...e-learning - A Review of Literature Prepared by Tim L. Wentling Consuelo Waight James Gallaher Jason La Fleur Christine Wang Alaina Kanfer Knowledge and Learning Systems Group UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN September 2000 Funded by Allstate Insurance Company Sears, Roebuck and Company Eastman Kodak Company 1 UNIVERSITY OF ILLINOIS AT URBANA-CHAMPAIGN Table of Contents Topic Page I Defining e-Learning 3 II Strategic importance of e-Learning 6 III Organizational Culture and e-Learning 8 IV Trainers in an e-Learning environment 10 V Understanding distributed learners 13 VI Evaluation of e-Learning 19 VII Cost effectiveness of e-Learning 30 VIII Selected e-Learning comparison studies 34 IX Global issues in e-Learning 41 X e-Learning industry trends and delivery technologies 48 XI. References 60 2 A Review of Definitions Economic, social and technological forces continue to change the global economy, and the way of life in organizations and the world. In specific, these forces have and continue to revolutionize teaching and learning in organizations. Urdan & Weggen (2000) related that technology, the rapid obsolescence of knowledge and training, the need for just-in-time training delivery, and the search for cost-effective ways to meet learning needs of a globally distributed workforce have redefined the processes that underlie...
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... An Evaluation of E-Learning on the Basis of Bloom’s Taxonomy: An Exploratory Study LEILA A. HALAWI AMERICAN UNIVERSITY IN DUBAI DUBAI, UNITED ARAB EMIRATES RICHARD V. MCCARTHY QUINNIPIAC UNIVERSITY HAMDEN, CONNECTICUT SANDRA PIRES BOWLING GREEN UNIVERSITY BOWLING GREEN, OHIO ABSTRACT. Universities have rushed to expand their delivery of courses through ABSTRACT. e-learning environments. But is e-learning effective? The authors conducted an exploratory study to evaluate e-learning through WebCT on the basis of Bloom’s taxonomy. The authors distributed 75 questionnaires to investigate whether individual or instructional factors play an important role in learning when using WebCT. On the basis of analysis of surveys from undergraduate students at a medium-sized university in the southeastern region of the United States, the authors determined that individual and instructional factors do not play a major role in the learning process. Keywords: Bloom’s taxonomy, e-learning, WebCT Copyright © 2009 Heldref Publications worldwide drastic change occurred in the educational system at the end of the 20th century. Various institutions have tried to bring change to the educational system and to bolster student accomplishments by focusing on schools, teachers, and students responsible for academic learning and achievement (Rothman, 1995). E-learning is an increasingly common form of instructional delivery available in academic and business arenas. E-learning environments are becoming...
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...E-learning Given the erratic economic climate, organizations need to make wise choices to cut down their expenses. They should consider improving the overall effectiveness of their organization. They should strive to reduce their overheads and costs. One area where you can slash your expenses is training costs. You can do this with the help of online training software. Online training is an effective way to reduce costs and improve productivity. It is better than technology based training solutions since it eliminates the need for hardware and other startup expenses. You can build your own private training facility that facilitates interactive learning. You won’t have to put up with tedious programming tasks, conversion and setups. The e-learning software will help you leverage e-learning strategically into your enterprise. For instance, if you have 250 employees to train, it can help you save enormously. The benefits of online training cannot be underestimated. Learners have access to it all through the day and night. It is available 24x7. Learning activities can be performed within your home or office. They can be performed at your convenience. It is better than classroom training since it offers automated testing for every learner and course. Moreover, you are assured of consistent quality. An elearning system is advantageous in more ways than one. A streamlined online education system easily adapts to your learning and collaborative model. It will meet all your needs...
