...Anti environmentalism: Backlash against increased environmental regulation by corporations and conservative groups is called anti environmentalism. Anti environmentalism in last four decades: Backlash against environmental consciousness first started in late 1960s and early 1970s and then in late 1980s and in early 1990s. During 1965 and 1970, corporations started anti environmental movement due to government policies like, environmental legislation which targeted at constraining environmentally damaging business activities During 1970s, all corporations particularly in U.S. formed a united body against environmentalism, putting their competitive rivalry aside. Strategies adopted by corporations against environmentalism: Corporations advertised their views against environmentalism, through telephones, letter writing campaign and through using media, for those activities corporations took advice from professionals and spent huge money for campaigning Throughout 1970s and 1980s new environmental legislation was legally postponed by the activities of corporation, but at the end of 1980s public concern about environment rose due to local pollution events such as pollution of Sydney beaches by sewage and scientific discovery of Ozone depletion, these all events made regulatory agencies very tougher, so government enacted new environmental laws and regulations During 1990s, corporations formed front groups for manipulating public opinion, lobbying politicians and thereby convincing...
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...SCI/256: Week 1 NOTES – Environmental Science and Environmentalism ------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------------ Environmental Science is the study how humans interact with their environment. Environmental Science is interdisciplinary - brings together information from several physical, biological and social sciences. The main goal of environmental science is to solve environmental problems using science. What is “Natural Environment”? –Environment is our natural surroundings consisting of living and nonliving things. The Earth is part of our environment, comprising 4 “Spheres” Biosphere (living things), Hydrosphere (water), Atmosphere (Air) and Lithosphere (land). Human Impacts: Humans are altering the environment and creating environmental problems. Our main problem involves human population growth and the use of earth’s resources and environmental pollution. Environmental Problems – Examples (a) Depletion of Natural Resources (b) Deforestation (c) Global climate changes (d) Loss of biodiversity (e) Pollution of Air, Water, Land Ecological Footprint is a measure of humanity’s demand on nature. A carbon footprint is "the total set of greenhouse gas (GHG) emissions caused by a person Impacts of Rapid Population Growth: Rapid population growth depletes the Earth’s resources diminishes, quality of life, and damages the environment. Impacts on the environment include, (a) land degradation, (b) air and water pollution...
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...University of Phoenix Material Environmental Movement Matrix Choose five items from the following list and identify their significance during the 1970s: • Cuyahoga River, OH (Cleveland) fire 1969 • Love Canal • Silent Spring • Population Bomb • Endangered Species Act (1966, 1969, & 1973) • Clean Water Act (1972, 1977) • Conservationism vs. environmentalism • Acid rain • Ozone layer • Rainforests • Depletion of fossil fuels • Climate change Event Significance Silent Spring The publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring in 1962 marked the beginning of modern environmentalism. Carson, known as the “godmother of modern environmentalism, impacted the American public’s consciousness with her detailed exposition on the dangers of environmental pollution to human health. By examining the ecological impacts of hazardous substances that pollute both the natural and human environments, like pesticides, Carson fundamentally altered the way Americans perceived the environment and the dangers of toxins to themselves. Conservationism vs. environmentalism By the 1870s, resource exploitation dominated development patterns in the West. Natural resources were devoured by destructive practices in mining, overgrazing, timber cutting, monocrop planting, and speculation in land and water rights. In 1902, for example, the Reclamation Act established the Reclamation Service, whose mission was to accomplish “the reclamation and settlement of the arid lands. The Reclamation...
