...In conclusion, it is evident that each independent variable offers benefits of their own in regards to the best practices for early autism intervention. Special education programs in schools have always existed and is a fairly consistent program for a child with a considerable support system beneficial for students with high-functioning ASD. For students with low-functioning ASD, a more appropriate program would include early autism intervention. A residential, center-based option would allow for more a more personalized program tailored to a child’s needs through an intense program targeting individual goals and developmental functionality. In contrast, an ABA-based classroom within a mainstream school has proven beneficial to improving social...
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...Assignment 2 Term paper By Nicole Alonso CDD 2251-04 Speech Language Hearing Disorder Kean University November 26,2011 Introduction Detailed overview of disorder “Autism is a developmental disorder that appears in the first 3 years of life, and affects the brain's normal development of social and communication skills. ( 1.PubMed Health, 2010)” Autism is also known as Autism Spectrum Disorder ( ASD). “ Health care providers think of autism as a “spectrum” disorder, since it is a group of disorders with similar features. (National Institute of Child Health & Human Development, 2011 paragraph)” A child who has autism may have symptoms that span from mild to severe. There are several types of autism that fall under the spectrum. They include Aspergers Syndrome, RETT Syndrome, Childhood Disintegrative Disorder, and Pervasive Developmental Disorder (PDD-NOS). “These disorders are characterized in varying degrees, be it difficulties in social interaction, verbal and non- verbal communication and repetitive behaviors.” ( Autism Speaks, 2011) Aspergers syndrome is a high functioning form of autism. A child with Aspergers might have difficulty interacting with others, awkwardness, and display repetitive behaviors. “Rett syndrome is a disorder of the nervous system that leads to developmental reversals, especially in the areas of expressive language and hand use.” (2.PubMed Health,2010) Childhood...
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...Autism can potentially present many obstacles in which both the parent and children will face when dealing with this particular disorder. Among many different symptoms or signs of autism, "children with this disorder deal with social and communication impairments that can and will effect everyday life” (Rogers and Vismara, 2008). Diagnosing this disorder can prove to be difficult at times; however, diagnosing autism early is very important for school aged children. Most children with autism get diagnosed at a relatively early age between the ages of 2 or 3 (Rogers and Vismara, 2008). The earlier autism is diagnosed the better. When children with autism enter into preschool it is important to provide the earliest interventions possible. By providing the earliest intervention possible it will allow for the children with autism to be able to improve the conditions that affect them such as communication, adaptive behaviors, intellect and socialization skills (Eldevik, Hasting, Jahr, and Hughes, 2011). In a study conducted by Eldevik, Hastings, Jahr and Hughes these researchers suggests that by offering early intensive behavioral intervention (EIBI) it can possibly “improve adaptive behavior and social behaviors within many young children with autism” (Eldevik, Hasting, Jahr, and Hughes, 2011). Early Intensive Behavioral Intervention, best known as EIBI is defined as “an evidence-based intervention using principles and procedures form Applied Behavior Analysis to teach adaptive behaviors...
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...Autism: It’s Time to Listen 1 Autism: It’s Time to Listen. Kelly Fitzpatrick Intro to Psychology Professor Carter 07, 2012 This paper is submitted in partial fulfillment of the Associate of Science Degree in the Medical Assisting Program at Southern Technical College Autism 2 Abstract This paper will discuss what Autism is, when it is usually diagnosed and what behaviors are usually displayed by those on the spectrum. This paper will also provide information about some possible causes of Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) as well as some facts about ASD. This paper will talk about treatments and resources available to individuals diagnosed with ASD and to their families. Autism 3 Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) and autism are equally common terms for a group of complex disorders of brain development. ASD and Autism are characteristic of, in fluctuating degrees, difficulty in social interaction, verbal and nonverbal communication and repetitive behaviors (Autism Speaks, 2012). Autism can be connected to intellectual disabilities, problems with motor skills development, attention deficits, sleep issues, and gastrointestinal disorders (Autism Speaks, 2012). Autism is believed to originate in early brain development. While this is believed to be true most signs of Autism do not surface until the child is 2 to 3 years old. Other than the characteristics mentioned already ASD or Autism symptoms may include difficulty...
