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Footwear consists of garments worn on the feet, for protection against the environment, hygiene and adornment. Footwear is anything worn on the foot like- shoes, boots, sandals etc. Anything worn to cover the feet is called Footwear. Durable shoes are a relatively recent invention. Now a days people likes to wear ornamental footwear.

Classifying footwear
Defining footwear
Footwear covered in this chapter is classified according to: • the material from which the 'upper' is made • the material from which the 'outer sole' is made
The upper
The upper is the part of a shoe, boot, slipper or other item of footwear that's above the sole. The upper doesn't include the tongue or any padding around the collar.
If the upper is made of more than one material then you have to decide which material covers the greatest external area. You should ignore any accessories and reinforcements like: • ankle patches • edging • ornamentation • buckles, tabs, eyelet stays and similar attachments
The outer sole
The outer sole is the part of a shoe, boot, slipper or other item of footwear that comes into contact with the ground during use. The outer sole doesn't include any separate attached heel.
To establish what the outer sole is made of, you have to identify the material that has the greatest surface area in contact with the ground. You should ignore any accessories and add-ons such as: • spikes • bars • nails • protectors and similar attachments
Reinforcements
Reinforcements are parts such as leather or plastic patches that are attached to the outside of the upper to give it extra strength. They may or may not be attached to the sole. To be treated as a reinforcement, an attached part must cover material that's suitable for use as an upper, not just lining material. If an attached part covers just a small area of lining material it's treated as part of the upper and not as a reinforcement.
So that you can be sure of classifying footwear correctly, it might be necessary for you to cut the external material to see what's underneath it and find out which parts are reinforcements and which parts make up the real upper.
See information about how to identify the upper material of footwear in the page in this guide on identifying the main materials used in footwear.
Other useful definitions
When you're classifying footwear it's useful to know what the other parts of a boot or shoe are called. Some examples are listed below: • collar - the area that forms the rim of a boot's or shoe's upper • eyelet - the reinforcement around the edge of a lace hole, usually made of metal or plastic • eye stay - the area of a shoe or boot on which the eyelets are located • foxing - a thin strip, often made of rubber, attached round the edge of some shoes and boots • heel counter - a patch of material attached to the outside of the heel area of a boot's or shoe's upper to stiffen it • heel tab - a patch of material attached to the outside of the heel area of a boot's or shoe's upper beneath the collar • toe cap - a patch of material used to reinforce the outside of the toe area of the upper • tongue - a flap of upper material attached to the vamp that covers the instep of the wearer - the tongue typically lies between and beneath the two eye stays • vamp - the part of the upper behind the toe cap - the vamp can include the toe if the shoe or boot has no toe cap

Types of footwear

For classification purposes the upper is the part of the shoe that covers the sides and top of the foot