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...Abstract This paper compares the effectiveness of online forum discussion between quantitative and qualitative subjects offered to learners of Open University Malaysia (OUM). OUM adopted by OUM for its open and distance learning (ODL) comprises three components; self-managed learning, face-to-face interactions and online learning through myLMS to facilitate teaching and learning process. The nature of online learning requires high commitment from the learners, especially self-managed learning and collaborative online learning. Learning quantitative subjects such as mathematics or finance in a conventional environment is very demanding and it is difficult to grasp by a majority of learners compared to learning qualitative subjects such as management or marketing. The same problem existed in learning these subjects through e-learning. Therefore, interactions between the academic staff or tutors with the learners and also amongst learners are important. Thus, it is critical that quality and effective teaching and learning progression take place in online forum discussion. Community of Inquiry (CoI) is the most accepted model for online learning. The model as suggested by Garrison, Anderson and Archer (2000) stated that online learning occurs through the interaction of three domains: teaching presence, social presence and cognitive presence. Research findings indicate that there the mean score for all the three domains of CoI are relatively the same for both quantitative and qualitative...
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...Bandura’s social cognitive theory is the framework for learning, based on the relationship between behavior, personal factors, and factors in the environment (Institute for Dynamic Educational Advance). Factors for social cognitive theory are based on a social or physical environment. Social environments encompass friends, colleagues, and family. Physical environments could run the gamut as vast as a particular food, securing a room size, room temperature, consideration of classroom setting, or an e-learning classroom online. The social cognitive theory explains the process functions of humans and aspects of emotional behaviors. In understanding these behaviors, the process of understanding behavioral change becomes clearer. According to Burney (2008), this cognitive process provides a backdrop for humans to observe their environment and others, using the information gathered to self-regulate their functions. Bandura introduced self-efficacy as the center of social cognitive theory. As one of the most studied topics in psychology, self-efficacy is one’s own belief in their outcome on succeeding in any given situation, based on a person’s belief system of thinking, feeling, and the person’s response or behavior (University of Twente, 2010). As populations have become more diverse, the global educational area has grown to encompass more students that are technology-rich (Gunter, 2007). As institutions of higher learning seek additional ways to provide and improve upon existing...
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...need to new entrance; which prompted the stakeholders to search new approaches that combine the properties of both, the traditional learning and e-learning and, to overcome the deficiencies of both at the same time. The way therefore, was paved to the emergence of "Blended Learning" as a new approach blending all forms of traditional learning with the different varieties of e-learning creating an innovative teaching-learning methodology. A new innovation that increases the effectiveness of the teaching situation and offers new opportunities of interactive learning situation. Blended Learning and CALL Historical background The use of computer in language learning has started actually in the sixties of the twentieth century. With the advent of the eighties of the century, CALL have been gained considerable space in language learning systems especially, in the advanced countries, in association with great developments in language learning programs. Computer-assisted language teaching and learning development can be categorized into three stages associated with changes and developments in the linguistic and psycho-linguistic fields. The first was started in the sixties. It was established on the principles of the behaviorist theory, which considers the computer as an optimal tool for learning; that it allows repetition, which enables learning. Therefore, the implementation in this period was restricted into extensive drills, teaching grammar and conducting translation tests...
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...Divisions will continue to have responsibility to identify and address program-specific training needs and will retain their training budgets. DHS will have a shared training delivery system that includes a learning management system, distance-learning resources, other delivery methodologies, standards for design and delivery, evaluation methods and assistance for internal customers seeking consultation on training issues. • There is a statement of Principles for DHS Training that conveys the value of quality training within resource parameters and values the contribution of training to workforce development and program performance outcomes. • An Employee-Training Council is established with membership from: o Cabinet Sponsor/Champion o HR Manager o Chief Learning Officer o Learning Leads from the divisions o Key Customers The governing body will prioritize and allocate resources for enterprise needs, convene Learning Teams to implement design, delivery and projects around the delivery system, refer to divisions those training needs that are “crossdivision,” and roll up reports on effectiveness of training for DHS. This group communicates with internal customers in order to identify emerging training issues. • Research has shown that e-learning has many advantages and organizations are cautioned to develop a cohesive strategy for implementation. Training Methodologies identifies the immediate actions that are...