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...Feasibility of Early Childhood Behavioral Intervention Strategies for Autism: Applied Behavior Analysis, Pivotal Response Training, and Denver Early Start Model Autism has been studied for many years to establish its characteristics, causes and treatments. Although a concrete cause has not been established to date, we are able to identify common characteristics and treatments to provide a greater chance of children becoming successful, contributing adults in today’s society. Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD) has a wide range of disabilities and abilities. Some children on the spectrum are very severely affected in most or all domains of functioning, while others are only mildly affected (Heward, 2005). For the purpose of this...
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...Topic: Autism General Purpose: To Persuade Specific Purpose: To persuade my audience about autism. Thesis Statement: “I look at autism like a bus accident, and you don't become cured from a bus accident, but you can recover”. Jenny McCarthy Main Points 1.The autism spectrum represents a different way for minds to operate but it is not a defective way. 2. The rate of autism is rising because of environmental changes" or "the rate of autism is the same, but the rate of diagnosis has gone up". 3. The autism spectrum is a disability and anything that can be done to make children 'less autistic' should be done" Introduction: 1. Autistic spectrum disorder. 2. About 1 in 68 child has been identified with autism spectrum disorder (ASD) according to estimates from CDC's Autism and Developmental Disabilities Monitoring (ADDM) Network. 3. ASD is reported to occur in all racial, ethnic, and socioeconomic groups. 4. ASD is almost 5 times more common among boys (1 in 42) than among girls (1 in 189). 5. Studies in Asia, Europe, and North America have identified individuals with ASD with an average Prevalence of about 1%. A study in South Korea reported a prevalence of 2.6%. 6. About 1 in 6 children in the United States had a developmental disability in 2006-2008, ranging from mild disabilities such as speech and language impairments to serious developmental disabilities, such as intellectual disabilities, cerebral palsy, and autism. BODY Main Point 1: 1. The autism spectrum...
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...current understanding of ASD and suggests a comprehensive set of guidelines on best practices for detection, diagnosis and treatment for children with autism based on the currently available evidence randomized controlled trials (RCTs) or systematic reviews. - See more at: "We have come to understand ASD as a remarkably heterogeneous constellation of conditions that covary with other disabilities and disorders (e.g., intellectual disability, epilepsy, ADHD, anxiety disorders) and various medical problems," writes Dr. Stephen Scherer, senior scientist and director of The Centre for Applied Genomics at The Hospital for Sick Children (SickKids) and director of the McLaughlin Centre at the University of Toronto, with coauthors. "Recent discoveries of underlying genomic factors have shown great complexity and implicate various networks of causal factors." ASD, which includes a variety of traits that range from mild to severe, is estimated to affect about 1% of the population, although it is under-recognized in the developing world. The review, by specialists in pediatrics, psychiatry, epidemiology, neurology and genetics from across Canada, outlines the current understanding of ASD and best practices for pediatricians, family doctors and specialist clinics, and identifies resources for clinicians. Topics include: What causes autism? The causes are thought to be multi-factorial: genetic, epigenetic, and non- genetic factors. How is ASD diagnosed?The diagnostic assessment of ASD...