• Clogs - usually the uppers are made in one piece and are fixed to the soles by rivets. Sometimes clogs are made in a single piece and don't have - or need - a separate, applied outer sole, in which case they're classified according to the material they're made from and not covered in this chapter. • Espadrilles - these are also called beach shoes and have plaited fibre soles that are no thicker than 2.5 centimetres. They don't have heels. • Flip-flops - these are also referred to as thongs. The thongs - or straps - are fixed by plugs that lock into holes in the sole. • Hiking or walking boots - note that these aren't classified as sports footwear. • Indian sandals - these have leather outer soles and leather uppers. The upper consists of straps that cross the instep and go around the big toe. • Moccasins (American Indian type) - these use a single piece of material - traditionally soft leather - to form both the sole and the upper (or part of the upper). This makes it difficult to identify where the outer sole finishes and the upper begins. • Neoprene footwear - this is typically used in diving and water sports. If the neoprene upper is covered or laminated with textile on both sides, then it's classified as being made of textile. If the upper has no textile covering, or it's covered only on one side, then it's classified as being made of rubber. • Safety footwear - footwear in which the toe caps are made of metal. • Sandals - the front part of the upper (the vamp) consists either of straps or of material with one or more pieces cut out of it. • Shoes - this term covers footwear, including trainers, that aren't described elsewhere in this guide. • Slippers - these include mules as well as other indoor footwear such as ballet slippers and ballroom dancing shoes. If the outer sole is made of plastic or rubber (approximately 1 centimetre thick) and then covered by a very thin, insubstantial layer of textile material, the slippers are classified as having 'plastic/rubber' outer soles. In some cases, all or part of the plastic or rubber outer sole is covered with a thicker, more durable textile material which is dotted with polyvinyl chloride (PVC). This is to prevent the wearer from slipping. These slippers are classified according to the material that has the most contact with the ground. If the slipper has a plastic or rubber sole that's covered with a textile covering, the slipper can only be classified under heading code 6405 if the textile is proved to be durable. The durability of the textile can be proven by submitting the shoe for a martindale abrasion test and tested at 51,000 revolutions.
Common materials used to make footwear
Products covered in this chapter can be made of any material except asbestos, which is classified in heading code 6812. Examples of materials commonly used in footwear include: • rubber • plastics • leather, composition leather and fur skin • textiles - including felt and non-wovens • plaiting materials • wood • cork
Rubber and plastics include woven fabrics and other textiles with a visible external layer of one of these materials.
Plastic sheeting
This is any flat material made of plastics covered in Chapter 39. It may be shaped by gluing, sewing, welding or moulding (vacuum forming).
Cellular plastic sheeting
This is a type of plastic with many cells throughout the material. Cells can be open, closed or a mix. It's commonly used in manufacturing footwear classified under heading code 6402. It's often used as a substitute for leather and described as 'imitation leather', 'synthetic leather', 'PU (polyurethane) leather', 'vinyl leather' or 'PVC (polyvinyl chloride) leather'.
Textile material
This is any flat material made of woven or knitted textile fibres. Textile fibres include plastic strips less than 5 millimetres wide.
Artificial straw and other plaiting materials
These materials are classified as textiles if they're made of: • materials classified under heading code 5308 - yarn of other vegetable textile fibres, paper yarn • materials classified under heading code 5404 - synthetic monofilament of 67 decitex or more and of which no cross-sectional dimension exceeds 1 millimetre, strip and the like (for example artificial straw) of synthetic textile materials of an apparent width not exceeding 5 millimetres
Footwear made of materials normally classified under heading code 5404 is classified under heading code 6404. But if the width of the fibres or strips is more than 1 millimetre (for synthetic monofilament) or more than 5 millimetres (for strip and the like) then the material is treated as 'other material' and the footwear is classified under heading code 6405.
Neoprene
Neoprene is a cellular rubber with many cells throughout the material. Cells can be open, closed or a mix. It's normally covered on at least one side by knitted textile fabric. Water sports footwear is often made from neoprene.
Leather, composition leather and patent leather
Leather is the hide or skin of animals such as: • cows and other bovine species • goats and kids • sheep and lambs - without their wool • swine • reptiles like snakes and crocodiles
Animals used for leather mustn't be on the endangered species list. To check, contact the CITES Helpline on Tel 0117 372 8749.
Patent leather is leather coated with a varnish, lacquer or pre-formed plastic sheet. It has a shiny, mirror-like surface. The varnish or lacquer used can be pigmented or non-pigmented and may be based on: • vegetable oil that dries and hardens - linseed oil is normally used • cellulose derivatives like nitro-cellulose • synthetic products (including thermoplastics) - polyurethane plastics are normally used
If pre-formed plastic sheet is used to coat leather, it's usually made from polyurethane or polyvinyl chloride (PVC).
The surface of patent leather isn't necessarily smooth. It could be embossed - maybe to imitate crocodile skin - or artificially crushed, crinkled or grained. But it must still have a shiny, mirror-like finish.
To be classified as patent leather, the thickness of the coating mustn't be more than 0.15 millimetres.
This group of materials also includes leather coated with pigmented paint or lacquer to give a metallic sheen. These paints and lacquers consist of pigments like mica, silica and similar flakes in a binding substance like vegetable oil that dries and hardens, or plastic. Leather treated like this is known as 'imitation metallised leather'.
Patent laminated leather is leather coated with a sheet of pre-formed plastic thicker than 0.15 millimetres but less than half the total thickness of the finished material. It has the same mirror-like finish as patent leather and is sometimes known as 'patent coated leather'.
This group of materials also includes leather coated with metal powder or leaf - for example silver, gold or aluminium.
Footwear parts and accessories
Footwear parts are classified under heading code 6406. They can be made out of any material except asbestos, which is classified in Chapter 68 under heading code 6812.
Footwear parts classified under heading code 6406 include: • Parts of uppers, like toe caps and vamps, that aren't attached to an outer sole. They can be stitched, glued or attached in some other way to an inner or middle sole, or insole. • Pieces of leather that have been cut approximately to the shape of an upper. • Stiffeners - these are pieces of hard material like plastic that are inserted into a shoe or boot between the heel or toe section and its reinforcement or lining. They're designed to give these areas greater strength and rigidity. • Inner and middle soles, and outer soles with no other shoe parts attached to them. If an outer sole does have another shoe part attached, it's treated as a complete item of footwear and classified according to the material from which the outer sole and shoe part are made. • Arch supports and insoles. • Heels - these can be any type and made of any material. They could be designed to be glued, nailed, or screwed on. Heel parts, like top pieces, are also included. • Studs, spikes and other similar items for sports footwear.
Two or more footwear parts assembled together are also classified under heading code 6406 as long as they don't essentially form a completed item of footwear. This is the case whether they're attached to an inner sole or not.
Fittings that can be worn inside footwear are also classified as footwear parts under heading code 6406. These include: • removable insoles • hose protectors • removable internal heel cushions
Bata:

