, only describe the kind of information that would be entered in each axis.) Clara is a child who is adopted. She’s having control and/or anger issues in the form of tantrums and her natural sleeping and eating patterns have been disturbed 4. Do you...
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...clinically significant and associated with intensive distress, impairment, social dysfunction or increased personal or public risk, however it must be unrelated to grief caused by recent personal loss, (4th ed., text rev.; DSM–IV–TR; American Psychiatric Association, 2000; Holt et al, 2012). The distinct criteria and descriptive information in the DSM-IV, enables clinicians to make quick diagnoses based on an individual’s symptoms. It can also be used in legal proceedings, to determine the mental state of individuals and ensure they receive appropriate sentencing in psychiatric care rather than prison. It is versatile and the only manual that strictly focuses on mental health which is why it is referred to as the Gold Standard of clinical diagnosis. The DSM-IV has also played a vital role in the development of research and treatments for mental health, which has improved many patients’ quality of life. Keenan et al. (2007) examined the reliability of the DSM-IV oppositional defiant and conduct disorder symptoms, in 3-5 year old children. The mothers were interviewed about their children’s current symptoms and results showed that the reliability of symptoms, measured by interrater and test-retest reliability, was moderate to high. However, the DSM-IV-TR (2000) 4th ed., text rev. emphasises that the diagnostic criteria are only guidelines and reliability is therefore determined primarily by the clinician’s interpretation of the information provided. In the...
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...Awareness is important to me because even when a patient has the most common form of dysautonomia, postural orthostatic tachycardia syndrome (POTS), it takes an average of 4 years before the correct diagnosis is identified. Unfortunately, being diagnosed properly does not always mean a patient will get better. Due to a lack of awareness of how prevalent this condition is, very little research is funded by our government, so we still have no cure. Treatments currently available can give back some quality of life, but are not a cure and do not work for all patients. If a root cause can be identified, sometimes treating that helps resolve dysautonomia symptoms. I became ill in 2008 at the age of 18 and slowly became more and more sick. Due to the lack of awareness about dysautonomia, it took 4 years (and 20+ doctors) from first becoming ill before I was diagnosed with POTS. In the years after diagnosis I saw many doctors and even went to Mayo Clinic. Over 30 different treatments were tried, but my condition got worse and worse until I couldn't do basic things like grocery shop for myself....
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...Laryngospasms are a serious medical condition that can occur among the pediatric population who are receiving administration of anesthesia agents. In the pediatric population, incidences of laryngospasms range from 0.9% to as high as 14%. Laryngospasms are considered to be “one of the more frequent unanticipated complications that occur under general anesthesia” (McDonnell, 2012). Anesthesia providers perform inhalational inductions with Sevoflurane to pediatric patients on a daily basis with intravenous cannulation following the induction. It is common practice for the majority of pediatric patients enduring medical procedures to undergo this routine in order to be anesthetized (Joshi et al., 2012). The incidence of laryngospasms occurring has been associated with the time frame for attempting intravenous cannulation on the child following an inhalational induction with Sevoflurane (Schwartz et al., 2004). Laryngospasms are frequently associated with early placement of intravenous cannulation and increased physical movement among the child during cannulation insertion (Kilicaslan et al., 2014). A variety of times have been implemented regarding the adequate time frame for proceeding with intravenous cannulation after Sevoflurane inhalational induction within the pediatric population. Factors have been taken into consideration based on whether the child was premedicated with oral Midazolam. The time frame of waiting 120 seconds after loss of lid reflex before initiating...
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... What were the suggested next steps in your MyFoundationsLab® Learning Path? How do the skills apply to your academic life? How do the skills apply to your professional life? Were you surprised by the results? Why or why not? MyFoundationsLab is a complete online mastery-based resource designed to help assess, diagnose, and remediate students' knowledge of the reading, writing, and math required to successfully place within the credit-earning and development curriculum. The system offers a rich environment of pre-built or customized assessments, personalized learning plans, and highly interactive learning activities that enable students to master skills at their own pace. MyFoundationsLab has a comprehensive diagnostic tool, called Path Builder, to help each student achieve personalized learning. Path Builder diagnostic tests are pre-built to align with common readiness or workplace standards, or they can be customized to fit specific goals. Once students complete a Path Builder diagnostic test, they receive a personalized set of content modules, in a format called the Learning Path. Each content module in a student's Learning Path covers a general concept such as "Fractions" or "Sentences." Once inside a module, a student can take a shorter diagnostic test, called a Skills Check, which defines the exact smaller topics a student needs to understand in order to prove mastery for the module. These smaller topics, for example, might...
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...[TEAM] Read the case, “No Good Deed Goes Unpunished”. Notice that this case was written by another professor and me as a learning opportunity for our students. Yes, this really did happen in a major metropolitan area in the U.S. [ASSUMPTIONS] 1. Your team has been hired by the Arts Festival to help them, because Mark and the drug store are suing the Festival. 2. You were hired, because the Festival’s leadership cannot do this for themselves. What that means for you is that they do not need generic answers. They need specifics. For example, do not explain what “readiness to change” means. Instead, assess readiness to change and give your client your results. If they are not ready to change, where do they need to change? Specificity is your friend. 3. This is not a creative writing exercise even though you are working with creative people. This is a technical report that needs to be straightforward and concise. Develop the case for change by fully completing the following tasks and by supporting your answers with outside sources. (Minimum 5 outside resources.) Be sure to cite your sources in the text and to include a list of references in APA format. Do NOT write this as a set of responses to each task. I have never seen a professional document that simply answered a list of questions. Instead, write your response as a report to a client and let your report demonstrate your professional proficiency in the resolution of complex problems through excellent communication...