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...Barriers to Online Learning: A factor analytic study Lin Y. Muilenburga* and Zane L. Bergeb aUniversity of South Alabama, USA; bUniversity of Maryland, USA University Francis LinMuilenburg 000000May 2005 Ltd 1 26 Open 2005 and Distance Original Education 0158-7919 (print)/1475-0198 Distance Article 10.1080/01587910500081269(online) CDIE108109.sgm Alabama2460 Wildflower LaneHuntingtonMD 20639USALin@muilenburgs.com Taylor and of SouthLearning Association of Australia, Inc. This article reports on a large-scale (n = 1,056), exploratory factor analysis study that determined the underlying constructs that comprise student barriers to online learning. The eight factors found were (a) administrative issues, (b) social interaction, (c) academic skills, (d) technical skills, (e) learner motivation, (f) time and support for studies, (g) cost and access to the Internet, and (h) technical problems. Independent variables that significantly affected student ratings of these barrier factors included: gender, age, ethnicity, type of learning institution, self-rating of online learning skills, effectiveness of learning online, online learning enjoyment, prejudicial treatment in traditional classes, and the number of online courses completed. Introduction As the popularity of the Internet grows, so does the potential for online learning. A great deal of evidence exists showing that no significant differences should be expected regarding the effectiveness of well-designed online learning compared with...
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...electronic learning system: The flow theory perspective” by: Duke Hyun Choi, Jeoungkun Kim, Soung Hie Kim. The article built strengths from the limitations of previous studies. Based from their range of literatures, they have found a gap in the information delivery system which is the lack of theoretical background. Then, exploration and validation of relationships with its key concepts. Through these boundaries the authors evidently stated their objectives. First, to present flow theory as a theoretical foundation in e-learning domain. Second, assess what student perceptive factors are significant to the key constructs: flow (holistic experience) and attitude towards the learning outcome. Third, develop a comprehensive theoretical framework that can be practiced in the e-learning field. After empirically explored with the help of survey questionnaire answered by the students of the ERP training program supported by Ministry of Korea, the antecedents that revealed directly (learner interface and content) and indirectly (interaction, instructor attitude towards students, instructor technical competence) influence the mediating variables thus affect mastery in ERP usage. Results suggested the inclusion of flow experience as new theoretical background and flow theory as a “promising theoretical foundation”. The article was structured logically and comprehensively. For example, in describing of key terms like presenting the evolution of conventional distance learning to e-learning, this...
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...496 Critical Success Factors for E-Learning Adoption Spiros Borotis Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Panagiotis Zaharias Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Angeliki Poulymenakou Athens University of Economics and Business, Greece Chapter XXXV ABSTRACT E-learning attracts considerable interest in contemporary corporate training curricula. As it concerns a considerable investment, organizations that tend to adopt and maintain it effectively and efficiently in the long term need to learn from the pioneers. Authors’ experience and extensive literature review lead to 11 critical success factors, which promise to increase the awareness towards the most common impediments. Those critical success factors include the alignment with business objectives; leadership; empowerment of the learning aspect; technological infrastructure; blended instruction; careful design; evaluation and feedback; time and space to learn; motivation to learn; usability; and complete knowledge of learners’ characteristics. Copyright © 2008, Idea Group Inc., distributing in print or electronic forms without written permission of IGI is prohibited. Critical Success Factors for E-Learning Adoption INTRODUCTION E-learning is increasingly recognized as an important mean in delivering effective and relevant training in the workplace. This new training delivery mode exploits the power of Web networking and capitalizes on corporate technology infrastructures...