In Bangladesh, Bata started its operation in 1962. The company is one of the largest tax–paying corporate bodies contributing Tk. 1.2 billion (year 2009) which represents approximately 70% of tax paid by the entire footwear sector of Bangladesh. Currently Bata Shoe Company (Bangladesh) Limited operates two manufacturing facilities – one in Tongi and the other in Dhamrai. With a production capacity of 110,000 pairs of shoes daily, the company also has a modern tannery facility with an output of 5 million square feet of leather annually. Annual shoe sales currently stands at slightly more than 30 million pairs with a turnover for the year 2009 of Tk 5 billion.

[pic][pic] Tongi Factory Dhamrai Factory
Bata is playing a pivotal role in developing the leather industry of the country. Bata has a firm commitment to eco-friendly business and a state of the art Effluent Treatment Plant (ETP) has been set up to provide a pollution free environment for both workers and the locality.
Fashion would never be complete without a well designed pair of shoes. This marketing insight has prompted Bata to introduce a number of designers’ collections for men, women and children. Internationally renowned brands such as Bata Comfit, Marie Claire, Hush Puppies, Scholl, Nike, Bubblegummers, Sandak, Weinbrenner and B’first are a few names that testify to the momentous change towards branded shoe marketing in Bangladesh. Specialized shoe categories such as athletic shoes have been targeted through development of the Power brand. Uncompromising quality with striking designs have put Bata shoes in a key position to appeal to different segments of consumers.
Bata has a network of 242 retail outlets located strategically in different parts of the country. Since its inception, Bata Shoe Company (Bangladesh) Ltd. has strived towards one goal – customer satisfaction. With the vision of building a worldwide family of satisfied customers and dedicated workers the legacy of Tomas Bata continues strong and unabated to this day – the tradition is safe.

