...Analyse the importance of poverty as an explanation of social class differences in educational achievement Introduction Sociologists have argued that social class differences in educational achievement can be explained in terms of 4 not necessarily mutually exclusive kinds of theory: IQ theory; theories emphasising social class differences in material circumstances; theories emphasising social class differences in subcultural attitudes and values; and theories emphasising the importance of within school labelling processes. Sociologists tend to be critical of IQ theory for several reasons and point out that there is good evidence to show that social class is a major determinant of educational success even independently of measured differences in IQ. I shall therefore concentrate upon the three more sociological approaches and in each case it may be argued that the factors which may disadvantage working class students in general are especially likely to disadvantage those working class students who experience poverty. However before analysing the possible effects of poverty on educational achievement some preliminary investigation of the nature and extent of poverty in the UK is first necessary and for these purposes we must first distinguish between absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty is said to occur when individuals lack the money necessary to ensure their basis physical survival whereas relative poverty exists where individuals have insufficient money to...
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...The Social Disadvantage of being a Child Labourer: The Case of Nike Social disadvantages manifest over periods of time into social issues, benefiting particular groups of people while marginalizing others. The case of child labourers that are being exploited by Western-born fashion companies is a complex issue that has been occurring for many years as a result of multiple circumstances, specifically capitalism. To generalize, the companies that use child labour to create their products are the group that benefit, while the workers themselves that work in poor conditions for very little money, and in horrifying conditions, are the ones that are being disadvantaged. Because these people live in poorer countries and need jobs, they are at...
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...document 2/3 sides of A4) The table below will help you to structure your work – when you analyse the impact of each policy remember to discuss in terms of government spending priorities and M1 links with P2 and P3. Policy | Definition | Example (S) | Business ImpactAdvantages and disadvantages | Management Reaction to Policy | Economic Policy | Economic Policy designed to deal with growth, unemployment and inflation to improve standards of living and reduce unemployment. Linked with policies on education, training and skills. | In December 2009, the (then) Chancellor of the Exchequer, Alistair Darling, announced a package of measures to try to tackle unemployment. These included internships and guarantees of places in education or training for every 16 and 17 year old in the UK. This was due to the level of young people being NEET (Not in Employment, Education or Training) exceeding one million people, i.e. 1 in 10 of people aged 16– 19. | An advantage to the business is that they would receive government funding to take on young people. Another advantage would be more staffing to meet demand. A disadvantage could be a relatively inexperienced workforce as a result. This disadvantage is likely to be outweighed by the extra funding and government support to take on these workers. | Balfour could react to this policy by providing apprenticeships and training...
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...Facebook Facebook started off as a Private Limited Company (LTD). This means that the public are not able to buy shares into a company. In early 2012 Facebook decided to turn itself in to a Public Limited Company (PLC), a PLC is when the public is able to buy shares into a business. Facebook is a social media website and it was launched in February 2004. It was founded by college students from Harvard University; the founder was Mark Zuckerberg and some of his roommates. A benefit of being LTD is that they are not able to lose control of their company. However this means that they have to rely on their own money to invest into the business or they will have to get capital investment. A disadvantage of a LTD is that the shares which are sold to friends can’t be sold or transacted to another person. After being a LTD for almost a decade Facebook decided to change to a PLC. A benefit of this is that the business can be funded by the public, also this means that other people own the business. However a disadvantage of this is that it means that Mark Zuckerberg could lose the whole business if someone buys more than 50% of the shares, this means they will have total control. Facebook started off as being a Private company as because it meant that they couldn’t lose control of their business. Also they used this to get through the ‘survival’ stage of a business; this was when they were progressing from Facemash to Thefacebook.com to then what we know it as Facebook. AS it was...