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...Interventions for Children with Autism Name Institution Tutor Date Interventions for Children with Autism Individuals with autism demonstrate delays or deficits in social interaction and behaviours. Autism is apparent from early childhood, but can emerge in early adulthood. It is associated with a wide range of possible causes, but genetic factors are the main causes. Children with autism have impairments in cognition, language delays, and lack of or poor social interactions. Lack of communication may force these children to adopt repetitive behaviours such as self-inflicted injuries and violence. The teaching process requires interventions that address the repetitive behaviours, skill development, and play activities that promote communication and social interactions. Several authors have discussed different intervention models that are discussed in the sections below. Rita Jordan-Behavioural and Communication Intervention TEACCH Programme The programme is community based and targets children and adults with autism and communication disabilities. TEACCH aims at developing communication skills among autistic children, and help them work and play independently of adults (Jordan, Jones and Murray, 1998). The development of communication skills is based on their understanding capability and their ability to express themselves. The programme teaches several ways of communication, such as the use of photographs and pictures, symbols and words...
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...1. Description: Autistic disorder is categorized as a Pervasive developmental disorder, according to the DSM –IV TR; it is usually diagnosed in the toddler and/or early childhood years. According to Ben J. Atchison (2007), Autism falls in the Autistic Spectrum Disorder (ASD) umbrella, alongside other developmental disorders such as Rett’s disorder, Asperger’s disorder and etc, each varying in the degrees of their severity. Autistic disorder is marked by detachment and impairment in social, communication and behavioral skills and development. Autism is usually detected by the age of three; however Atchison (2007) notes “characteristics of autism noticeably emerge between 12 to 36 months of age” when specific developmental mile stones are not reached or regression occurs. Regression involves the typical development of an infant/child followed by degeneration and loss of skills. Diagnosis can occur later in children for those who are labeled at a higher functioning form of autism. Autism is characterized by challenges and delays in language, social and behavioral development. Autistic children display impediments in verbal and nonverbal communication and interaction; according to Atchison (2007) “approximately half of children with autistic disorder remain nonverbal or struggle with severely impaired speech as adults.” Other core characteristics include difficulty with social interactions, lack or limited use of eye contact, and understanding and interpreting social gestures, facial...
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...Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 Special Educational Needs and Disability Act 2001 (c. 10), also known as SENDA, is an Act of the Parliament of the United Kingdom. It is intended as an adjunct to the Disability Discrimination Act 1995, which legislated to prevent the unfair treatment of individuals, in the provision of goods and services, unless justification could be proved. This legislation was deemed necessary as the previous Act did not encompass educational organisations. This was further replaced by the Disability Discrimination Act 2005. The act required schools, colleges, universities, adult education providers, statutory youth services and local education authorities to make 'reasonable provisions' to ensure people with disabilities or special needs were provided with the same opportunities as those who were not disabled. The Act stated that discrimination occurred when the educational establishment/body either fails to make reasonable adjustments to accommodate individuals with special needs or a disability, or when they give them less favourable treatment. Disabilities A disability is an umbrella term, covering impairments, activity limitations, and participation restrictions. Impairment is a problem in body function or structure; an activity limitation is a difficulty encountered by an individual in executing a task or action; while a participation restriction is a problem experienced by an individual in involvement in life situations. Thus disability...
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...Until Every Piece Fits Autism: a pervasive developmental brain disorder, has taken over controversial issue debates, and impacted families all across the globe. Autism has been a part of my life beginning at age five, before I could even conceptualize what a complex disorder it truly is. I was in kindergarten and like any other five year-old, I was curious about how other people acted. I noticed that some kids were more socially isolated than others, had trouble making friends or even playing with others. I noticed that when it got really loud, or whenever we were doing an activity involving a lot of tactile input, certain kids would pull away and repeat certain behaviors. One particular kid would hunch his back, hyper-extend his fingers, shake them vigorously, as if to dry them off in absence of paper towels, and rock back and forth on his heels. These types of behaviors were relatively commonplace in my experience and I accepted them as absolutely harmless. I had seen the calming affect these rituals had on my classmate. My five year-old self was unknowingly picking up on behaviors that were the hallmark of autism. I attended an elementary school that was located in the autism hub of the county; so several students with autism were mainstreamed, or assimilated, into my classes. These students were not the majority. Rather, neurotypical students, a term used to describe children without a diagnosis of an autism spectrum disorder, composed the majority of our school’s population...