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|A leading manufacturer and exporter of leather footwear from Bangladesh to major shoe retailers in Western Europe, North Ame rica and |
|Japan. |
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|The company has revenues of USD 100 million in 2010. AAFL pioneered the export of value added finished products export in the leather |
|sector of Bangladesh and is also involved in the local footwear retail business with the second largest shoe retail network in the |
|country. AAFL has strategic, technical and marketing alliances with Italy.Public listed and traded since 1993, AAFL is professionally |
|managed, currently employs 8000 persons and is in full compliance with Corporate Governance Compliance Report under Section 2CC of the|
|Securities Exchange Commission Notification Order. |
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|Gallerie Apex is the local manufacturing and retail wing of Apex Adelchi Footwear Limited (AAFL). While AAFL has predominantly earned |
|both critical and commercial fame through export of high quality leather footwear in the international arena, Gallerie Apex has sought|
|to adeptly make use of that expertise to provide high quality, fashionable footwear to the Bangladeshi consumers. With over 146 own |
|retail outlets and 275 authorized resellers, Gallerie Apex ensures nationwide coverage of its diverse range of footwear for its |
|consumers. Through its eight in-house brands, namely Venturini, Apex Men’s, Sprint, Moochie, Nino Rossi, Sandra Rosa, Apex Women’s and|
|Apex Kids, Gallerie Apex carries a huge selection of shoes and sandals, ensuring that each of our valued customer finds the footwear |
|that is just right for them. |
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|“APEX” means the peak or the zenith Since 1975 we have strived to live up to our name. |
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Bay Footwear Ltd.:

Bay Footwear Ltd. was founded in 2001. The first production factory”Unit-1” is conveniently located near the Dhaka in Konabari, Gazipur. At that time, Bay Footwear Company still focused on vulcanized shoe, sold mainly in Europe & East Asia. Bay Footwear second factory that means Unit-2 in” Mouchak, Konabari” was set up in 2007, and started to produce cold cemented shoes. In 2008, Unit-2 introduced Goodyear Welted construction and the stitch down technology from Europe and started to produce special structured shoes. In order to manage the main materials, Bay Footwear engaged in vertical integration and established the material in factories to coordinate the demands of the production line expansion and to actively control production costs, reduce material lead time and master the production cycles.
To this day, Bay Footwear Ltd has two production factories in Konabari & Gazipur which are capable of producing vulcanized, cemented, Goodyear welted, stitch-down, safety shoes and other construction shoes. The maximum capacity exceeds 5,000 pairs per day. Following along with the improved production quality, the production system regulation conformity, as well as the research and development designed capacity enhancement. Every year, we work with European designers and develop fashion and comfort shoes. Moreover, we participate APLF in every year. And also participate Japan Trade Fair 07. In order to stabilize product quality, enhance working efficiency and promote customer service, Bay Footwear uses the advanced management system. Its main corporation and the factories to use as a quality guaranty that Bay Footwear gives to its products.
Since Bay Footwear Ltd has been established, it has kept the cooperation reciprocal benefit management conception. Bay Footwear makes efforts to seek customers, suppliers and our utilize growth together, to anticipate the mutual assisting and cooperation and create benefit. This also is the origin of our company name “BAY FOOTWEAR” which emphasized “Three Wins” management conception. In the future, Bay Footwear will keep the “Quality, Efficiency, Service” as the management style and stretch across international investments, emphasizing product efficiency, providing the high quality products and professional services.

[pic]Footwear companies in Bangladesh

Mahir Footwear Ltd. Onetex Apparel Fashion Ltd. "Mahir Footwear Ltd" We are the leading company offering all kinds shoes- professional footwear as authentic and reliable supplier by wholesale,retails and export.We offer all kinds of brand name shoes with high quality,reasonable price,safe delivery and excellent service. Leatherex Footwear Ind. Ltd. 100% leather footwear manufacturer and exporter.

Quality Leathers & Footwear We are one of the leadingleather-buying agents and exporters in Bangladesh. We are capable to export allsorts of Crust/Finished of Cow/ Buffalo/ Sheep/Goat Leather.

Drops Footwear Ltd: Drops footwear Ltd presenting for the first time from Bnagladesh with our large number of exclusive colorfull various type of stylish ladies and mens shoes for our serious customer . we know your choice and your test ..hence we do produce the same you get wear everyday , feel comfort and lookcrative to wear our product. cheap price ,export quality , red ...royal...green and violet mixing the color combination in one product truly makes you expensive .