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...purpose of four different types of organisation. 1.2.1 Introduction Business organisation is formed of relationship, responsibility and authority, which aims to meet their targets and ultimately achieve them. Organisations are formed by people for two main purposes. An organisation can be formed by a person or a group of people aiming to make a profit. In the same way a person or a group of people can start an organisation with the purpose of providing services to themselves or for the society with the main purpose of running the business is not a profit. According to Buchanan and Huczynski an organisation is described as 'A work organisation is a social arrangement for the controlled performance of collective goals' (Buchanan and Huczynski, (2004). The Business Dictionary defines the organisation as ‘a social unit of people that is structured and managed to meet a need or to pursue collective goals’. All organisations have some function to perform and they exist in order to achieve objectives and to provide satisfaction for their members. Mullins with Christy (2010). Organisation business purposes are usually affected by the environment. That can be explained as either internal or external environment. This assessment will explain how the environment affects business organisations and the actions taken by these organisations to overcome these tasks to fulfil their...
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...International Journal of Advanced System and Social Engineering Research ISSN 2278-6031, Vol 3, Issue 1, 2013, pp18-22 http://www.bipublication.com ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRIVATISATION IN INDIA Anant Kousadikar and Trivender Kumar Singh* *Jatan Swaroop PostGraduate College, Kayasthwada,Sikandrabad(U.P.), Distt: Bulandshar [Received-05/12/2012, Published-17/01/2013] ABSTRACT Privatization in generic terms refers to the process of transfer of ownership, can be of both permanent or long term lease in nature, of a once upon a time state-owned or public owned property to individuals or groups that intend to utilize it for private benefits and run the entity with the aim of profit maximization. In other words, it is a route from public or state ownership to private players or a group. From the other point of view, it is a strategy that provides advantages to a few at the price of many. However, this is always subjected to the circumstances involved. In this paper, the aim is to understand the major advantages and disadvantages of privatization in this country. Index Terms: Privatisation, advantages, Public administration. I. INTRODUCTION Privatization is a managerial approach that has attracted the interest of many categories of peopleacademicians, politicians, government employees, players of the private sector, and public on the whole. As per the opinion by the subject experts, privatization can be advantageous in terms of the higher flexibility and scope of innovation...
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...International Journal of Advanced System and Social Engineering Research ISSN 2278-6031, Vol 3, Issue 1, 2013, pp18-22 http://www.bipublication.com ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES OF PRIVATISATION IN INDIA Anant Kousadikar and Trivender Kumar Singh* *Jatan Swaroop PostGraduate College, Kayasthwada,Sikandrabad(U.P.), Distt: Bulandshar [Received-05/12/2012, Published-17/01/2013] ABSTRACT Privatization in generic terms refers to the process of transfer of ownership, can be of both permanent or long term lease in nature, of a once upon a time state-owned or public owned property to individuals or groups that intend to utilize it for private benefits and run the entity with the aim of profit maximization. In other words, it is a route from public or state ownership to private players or a group. From the other point of view, it is a strategy that provides advantages to a few at the price of many. However, this is always subjected to the circumstances involved. In this paper, the aim is to understand the major advantages and disadvantages of privatization in this country. Index Terms: Privatisation, advantages, Public administration. I. INTRODUCTION Privatization is a managerial approach that has attracted the interest of many categories of peopleacademicians, politicians, government employees, players of the private sector, and public on the whole. As per the opinion by the subject experts, privatization can be advantageous in terms of the higher flexibility and scope of innovation...
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...Q) Discuss the Roles of Social groups among humans and how these groups influence individual perception and behavior. Give examples B) Explain the types of social groups that exist and how individual decision making differs from group decision making. Table of Contents * Contents Definition of Perception * Definition of behavior * Definition of Social groups * Primary groups and examples * Table explaining types of social groups * Definition of the two heuristics * Individual decision making * Advantages and disadvantages of Individual decision making * consensus and consultation decisions * Group decision making * Advantages and disadvantages of Group decision making * Conclusion on how individual and Group making decisions differ. * References In order to answer the question effectively I will begin by defining the key words used in the question. Individual Perception: This is a belief or opinion by a human being mainly based on what they see or experience. These opinions are processed by interpreting sensory stimuli through the five senses. This is what guides human behavior. Behavior: behavior is controlled by society, culture values, morals, ethics, and genetics. It refers to mental, physical, emotional, and social activities experienced during the five stages of a human being's life. Social groups: a set of people who are involved in more or less permanent social interactions or relationships. Social groups usually have a common...