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...evidence. A well-built PICOT question increases the likelihood that the best evidence to inform practice will be found quickly and efficiently. Templates and Definitions for PICOT Questions5, 6 Question type Definition Template Intervention or therapy To determine which treatment leads to the best outcome In _____________________ (P), how does ______________ (I) compared with _________ (C) affect __________________ (O) within _________________ (T)? Etiology To determine the greatest risk factors or causes of a condition Are ______________________________ (P) who have ________________________ (I), compared with those without ________ (C), at ____ risk for ____________________ (O) over _____________________________ (T)? Diagnosis or diagnostic test To determine which test is more accurate and precise in diagnosing a condition In ______________________________ (P), are/is ___________________________ (I) compared with ___________________ (C) more accurate in diagnosing _______ (O)? Prognosis or prediction To determine the clinical course over time and likely complications of a condition In ___________________ (P), how does ____________ (I) compared with ________ (C), influence _____________ (O) over _________________ (T)? Meaning To understand the meaning...
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...system for categorization of subtypes of ischemic stroke mainly based on etiology has been developed for the Trial of Org 10172 in Acute Stroke Treatment (TOAST). A classification of subtypes was prepared using clinical features and the results of ancillary diagnostic studies. "Possible" and "probable" diagnoses can be made based on the physician's certainty of diagnosis. The usefulness and interrater agreement of the classification were tested by two neurologists who had not participated in the writing of the criteria. The neurologists independently used the TOAST classification system in their bedside evaluation of 20 patients, first based only on clinical features and then after reviewing the results of diagnostic tests. The TOAST classification denotes five subtypes of ischemic stroke: 1) large-artery atherosclerosis, 2) cardioembolism, 3) small-vessel occlusion, 4) stroke of other determined etiology, and 5) stroke of undetermined etiology. Using this rating system, interphysician agreement was very high. The two physicians disagreed in only one patient. They were both able to reach a specific etiologic diagnosis in 11 patients, whereas the cause of stroke was not determined in nine. The TOAST stroke subtype classification system is easy to use and has good interobserver agreement. This system should allow investigators to report responses to treatment among important subgroups of patients with ischemic stroke. Clinical trials testing treatments for acute ischemic stroke...
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...There is no one solution to this problem. But for a start, there should be a re-evaluation of the criteria used to diagnosis depression. Is the patient's response to certain stressful or traumatic events natural and foreseen? If so, perhaps that person should be receiving supportive therapy rather than drug treatments. If not, perhaps there is an underlying medical condition involved. According to Children and Adults Against Drugging America, there are numerous medical conditions that exhibit depression-like symptoms (par. 4). Regardless of the cause, each patient should diagnosed on a case-by-case basis, with narrower criteria and more helpful treatments. In addition to a re-evaluation of criteria, doctors should be trained to be less apathetic and more empathetic. When an individual comes to them seeking treatment, a doctor should do his best to treat them with sensitivity and care. By understanding that depression is a multifaceted and complex human response, they can more effectively assist the patient and society as a whole. Furthermore, they should avoid labeling when possible. It is at best unhelpful, and only serves to further isolate the patient from others. With these new measures in place there should be, at the very least, a reduction in inappropriate and unnecessary treatments. Gilman authored "The Yellow Wallpaper" with very specific goals in mind: to challenge the medical community's current practices and to make her readers aware of the injustices that women...
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...starts in the tissues of the pancreas and because the pancreas is a gland, the most common type of pancreatic cancer is adenocarcinoma. Adeno means relating to a gland and carcinoma is cancer, so adenocarcinoma is cancer of a gland. (Mandal, Dr.) The average age of people with pancreatic cancer is between 70 and 80, and it is more common in men than women. There are two ways a pancreatic cancer can be diagnosed; clinically and pathologically. A clinical diagnosis is done by radiology and or the physician’s evaluation by lab test and the physical exam. A pathological diagnosis is by taking a tissue sample from the primary or metastatic (cancer spread) site and having a pathologist exam the tissue. By looking at these cells, the pathologist can tell if there is cancer and what the primary site is. Because the pancreas is located deep within the body, it is hard for a physician to feel any masses or abnormalities of the pancreas so additional diagnostic procedures are required. The most common way to obtain a clinical diagnosis of pancreatic cancer is with a CT scan. These scans have the ability to see if there are any masses in the pancreas, the size of the mass, if it has spread or involves any other organs. ("How is pancreatic," 2013) There...
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...Discuss issues surrounding the classification and diagnosis of depression (24 marks) A key concern regarding the diagnosis of depression is the reliability of the diagnosis; reliability refers to the consistency of a test or results. In order to increase the reliability of this, the test-retest method can be used to assess consistency. Within this, a patient is tested for depression twice over a period of time in order to establish whether or not the scores on the classification measure stay consistent; this would show a high concordance rate between test results. A strength of using the test retest method is that, if results have a low concordance rate from the two tests, it signposts that the patient is either getting better or worse in terms of their depression as their results have changed. For example, if a patient’s depression score decreases over time, it could signal to the psychiatrist that the treatment is working, and vice versa, if scores increase it can indicate that treatment is not working or the patient’s depression is getting worse, which tells them that they may need to make changes to help the patient. However, the problem with this is that some assessments have been shown to not consistently have good test-retest ability; predominantly this is the DSM-IV. This statement has been supported by research. For instance, Keller et al (1995) assessed 524 people with depression from inpatient, outpatient and community settings at 5 different sites. Within the study...
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