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...Environment Perhaps the greatest threat to environmentalism was the already weaken environment. By the 1960s, the effects of war were signs or the dramatic economic growth of the postwar era was becoming a big eye sore. Water pollution has always been a big issue to the environment and the wildlife that shares it. In Cleveland, Ohio, the Cuyahoga River would actually catch on fire from time to time beginning in the 1950s from petroleum waste run of flowing into the river. Perhaps more alarming was the growing awareness that the air pollution has become unhealthy, there was concerns with the harmful fumes from the factories and power plants but you could not leave out the pollution from the exhaust from cars that was poisoning the atmosphere. Scientist would kindly set a new factor into everyday life referencing to “smog” levels using a new word that was drafted from the words smoke that was combined with fog. In larger cities like Los Angeles and Denver were the ones over ran with big smog clouds that became part of everyone life, graduate growing through the day, blocking out the sun, and creating breathing problems for a lot of concern people living in the city. Environmentalists also brought to public attention some longer-term dangers of unchecked industrial development: The over use of oils and other non-makeable fossil fuels; the recreation of lakes and forests as a result of acid rain. The rapid destruction of vast rain forests without putting back the supply we take...
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...Environmental Issues and the Industrial Revolution Temara Huston Argosy University Online SCI201— Ecology and Environmental Sustainability Module 1, Assignment 3 Dr: James Lilly 02/17/16 The Industrial Revolution The Industrial Revolution was a major turning point in earth’s ecology and the relationship between humans and environment. There were several negative environmentally impacts. Three in particular that are ripple effects to each other are urbanization, pollution and global warming. From 1695 – 1801 there was a 60% population growth rate. There were advancements in farming that reduced the need for farmhands. People migrated to the cities to find work and places to live; but these cities were not prepared for such an influx in such a short period of time. The main motivation for the continuous building was money; because of this, houses were built quickly, cheaply and as many as possible. There we’re no bathrooms, toilets or running water. Many didn’t bathe because it was easier than collecting water from a local pump to do so in a tin bath. There was a courtyard between each row of houses for waste to be thrown out. Sanitation and hygiene barely existed and throughout the eighteenth and nineteenth centuries the great fear was a cholera, typhus or typhoid epidemic. These issues weren’t address for the same reason they existed in the first place; money. Wealthy men owned the factories and mines and had huge influence in the cities, the laws that were in...
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...1. Why is sustainable marketing important? Sustainable marketing is “socially and environmentally responsible marketing that meets the present needs of consumers and businesses while also preserving or enhancing the ability of future generations to meet their needs.” Businesses prosper from day to day by determining the current needs and wants of their target group customers and by fulfilling those needs and wants more effectively and efficiently as their competitors can. This is recognized by the marketing concept, along with focusing on meeting the company’s short-term sales, growth, and profit needs by giving the company’s customers what they want when they want it. Satisfying consumers' immediate needs and desires isn’t always in the best interests of either customers or the business. For example, a company may start out with an idea that satisfies what its customers are asking for, for it in turn cause its customers to believe the company is causing more harm to their health, the environment, or any other causes. This in turn can cause a loss in the company’s profits forcing the company to develop another strategy for running its business. The societal marketing concept takes into account the future welfare of its consumers and the strategic planning concept considers the company's future needs, the sustainable marketing concept considers both the consumers and company’s future welfare; this calls for socially and environmentally responsible actions that meet both the...
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...Following World War II ecology gained the reputation of being a subversive science. The question is was this reputation warranted. According to the online Merriam-Webster dictionary subversive is the adjective form of the noun subversion and is defined as a systematic attempt to overthrow. Using this definition most sciences, not just ecology, can be argued are subversive. Science should attempt to, at the very least, grow upon earlier knowledge and, if needed, to subvert previous thought in order to replace older ideas that are proved to be wrong. The ecologist Paul Sears declared, in the 1950’s, ecology was indeed a subversive science (Worster, 1994). Research in ecology following World War II attempted to overthrow the centuries old notion that man lived apart from nature and in being separate were not bound to the same rules. The idea was, as humans, what happened in the environment did not have an effect on us. The researchers and scientific writers of the day were able to show what humans did to the environment did, in fact, have an effect on us even if we did not realize it. In this sense then, yes, ecology was and is a subversive science. In 1962, Rachel Carson published her work Silent Spring. She had spent years gathering scientific evidence that showed that persistent pesticides, such as DDT, progressed through the food chain and even had an effect on penguins in Antarctica thousands of miles away from the application site (Worster, 1994). Steinberg (2009)...