Feather Glory Footwear Ltd: Feather Glory Footwear is a Luxury shoe manufacturer offering world class dress shoes, boots,casual shoes with large number of collections for the international market

Rubel Technologies Inc. WE,RUBEL TECHNOLOGIES INC. ,ARE A EXPORT ENTERPRISE SPECIALIZING IN THE MANUFACTURE OF FOOTWEAR FROM BANGLADESH. OUR MAIN PRODUCTS ARE MEN'S AND WOMEN'S LEATHER SHOES, CHILDREN'S SHOES, SPORTS SHOES AND ALSO PROTECTIVE WORK FOOTWEAR,SANDALS AND SLIPPERS OR ANY OTHER KIND ACCORDING TO THE CLIENTS DESIGN.

Steorra International We are well reputed and recognised agents and exporters of all definitions of Cow/Buffalo leather, and Goat/Sheep skins (semi processed/processed, Semi Chrome, Full Chrome, Chrome Free, crust, finished, nubuck, nappa, suede, split, suede split, wet blue split, crust split, vegetable, vegetable crust, lining leather etc of all definitions, and for all purpose such as quality leather goods, gloves, purses/wallets, belts, garments, footwear, upholstery and etc) from Dhaka, Bangladesh.

Bkls Trade International : we are importer and supplier of many kinds of footwear materials in Bangladesh

such as Insole board, Shank board, Chemical sheet, Toe puff, Hotmelt, Latex, Nat. Creep rubber, Threads, PP cutting board & many more.

M/S. Fariza Trade International : We mainly import jewelry, machinery, Elevators, generator, Computer, Video and camera etc. And export Ceramics Tableware, tails, Dinnerware, Footwear, leather & jute finished good.

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...Wiki Loves Monuments: Photograph a monument, help Wikipedia and win! Production theory From Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia Jump to: navigation, search Production theory is the study of production, or the economic process of converting inputs into outputs. Production uses resources to create a good or service that is suitable for use, gift-giving in a gift economy, or exchange in a market economy. This can include manufacturing, storing, shipping, and packaging. Some economists define production broadly as all economic activity other than consumption. They see every commercial activity other than the final purchase as some form of production. Production is a process, and as such it occurs through time and space. Because it is a flow concept, production is measured as a “rate of output per period of time”. There are three aspects to production processes: 1. the quantity of the good or service produced, 2. the form of the good or service created, 3. The temporal and spatial distribution of the good or service produced. A production process can be defined as any activity that increases the similarity between the pattern of demand for goods and services, and the quantity, form, shape, size, length and distribution of these goods and services available to the market place. Contents * 1 Neoclassical Theory of Production * 1.1 Factors of production * 1.2 Total, average, and marginal product * 1.3 Diminishing returns * 1.4 Diminishing marginal returns...

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...Website: www.bangladesh-bank.org www.bangladeshbank.org.bd www.bb.org.bd Banking Regulation & Policy Department Bangladesh Bank Head Office Dhaka BRPD Circular No.02 Date: February 27, 2011 ---------------------Falgun 15, 1417 Chief Executives All Scheduled Banks in Bangladesh Policy Guidelines for Green Banking Introduction: We are aware that global warming is an issue that calls for a global response. The rapid change in climate will be too great to allow many eco-systems to suitably adapt, since the change have direct impact on biodiversity, agriculture, forestry, dry land, water resources and human health. Due to unusual weather pattern, rising greenhouse gas, declining air quality etc. society demands that business also take responsibility in safeguarding the planet. Green finance as a part of Green Banking makes great contribution to the transition to resource-efficient and low carbon industries i.e. green industry and green economy in general. Green banking is a component of the global initiative by a group of stakeholders to save environment. The state of environment in Bangladesh is rapidly deteriorating. The key areas of environmental degradation cover air pollution, water pollution and scarcity, encroachment of rivers, improper disposal of industrial medical and house-hold waste, deforestation, loss of open space and loss of biodiversity. In addition, Bangladesh is one of the most climate change vulnerable countries. In line with ...

