...(PLA), and identifies strengths and weaknesses in the ways they have been implemented in development contexts. Whilst inflexible applications of PRA and PLA may produce disappointing results, when executed with spontaneity and creativity, these approaches can be a source of community empowerment. PRA and the more inclusive PLA are families of participatory methodologies which have evolved as behaviours and attitudes, methods, and practices of sharing. More recently, PRA has also come to mean Participatory Reflection and Action, as a result of shifts in its practical application. The term Participatory Learning and Action (PLA) is broader than PRA and includes other similar or related approaches and methods. Because of the continuities and overlaps, this methodological cluster is often referred to as PRA/PLA. In the evolution of PRA/PLA, there was much intermingling and innovation. Among other sources were the approaches and methods of action science, reflection-in-action, popular education, and participatory research and participatory action research. Beyond this illustrative listing, more of a sense of what has happened can be given through eight examples of parallel and intermingling PRA/PLA: Farmer Participatory Research programmes have shifted from an emphasis on researcher design and control to a farmer-led approach which has substantially improved outcomes.Integrated Pest Management, which trains Indonesian farmers to control pests through action research, has provided...
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...Unit 2 Assignment 1 Task A 1. The aim is what an organisation is trying to achieve. The objective is the steps that are taken to achieve an aim. Examples of aims: * Increasing market share * Growth of profit * Survival 2. SMART objectives: * Specific: Clear objectives of what they want to achieve; * Measurable: The organisation has to measure whether they could achieve or not; * Achievable: the organisation sets up objectives so he could achieve it; * Relevant: To assess if what they are going to do it’s going to be as they forecasted; * Timed: it’s the deadline when they set to achieve it. 3. The purpose for setting aims and objectives is to have a clear view of what the organisation is going to do, so that every member of the organisation is going to easily follow it and all of them to work towards the same target. Another purpose would be to give the organisation focus, achieve efficiency, helps plan strategies, gives a basis for assessing performance and allows managers to monitor performance and make changes if necessary. 4. The first person that is interested in an organisation’s aims and objectives is the owner, and after the stakeholders: they could be investors and shareholders. Because they also have invested money in the business. Investors They are the people that put money in an organisation/business and expect that the profit will be high and the risk will be low. They are also concerned about the...
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...Diversity Some people’s social background and individuality are different. This is diversity, this term means society is diverse. Diversity is the way in which people are different from one another. Individuals differ due to individual’s religion, their language they speak, food and drink, disabilities, colour of their skin, social class and their physical appearance. Social class Social class is the grouping of individuals who share a common position in society. Social class is linked with an individual’s occupation, their income, wealth, beliefs and their lifestyles. They may have different health needs and opportunities, due to income. Lower class people tend to have poorer health and higher death rates. Family Structure Family structure is a social group of people that is made up of people who are related to each other through birth, marriage or adoption. There are lots of types of family’s, such as lone parent and nuclear. Religious beliefs Religious beliefs is a set of beliefs, symbols and practices. An example of this, could be praying, which is based on the idea of a sacred and very important being. Types of religion are, Christianity, Muslims, Sikhs tec. Secular Beliefs Secular beliefs is beliefs that are not connected to religion or the church, but are beliefs of other different natures instead. Examples of this, would be, a scientific explanation for illnesses etc., rather than God given. Sexuality Sexuality refers to a person’s sexual behaviour...
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...Q1. DEFINE COMMUNITY PARTICIPATION Community participation: is a proven approach to addressing health care issues and has been long utilized in HIV prevention in the United States and in development internationally, in projects varying from sanitation to child survival, clean water, and health infrastructure. People do not live in a vacuum, independent of influences around them. Rather, social, cultural, and economic factors strongly influence young people's ability to access reproductive and sexual health information and services. However, the quality of participation varies from project to project. Moreover, in spite of the failure of many health programs designed without the participation of target communities, some professionals continue to question the value of community members' participating in program design, implementation, and evaluation. This article looks at the critical importance of community participation in addressing the reproductive and sexual health of adolescents. Oakley and Marsden (1987) defined community participation as the process by which individuals, families, or communities assume responsibility for their own welfare and develop a capacity to contribute to their own and the community’s development. In the context of development, community participation refers to an active process whereby beneficiaries influence the direction and execution of development projects rather than merely receive a share of project benefits (Paul, in Bamberger, 1986). Paul’s...