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...The environment has been suffering from all forms of damage, most evidently in the recent years where global warming seems to be the main issue. Many times, environment degradation, in the form of depletion of natural resources, air, water and land pollution, is caused by the irresponsible human population who does not think twice about the effects of environmental degradation. Nations, like the United States, set themselves and their economic well-being above the ruin and damages of the environment. However, it will be unfair to claim that environmental degradation is brought about only by greed. Other factors, such as apathy and the inability of developing countries to find alternatives, other than to harm the environment, for survival also play a part in contributing to damaging the environment. The state of the environment has been the concern of scientists in recent years, especially the issue of global warming that has caused billions of dollars in damages. In the case of global warming, greed, in the sense of economic benefits of a country, actually contributes to the ruin of the environment. This is seen in the case of the United States' refusal to carry out its agreement to the Kyoto Protocol, where countries come together and help combat the issue of he increasing emission of greenhouse gases such as carbon dioxide and sulphur dioxide which are main contributors to global warming. The reason that the United States (US) government gave on its refusal to ratify the treaty...
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...Hindusthan College Of Arts And Science, Coimbatore. Email:twinklekantony@gmail.com ASST. PROF. DR. N.PAKUTHARIVU PG & Research Department of Management Studies Hindusthan College Of Arts And Science, Coimbatore. Email: npaku2000@yahoo.co.in ABSTRACT: Green Marketing incorporates greening products and greening firms. The increasing exposure of global market products and environmental issues like global warming, impact of environmental pollution in turn has raised the green sensitivity of consumers for being eco-friendly and green marketing oriented.. However in recent past green consumerism also has been gaining its lime light, Green consumerism has started playing a substance role in ushering corporate environmentalism and constructing business firms green marketing oriented. “Green marketing is defined as "Green or Environmental Marketing consists of all activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants, such that the satisfaction of these needs and wants occurs, with minimal detrimental impact on the natural environment." This definition incorporates much of the traditional components of the marketing definition that is "All activities designed to generate and facilitate any exchanges intended to satisfy human needs or wants" In recent years, concern about the environment has been highlighted in many areas of life. Our limited resources are damaged, the future of human life disturbs this planet...
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...Environmental Science and Human Population Worksheet Using the textbooks, the University Library, or other resources, answer each of the following questions in 100 to 200 words. 1. What would you include in a brief summary on the history of the modern environmental movement, from the 1960s to the present? The environmental movement in the modern day in the United States started to take off in the 1960s and 1970 and at first only focused on a few disasters and environmental issues. In today’s society environmentalism changed to become a huge movement. The environment now impacts everything from politics to the media, even to forms of art. It is no longer a singular movement, but now being spread worldwide into the American culture and population. 2. Explain the primary concern over exponential population growth. What promotes exponential population growth? What constrains exponential population growth? The more people there are and the more resources we use will ultimately lead to the Earths collapse thus leaving us with a weak environment. Over the past few decades earth has grown a substantial amount and the more people that are on the earth the more frequently we have to use unnatural resources. Although the advancement of technology is a good thing in the long run the things that are used to invent the new technology, or even the hormones that they put into growing more vegetables is causing more harm than good to the environment. The lack of educating people...
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...University of Phoenix Material Environmental Movement Matrix Choose five items from the following list and identify their significance during the 1970s: |Cuyahoga River, OH (Cleveland) fire 1969 |Conservationism vs. environmentalism | |Love Canal |Acid rain | |Silent Spring |Ozone layer | |Population Bomb |Rainforests | |Endangered Species Act (1966, 1969, & 1973) |Depletion of fossil fuels | |Clean Water Act (1972, 1977) |Climate change | |Event |Significance | |Silent Spring |Written by Rachel Carson, Silent Spring was a book that had a huge influence on the decision to ban DDT in the | | |United States in 1972 (Brinkley, 2012). Unlike most pesticides, whose effectiveness is limited to destroying | | |one or two...