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...2012 in SciRes (http://www.SciRP.org/journal/ce) DOI:10.4236/ce.2012.38b014 Critical Success Factors for Online Distance Learning in Higher Education: A Review of the Literature Bussakorn Cheawjindakarn1, Praweenya Suwannatthachote2, Anuchai Theeraroungchaisri3 1 Faculty of Education, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Faculty of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Bangkok, Thailand Email: bussakornonline@gmail.com, praweenya@gmail.com, anuchai@gmail.com 2 Received 2012 The aim of this paper is to specify the Critical Success Factors (CSFs) for Online Distance Learning (ODL) in Higher Education (HE). Research methodology was analyzing and synthesizing the literature review. The literatures were reviewed to determine items relevant to online learning success as implementation, criteria and indicator. A total of 19 papers, published during 2000-2012, were selected from Chulalongkorn University reference databases. Data analysis method was using one of the popular analysis techniques for qualitative research works or the content analysis. The results on the CSFs for ODL can be grouped into 5 factors: 1) institutional management, 2) learning environment, 3) instructional design, 4) services support and 5) course evaluation. Each of these 5 factors includes several important elements that can assist to enhance efficiency of online learning courses in higher education institutions. It is a concrete approach to lead functions of an online institute or course...
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...Definition of e-Learning Is there only one way to define e-learning? Electronic learning or e-learning (sometime written as e-learning) has various definitions. E-learning is basically boils down to learning that is facilitated and supported via information and communications technology (ICT). The American Society for Training and Development (ASTD) defines e-learning as a broad set of applications and processes which include web-based learning, computer-based learning, virtual classrooms, and digital. Much of this is delivered via the Internet, intranets, audio- and videotape, satellite broadcast, interactive TV, and CD-ROM. The definition of e-learning varies depending on the organization and how it is used but basically it is involves electronic means of communication, education, and training. Many terms have been used to define e-learning in the past. For example web-based training, computer-based training or web-based learning, and online learning are a few synonymous terms that have over the last few years been labeled as e-learning. Each of this implies a “just-in-time” instructional and learning approach. Regardless of the definition you chose to use, designers, developers, and implementers make or break the instructional courses and tools. E-learning is simply a medium for delivering learning and like any other medium, it has its advantages and disadvantages. E-learning covers a wide array of activities from supported learning, to blended or hybrid learning (the combination...
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...your self – confidence. – Robert Frost” Education is a process by which man transmits his experiences, new findings, and values accumulated over the years, in his struggle for survival and development through generations. Education enables individuals and society to make an all-round participation in the developmental process, by acquiring knowledge, ability, skills, and attitudes. According to the Regional Memorandum No.88, s.1993 – A longer time spent in teaching Filipino from first year and up. It also provides that students should be encouraged to undertake Filipino experiments and teaching should require maximum students activity with emphasis on reflection level lessons. Filipino subject is one of the difficult subjects in the learning process. This subject requires not only day to day lectures but actual manipulation of materials, experimentation, observation, and other scientific process. Some teachers do not have expertise in teaching the subject and they have lack of resources in making the discussion more real and interesting....
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...technology, transitioning, a blended solution, and sustained evaluation.IntroductionBerge and Kearsley (2003) state that in many cases, “even after distance training has been successfully implemented, sustaining it remains a struggle” (p.6). This need not be the case. The impact of elearning can be immediate (David, 2006). It can offer significant cost-savings. However, the move to elearning must be more than convincing executives to fund a pilot; more than succeeding in the short term, or boasting about initial financial rewards. Given that the organization has a goal of integrating elearning into their performance improvement arsenal, best practice exists to bring about long term success through a change in culture from training to one of learning. How an organization learns determines to a large extent how successful they are in creating strategic competitive advantage. As Brodsky (2003) states, “elearning is...
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...formats capable of supporting training for personnel. • Conduct and monitor training classes, maintain the training schedule, ensure proper documentation and equipment is available for classes, track status of all employee training objectives, and attend off-site training sessions when needed. • Works with the Instructional Designer to research and gather appropriate information to be used to develop course material, determine training objectives and write training programs, including the course outline, lecture material, handouts, and exams, and gather and compile data at the conclusion of the training to measure the overall effectiveness of the course material Qualifications • Knowledge of Adult Learning Techniques and Methodologies • Knowledge of e-learning and web-based training skill sets • Experience with delivering Section 508 compliant e-learning • Proficient in using and troubleshooting MS office products (i.e., MS Word, PowerPoint, Excel, etc.) • Excellent written and verbal communication skills • Ability to listen and contribute effectively to the group Preferred • Prior federal government experience...
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