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...v105 some people claim that the disadvantages of the car are more than the advantages,do you agree or dis the birth of cars have made an enormous change to our life.in the past,we travel from one place to another only by foot,nowaday,cars can do it .its goes withour saying that the invention of cars bring great benefit to all of us.but as proverb goes:no garden without weeds.car is not exception. owing a car has a lot of advantages.for one thing,car provide us the most convient way of transportation.we can get around freely without spenting a lot of time.emotionally,i always found driving is so exciting.for another,its the comfortable to drive a car.In winter.drivers always can stay warm and dry even in rainy whether,in addition,drivers are usually safe in their cars when they are out at night. Cars bring the human merits,their side-effects graudually come to the surface.firstly,to run a car need a lot of oil,which is getting less and less.the increasing number of cars contribute the lacking of energy.secondlly,as more and more cars are used,the traffic ecpecially in big cities is getting heaver and heavier,which lead to the serious social problem--traffic jam.in addition,the inceasing numbers of cars ,which excaust sent a huge quantities of carbon monoxide into atmosphere.it make the air of cities unbreathabe,it strip people contact with frensh air. therefore,the new energy should be explored to replace the oil so that our envionmental pollution can be avioded .and th...
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...I. INTRODUCTION We often heard that graft and corruption was introduced to us by the Spaniards during the time of their colonization. In the History class, it was said that it is because of those governor generals that did nothing but to enrich their selves here in the Philippines. But if we just think out of the box, graft and corruption is not just something that we inherited before. We should not blame Spaniards because of it. Then, you may probably asked, who then should be blamed for it? As researchers, we are not saying that all of us should be blamed. But instead of blaming others, let us rather do something to eradicate this evil that causes misery to all of us. Graft is defined as one of the forms of political corruption. It is the unscrupulous use of the politician’s authority for personal gain. Most governmental systems have laws in place to prevent graft although this does not always halt political corruption. Political corruption is the use of power by government officials for illegitimate private gain. An illegal act by an officeholder constitutes political corruption only if the act is directly related to their official duties, is done under colour of law or involves trading in influence. Forms of corruption vary, but include bribery, extortion, cronyism, nepotism, patronage, graft, and embezzlement. Corruption may facilitate criminal enterprise such as drug trafficking, money laundering, and human trafficking, though is not restricted to these activities. Misuse...
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...when put into practice, will prevent obstacles from getting in our way. But rather, a foundation of ethical behavior that produces long term results. In the first chapter, Erisman describes the duality of Jacob’s nature (father of Joseph) and how it affects his entire life. He highlights Jacob as a shrewd businessman and deal-maker who remembers God in his personal life but manages to leave God out of his work life. This ultimately plays a role in shaping Joseph’s business prowess, and yet, we can see Joseph including God in his work unlike his father. Dr. Erisman concludes that life is a process of learning that does not end after college. We can bring meaning into any type of work that we do. And for those of us who follow God, that means...
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...efficiency, economic growth, and everybody having the opportunity to start the business that he or she desires. Communism and democracy are two different ideologies that have each had a great impact in the world. Communism can be defined as a socioeconomic structure that stands for the establishment of classless, egalitarian and stateless society. Democracy, on the other hand, is a political system of governance either carried out by the people directly or by elected representatives. “Democracy may not be the perfect form of government, but sure it is way better than communism” said Jones in his journal, Power and Democracy Education Every single human being in the world knows that this is not true. Everybody knows that communism is a secret weapon that the rulers in the countries where communism is practiced use it to enrich themselves, their families and their friends. Communism is a political ideology that is based on a common ownership, mainly concerned with equality and fairness. In communism, the power is accredited to a group of people who decide the course of the action. It is this group of people who decide on the activities of the entire public. These specific groups of people may come into conflict with the public of others. On the other hand, democracy is rule...