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...[pic] McDonald's and the Environmental Defense Fund: a case study of a green alliance Sharon Livesey Originally published in…The Journal of Business Communication • January 1999 In 1987, the United Nations World Commission on Environment and Development, which had convened to address the global ecological crisis, produced Our Common Future (the Brundtland Report). This watershed event established the conceptual underpinnings for environmental politics and debate in the 1990s by reframing the problem of the natural environment as one of sustainable development. In the wake of this reframing, a new practice in environmental management emerged - that of green alliances or partnerships between business and ecology groups (Westley & Vredenburg, 1991, pp. 71-72). These alliances, considered one of the ten most significant trends in environmental management and the greening of industry (Gladwin, 1993, p. 46), appeared to signal a sea change in the way business, as well as environmentalists, could respond to the ecological impacts of firms' economic activities. Indeed, environmental partnerships offered both business and ecology groups the potential for a new rhetorical stance. Business communication scholarship has identified a variety of rhetorical strategies adopted by corporations in the face of environmental controversy: defensiveness and apologia (e.g., Ice, 1991; Tyler, 1992), competing information campaigns (e.g., Lange, 1993; Moore, 1993), or retreat (e.g., Seiter...
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...Feminism: key beliefs: factual and moral During the 1960`s and 1970`s the feminists started the idea of women’s liberation into the media and the general public. Key beliefs: Factual and Moral They believe that it was not an oppressed woman’s fault that she behaved like an oppressed woman. They wanted a comparable worth, and therefore supported the Equal pay act which is an act that bits employers from paying unequal wages, based on gender. They also focus on equal rights for the same education and voting. Reproductive rights, abortion rights, protection against sexual harassment and domestic violence. focus on individual rights and autonomy; minimize male/female difference; emphasize equality of opportunity and promote strategies that tear down barriers; seek to extend to women the individual rights gained by men. Like the liberal feminist school of thought, radical or dominant feminism focuses on inequality. Feminists believe that history was written from a male point of view and does not reflect women's role in making history and structuring society. Male-written history has created a bias in the concepts of human nature, gender potential, and social arrangements. The language, logic, and structure of the law are male-created and reinforce male values. ( Look at how the Bible is structured ). The scarlet letter is an perfect example of that. The female character is being judged for committing adultery, while the male character isn't judged for what he did. Their...
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...South Side, and welcomed two daughters: Malia born 1998 and Sasha born 2001. In February 2007, Obama made headlines when he announced his candidacy for the 2008 Democratic presidential nomination. He was locked in a tight battle with former first lady and then, U.S. Senator from New York, Hillary Clinton. On June 3, 2008, however, Obama became the presumptive nominee for the Democratic party, and Senator Clinton delivered her full support to Obama for the duration of his campaign. On November 4th, 2008, Barack Obama defeated Republican presidential nominee John McCain as the President of the United States. On January 20, 2009, Obama became the 44th president of the United States and the first African-American to hold this office. In the 1970’s, when Obama was a child, The...
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...The 1960s environmental movement was a tidal wave that completely changed how Americans saw the process of action and consequence in regards to nature and human behavior. Although some form of environmentalism existed before, nothing compared to the political and social changes created by this new environmental collective consciousness. There were many events that pushed public and politicians to act upon protecting the environment. One of the famous events was the 1962 publication of Rachel Carson’s Silent Spring. Carson was not the first person to point out the reverberant effects of powerful pesticides like DDT, but her book tied together scientific research with the understandable metaphor of a silent spring. Shortly stated, her book made a powerful impact on the country. Chemical companies became the main target after the book was...
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