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...BP DIVERSION INTO RENEWABLE ENERGY SOURCES Table of Contents DEFINITIONS 1 OVERVIEW; BP 1 STRATEGY 2 ISSUE OF GLOBALISATION 2 ENVIRONMENT 2 CHALLENGES 2 Cost 2 Economic Growth 2 Risk 2 Technology 2 NEW PRODUCT DEVELOPMENT 2 Current Status of Renewable Energy 3 ADVANTAGES AND DISADVANTAGES 3 ORGANISATION 4 RISK MANAGEMENT 4 Political Risk 4 Economical Risk 4 Financial Risk 4 CONCLUSION 4 DEFINITIONS Innovation Innovation can be defined as the application of knowledge in a novel way, primarily for economic benefit. Innovations have two main characteristics. First, innovations break the mould by applying knowledge in some novel way. Second, innovations are the result of a chain of events that starts with the original idea, invention or discovery, and then proceeds through prototype construction, financing, customer demonstration, field trials, engineering, and production, marketing. Only by successfully completing this obstacle course can an invention be considered innovation. Apart from skill and resources, the most important requirements are clear head, an ability to improvise and dogged determination. Creativity Entrepreneurship Intrapreneurship OVERVIEW; BP BP is one of the world’s established and leading oil and gas companies. They grind to provide customers with fuel for transportation, energy for heat and light, lubricants to keep engines moving and petrochemicals products use in making everyday items such as paints, clothes...
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...Benefits of being Sustainable Business? - Reputation Management (This management of reputation enhanced by social responsibility can lead to growth in both brand value and equity. ) - Financial Performance (social responsibility should be viewed as an investment in a strategic asset.) - Risk Management ( The investment community increasingly considers a strategic approach to social responsibility as a proxy indicator of good quality management.) - Employee Satisfaction ( People tend to work for good aims so they have better motivation.) - Innovation ( these business drivers need to be integrated into the strategy of an organization and develop to result in superior financial performance.) - Customer Loyalty ( Customer loyalty is built on trust, service and values. Highlighting an organization's commitment to responsible business practices can maximize the role of Cause Related Marketing to gain competitive advantage.) Disatvantages: - Converstion Expense (it can be costly for a corporation to go green initially. for example, the switch to solar power will create the need to install solar panels at business facilities.) - Costlier products ( in some cases, the switch to using green materials can lead to more expensive product for consumers.) - Lack of Support ( there can be an "entrenched bias" against companies that want to go green, as evidenced by some laws and regulations) - Going Paperled (If companies do not properly back up their computer files, a system...
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...Disadvantages of Regional Integration Southeastern Asian countries have made a significant achievement in social and economic development during the past two decades of renovations. The road to success was not always smooth, and although regional integration presents many benefits, there are several disadvantages to that approach. The below analysis will reflect on few of them to present the main challenges in developing countries integrated under the Association of Southeast Asian Nations (ASEAN). Disadvantages of Regional Integration Today’s business world perceives regional integration as a positive outcome for countries within geographical region. As with every aspect there are several disadvantages to regional and economical integration. Countries switch to tariff free imports of same goods, but the tariffs on goods from the outside remain. As a result economists notice a less efficient use of resources. Oftentimes, the goods produced within the region are of a much lower quality than those imported from the outside. In political aspect, governments loose tax revenue from a tariff free trading. Significant amount of revenue comes into the country’s government from import tariffs. Removal of them causes decrease in available capital. The effect on government’s spending programs could have a further negative impact on country’s development (Openbook, 2011). Other challenges with regional integration include: equality between members, ways...