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...“GIVING LIFE AN EXTRA SQUEEZE” “ONE EXCITING CHALLENGE AFTER ANOTHER” “EVERYTHING HAS ROOM FOR IMPROVEMENT” INTP “A LOVE OF PROBLEMSOLVING” ESFJ ENFJ ENTJ “HOSTS AND HOSTESSES OF THE WORLD” “SMOOTH TALKING PERSUADERS” “LIFE’S NATURAL LEADERS” Based on the Myers-Briggs Type Indicator sm Where are you on the diagram above? Are you an ENFJ – someone who spends his or her time involved with the things around them (“E” for Extravert), sees the world in terms of possibilities (“N” for iNtuitive), makes decisions based on subjective judgment (“F” for Feeler), and lives life in a decisive, orderly manner (“J” for Judger)? Are you an ISTP – someone who spends his or her time in reflection (“I” for Introvert), see the world in terms of practical facts (“S” for Sensor), makes decisions based on objective analysis (“T” for Thinker), and lives life in a spontaneous, flexible way (“P” for Perceiver)? Or are you one of the fourteen other combinations? In Type Talk, Otto Kroeger and Janet M. Thuesan show you exactly how to determine your personality type, using a scientifically validated method based on the work of C. G. Jung. Type Talk offers insight into why others behave the way they do, and why you are the person you are – on the job, as a parent, in relationships, and in all aspects of daily life. 16 PERSONALITY TYPES WITH SELECTED BRIEF EXPLANATIONS AND EXPOSITIONS THE KEIRSEY TEMPERAMENT SORTER* For my...
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...This paper was prepared for Education 5200, taught by Leonard Snyder Abstract My literature review will show a connection between cognition, social and emotional development and the arts. Some students in schools where the arts are an integral part of the academic program tend to do better in school than those students where that is not the case. It will also show why it is so important to have art and music classes in the elementary schools. It will also show how the teachers can help develop cognitive skills by using the arts in their lesson plan. They can intertwine the creative arts curriculum with other subject such as reading; math and science to develop better studying, concentration and listening skills. Studies will show that children need expressionism with the other subjects to complete their learning process. The review will show why the arts need to be implemented back in the curriculum of elementary schools. We have the opinions of others, that younger school children should be required to study math language; science and history are those people who think it may not be necessary to learn art and music. Contrary to those people's viewpoint, my strong opinion regarding that statement is that younger school children have to be required to study art and music. This literature review may point out that art and music play unique roles in our society. We can see art or hear music almost everywhere in our lives. For instance, art exists...
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...334 Business Intelligence Journal July ANALYSIS OF THE RELATIONSHIP BETWEEN EMOTIONAL INTELLIGENCE AND STRESS CAUSED BY THE ORGANISATION: A STUDY OF NURSES Zeynep Kalyoncu Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Ankara, Turkey Email: zkalyoncu@gmail.com Semra Guney Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Ankara, Turkey Email: semguney@hacettepe.edu.tr Mahmut Arslan Hacettepe University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration, Ankara, Turkey Email: marslan@hacettepe.edu.tr Salih Guney Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Economics and Finance, Istanbul, Turkey Email: saguney2004@gmail.com Evren Ayranci (Corresponding Author) Istanbul Aydin University, Faculty of Economics and Administrative Sciences, Department of Business Administration (in English), Istanbul, Turkey Email: xonox@mynet.com Abstract Emotional intelligence is one of the biggest factors that contributes to the success of individuals who assume various tasks and roles in modern life. It is also important in determining how individuals cope with the stress that can potentially limit their emotional relationships, decrease their efficiency, and reduce the pleasure of life. The main purposes of this study were to consider...
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...The Role of Internet in Business The Internet, also known as the World Wide Web (WWW) is a global set of documents, images, and other resources logically interrelated and inter-referenced. The internet provides many services for people such as communication, data transfer, and access to material. For example, email is a typical communication service available on the internet; it can easily be used to mail letters，pictures, documents, and other files. It is fast, safe, and reliable. The internet is widely use in business, education, and other fields. It has already changed people’s lives in immeasurable ways. With the development of the internet, more and more people are willing to enrich their lives through the internet, by watching of films, playing games, listening to music, attending to school, and shopping on line. As a business, the internet has revolutionized the way firms do business, and the way customers buy and use products and services. Through the internet, business marketing and customers are being connected closely. This provides a big opportunity for business marketing. The internet is widely used in shopping, study, businesses, and marketing. For example, the internet made shopping easily and conveniently. Amazon.com and ebay.com are typical online store. Thousands of products available in these sites, customers can choose and buy all online. For studying, it is possible that online learning available for students with internet. The University of Phoenix...