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...Acknowledgements The authors wish to thank the entire OII team for their support of OxIS research. Our particular thanks to Prof. Helen Margetts, Dr Rebecca Eynon and Martin Dimov for their contributions to this report. We also wish to acknowledge Kunika Kono and David Sutcliffe for their design and editorial support of this report. For their early contributions to OxIS we would like to thank Prof. Richard Rose, Dr Adrian Shepherd, and Dr Corinna di Gennaro. All have helped shape the evolution of this research. We are grateful for the support of OxIS 2007 by the Higher Education Funding Council of England (HEFCE) and sponsorship of the OxIS 2007 Survey by The British Library, Cisco, Ofcom, and Talisma. Our colleagues from these sponsoring organisations have made valuable comments, helping to ensure that OxIS continues to address enduring as well as emerging issues of policy and practice. Please cite the source of text and data excerpts as: Dutton, W. and Helsper, E.J. (2007) The Internet in Britain: 2007. Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford (Oxford, UK). © The University of Oxford for the Oxford Internet Printed copies can be ordered from the enquiries assistant at: enquiries@oii.ox.ac.uk. Copies cost £5 each (to cover the cost of postage and handling). All orders should be sent along with full payment in UK Pounds Sterling to: Oxford Internet Institute, University of Oxford, 1 St Giles, Oxford OX1 3JS, United Kingdom. Please do not send cash. Cheques should be drawn...

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...Ozone Layer Depletion: Introduction Are we damaging our protective blanket? Sunlight contains some ultraviolet light, and when we expose ourselves to too much of it, we get a sunburn. Over time, too much exposure to ultraviolet light can lead to cataracts and skin cancer. The earth has a layer in the upper atmosphere, consisting mostly of ozone gas, that filters out most of the ultraviolet in the sun's radiation. Recently there has been scientific evidence that we have been releasing gases that damage this layer. Our country and others have reacted by invoking legislation that should eliminate these contaminants from the atmosphere.   What does the Ozone Layer do? * Ozone absorbs 99% of the harmful ultraviolet (UV) radiation. Without the Ozone Layer * Most of the harmful UV radiation will penetrate the atmosphere. The Ozone Layer The ozone layer is a layer in Earth's atmosphere which contains relatively high concentrations of ozone (O3). This layer absorbs 97-99% of the sun's high frequency ultraviolet light, which is potentially damaging to life on earth. Over 90% of ozone in earth's atmosphere is present here "Relatively high" means a few parts per million—much higher than the concentrations in the lower atmosphere but still small compared to the main components of the atmosphere. It is mainly located in the lower portion...

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...BINDURA UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE EDUCATION FACULTY OF COMMERCE DEPARTMENT OF ECONOMICS COURSE OUTLINE FOR ECONOMIC PRINCIPLES1 – EC101 Lecturers : A.Chingarande (0776326638), F. Tafirei (0772757491) & M. Mzumara (0712737723) Emails : achingarande@buse.ac.zw, ftafirei@buse.ac.zw & mmzumara@buse.ac.zw Consulting Times: Tuesdays and Thursdays 0900 Hrs – 1100Hrs or by appointment Venue : Office No H8 (Clinic Office) Main Campus Course Aims:   Provide a basis of factual knowledge of economics; Encourage the student to develop:  a facility for self-expression, not only in writing but also in using additional aids, such as statistics and diagrams, where appropriate;  the habit of using works of reference as sources of data specific to economics;  the habit of reading critically to gain information about the changing economy we live in; and  an appreciation of the methods of study used by the economist, and of the most effective ways economic data may be analysed, correlated, discussed and presented. Course Objectives:      Demonstrate knowledge and understanding of the specified content; Interpret economic information presented in verbal, numerical or graphical form; Explain and analyse economic issues and arguments, using relevant economic concepts, theories and information; Evaluate economic information, arguments, proposals and policies, taking into consideration relevant information and theory, and distinguishing facts from hypothetical statements and value...

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