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...Cmea Psycology 11 October 2012 A Briefing in Autism Autism is a brain impairment, a disorder that affects the neural development, causing difficulty in a person's ability to communicate, understand and speak, and most of all social interaction. Childhood autism usually manifests itself before the age of three and is more common in boys than girls, 1 in 88 kids are now diagnosed with some type of autism in the United States. Autism is not necessarily accompanied by mental retardation because there are cases of children with speech and intelligence intact, especially those diagnosed with “...Asperger's Syndrome, a high functioning form of autism, that is marked by normal intelligence, often accompanied by exceptional skill or talent in a specific area, but deficient social and communication skills...” (Myers). Giving the fact that austim is a spectrum (ASD – Autism Spectrum Disorder), which I like to compare it to a rainbow, there are many forms, or categories that are within the spectrum. One of them is PDD, Pervasive Developmental Disorder which differs from autism by becoming evident only after 3 years of age. Because Autism has not a specific cause, it is called syndrome (= set of symptoms) and as in any syndrome, the degree of impairment can vary from most severe to the milder and reaches all social classes worldwide. Leo Kanner (1894 to 1981) was the first to classify autism in 1943, when he published “Autistic disturbances of affective contact”, in the magazine...
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...Health problem Autism spectrum disorder (ASD) is a known to be a complex brain disorder found among children during their brain development stages. An individual having difficulties in social interactions, verbal and nonverbal communications, and behavioral challenges can characterize autism spectrum disorder. The Centers of Disease Control and Prevention (CDC) has estimated the “1 and 68 children has been identified with an autism spectrum disorder and about 1 in 6 children aged 13-17 has developmental disability” (CDC, n.d.). Several children are not recognized to have a developmental disability until after entering grade school. The signs children that may not have been identified with developmental disability are shown when they have...
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...Efficacy of ABA intervention research: Can you trust it? Isaac Lynn Abstract Autism interventions are loudly proclaimed to be effective, yet evidence-based research is often non-existent. In the absence of quality research, interventions such as the most widely utilized in autism, ABA, is touted to be absolutely effective and possibly the only answer for gains to be made in changing autism. Unfortunately, this may diminish the ability of the individual with autism to change in a positive manner. Additionally, immense monetary bills compound the problem. Caregivers may even bankrupt themselves trying to save their child or family member paying high premiums for ABA services that may or may not actually effectively change or manage behaviors of individuals with autism. This paper will discuss whether or not ABA research actually proves the effectiveness of ABA interventions. ABA interventions are defined as “those in which the principles of learning theory are applied in a systematic and measurable manner to increase, reduce, maintain and/or generalize target behaviors” (Education, 2007). ABA includes methodology such as reinforcement of target behaviors, shaping and chaining new behaviors, fading inappropriate behaviors, response and stimulus prompting, discrimination training, programming new behaviors, ideas and attitudes...
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...Genetics and Neurotransmitters in Autism Abstract Autism is a developmental disorder characterized by the inability to relate and perceive the environment in a realistic manner. Brain development is affected in the areas of communication, cognition, and social interaction. There is a great variability in the disorder from person to person. There has been evidence to show that 60-90% of autism can be considered hereditary. Many researchers are attempting to understand the genetic determinism of the disease in order to pinpoint treatment. There are gene mutations and variants that have been discovered but due to the disease being heterogeneous and complex it is difficult to find consistency. There is also research indicating that the cause is neurological. The gap between genetics and neurology concerning autism is where the connection needs to be made in order to understand the disability wholly. Autism is a complex developmental disability as the result of a neurological disorder that affects the functioning of the brain. The onset of the disability is in infancy or early childhood with males being affected four times as often as females. Autism shows no racial, ethnic or social boundaries. The term Autism Spectrum Disorder (ASD) is used because it is covering a group of disabilities with similar features. There are three categories of autism spectrum disorder known as Autistic Disorder...
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