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...Chapter 1 INTRODUCTION The globalization of culture – the effect upon culture of the “increasing connection of the world and its people” – is perhaps nowhere more visible than in the changing nature of the relationship between the world’s youth and their sense of identity (Solomon & Scuderi 2002:13). It has become commonplace to think of the world’s youth as that part of the community who are most receptive, or, alternatively, susceptible to, foreign cultural practices. If childhood means acceptance, and adulthood means conservatism, youth means rebelliousness. Youth are seen as the part of society that is most likely to engage in a process of Cultural borrowing that is disruptive of the reproduction of traditional cultural practices, from modes of dress to language, aesthetics and ideologies. From Japanese punk to Australian hip hop, youth subcultures are seen as being implicitly rebellious, born as much from a desire to reject the generation that went before them, as from an identification with what they have become. Exactly how accurate this widespread impression may be is difficult to assess. What is certain, however, is that the age of globalization, more than any other age before it, is an age that has both exerted great effects upon, and been greatly affected by, young people. Adolescents undergo the process of identity formation as one of their foremost development challenges. This paper addresses what role the mass media play in this...
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...Nissan Company: Abstract * Nissan is one of the world’s largest automobiles company, * Manufacturing locations in 18 nations and serving in around 160 locations. * In year 2007, Nissan’s Executive Vice President, Tadao Takahashi mentioned its strategy of moving to transnational from multi-domestic so at present Nissan has increased its focus on emerging markets like India and Russia. This presentation aims to evaluate Nissan’s “Go-Global” strategy. In this analysis, we will try to assess the various imperatives that ……… * Company has to operate at multiple locations, * How it chooses among various locations * How it goes about implementing the expansion plan. * Studying Nissan’s global strategy and focusing on its moves specifically in India and Russia. This analysis will conducted by using various analysis tools like porter 5 forces, SWOT analysis, and PESTEL analysis as well value chain and after analysis will suggest the better strategy for betterment of company and for future prospects. Introduction With the increasing trend of globalization and heightened competition, most of the companies at some point of time think of expanding to new locations because of different imperatives ranging from efficiency, growth, competition, knowledge or mix of few. Each company decides its own parameters while making strategic choices of a market or a country NISSAN at a glance: * Nissan is a multinational automaker headquartered in Yokohama,...
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...Contents 1.1 BACKGROUND OF THE STUDY 4 1.11 Indian weddings 4 1.12 Indian greetings 4 1.13 Indian Food 4 Introduction to American culture 5 1.14 American music 5 1.15 American religion 5 1.2 PURPOSE OF THE STUDY 6 1.3 SCOPE OF THE STUDY 7 2.0 LEVELS OF CULTURE 7 2.01 GLOBAL CULTURE 7 2.02 REGIONAL CULTURE 7 2.03 NATIONAL CULTURE 7 2.04 ETHNIC CULTURE 7 2.05 SOCIAL CLASS CULTURE 8 2.06 ORGANIZATIONAL CULTURE 8 2.07 FAMILY CULTURE 8 2.08 GENDER CULTURE 8 2.09 AGE CULTURE 8 2.1 DETERMINANTS OF CULTURE 8 2.11 GEERT HOFSTEDE’S MODEL 9 2.12 INDIVIDUALISIM V COLLECTIVISM 9 2.13 POWER DISTANCE 9 2.14 LARGE POWER DISTANCE 9 2.15 SMALL POWER DISTANCE 9 2.16 MASCULINITY V FEMINITY 9 2.17 UNCERTAINITY AVOIDANCE 10 3.0 CHARACTERISTICS OF CULTURE 10 3.01 Culture is dynamic 10 3.02 Culture is pervasive 10 3.03 Culture is learnt 10 3.04 Culture is integrated 10 3.05 Culture is ethnocentric 10 3.06 Culture provides social cohesion 11 4.0 VIEWS ON CULTURAL TRENDS 11 4.01 The Convergent View 11 4.02 The Divergent View 11 5.0 ANALYSIS AND CONCLUSION 12 5.01 ANALYSIS 12 1.0 INTRODUCTION 1.01 WHAT IS CULTURE? Culture rules virtually every aspect of your life and like most people; you are completely unaware of this. Culture is vital because it enables its members to function with one another without the need to negotiate meaning at every moment. Culture is learned and forgotten, so despite its importance we are generally unconscious...
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