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...Executive summary. The greenfield FDI is a form of direct investment where a parent company starts a new business in a foreign country by setting up new operational facilities. In addition to building new facilities, most parent companies also create new long-term jobs in the foreign country by hiring new employees. In order to decide which country is better for ‘greenfield’ foreign direct investment via sole ownership, the advantages and disadvantages of the countries should be considered. For example, China is a developing country, and during the past 30 years, China’s rapid economic development shows that China has a strong power in developing economic. In recent decades, China stays on one of the leading positions in direct investment and therefore a lot of investments to this country are considered to be profitable for any company or investor. The reasons are simple: the growth of the economy and a large number of different projects. Foreign direct investment in China, due to stable growth potential of the economy and a huge production resources, aimed at both the external and the internal market.The innovative ability is a great attraction for investment managers around the world. In contrast, a lot of foreign investors had chosen China for investment and this resulted in a very big competition. Nevertheless, USA is a successfully developed country. And its economy is the top one in the world. As the most important country in the first world countries, the USA...
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...Chapter 1 Case “The Desert Enterprise” Pg. 21 Q1- Moving from Partnership to a corporation has many advantage and disadvantage. The advantages of corporation are as follows: 1- Can borrow money and own property by its own name. 2- Can be a general partner or a limited partner in partnership 3- Can own stock in another corporation 4- Ownership can be easily transferred. 5- Unlimited life of corporation. 6- Limited liabilities of stockholders for corporate debt. However, the disadvantages of corporation are as follows: 1- Complicated to form as its needs to prepare articles of incorporation and bylaws. 2- Expensive as its need huge money to form 3- Double taxation by government, in corporate level and personal level. Q2- Many agency conflicts can be raise when hiring management team such as the management might work for their individual interest not for the interest of Stockholders. The cost of agency can be direct and indirect. The direct agency cost is applied in the situation when the corporate expenditure benefits the management but cost the stockholder. In addition, the other agency cost is the expense raised because of the need of monitoring management actions. In order to encourage management to work in the interest of management we suggest the following: 1- Using the managerial compensation where top mangers are given the option of buying stock in the company at barging cost. Doing that will motivate mangers to maximize...
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...Ir and globalization CONENT: Introduction Body 1. What is Globalization and how it is related with the International Relations; 2. Advantages and Disadvantages of the Globalization; 3. Effectiveness of the Globalization Conclusion NTRODUCTION In my work I talk about the Globalization and its relation with the Globalization where I dwelled upon the Globalization. In the second part I did survey and focused on the advantages and disadvantages of globalization as the statistics show.After hammering out the two factors I wrote about de facto effectiveness of the Globalization and at the end I stated my estimation and conclusion. International Relation and Globalization As more nations, people, and cultures adapt to the ever changing international community, diplomats, politicians, and representatives must meet and deal with accordingly to the needs and wants of nations. Diplomacy can be exerted in many forms; through peace talks, written constitutions, field experiences, etc. Culture is a familiar term and remains unchanged by definition. However, globalization and international relations have constantly altered culture both positively and negatively. Globalization increases worldwide technology, and the readability of fast, effective communication and consumption of popular products. Globalization links cultures and international relations on a variety of levels; economics, politically, socially, etc. International relations have used globalization to reach its goal: of understanding...
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...economic, social and cultural integration of states in Europe. European Integration has primarily come about through the European Union and the Council of Europe. Economic integration is abolition of various restrains of trade between nations. Economic integration occurs through the reduction of all obstacles to trade and to the free flow of capital and labor across countries, so when a group of countries abolishes all restrictions to trade and the free flow of capital and labor among themselves, they participate in what is called a common or single market. European economic integration begun in 1951 when trade restrictions on coal and steel were dropped between Belgium, Germany, France, Italy, Luxembourg and the Netherlands. The advantages of becoming a member of a single market are: greater specializations and more efficient use of economic resources, cheaper products (through imports and increased competition) and easier access to foreign markets in which the home producer can sell. There are also disadvantages like bankruptcy of businesses that are not competitive in the world market; an example is the decline of the textile industry in North Carolina once trade restrictions were lifted with Mexico and a number of Asian countries. Another disadvantage is increased migration of workers from poor to rich countries as they search for relatively high paying jobs, although increased migration is actually a good thing in economic terms, it can be disruptive to the social fabric of...
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