...Obesity and Cancer According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are...
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...New Product Launch Plan in the market By Pfizer Pharmaceutical Ltd Company In the year of 2014 in the United States of America. Overview: As the CEO of the Pfizer Pharmaceuticals Ltd, I would like to represent our new product launch plan that includes our company background, new drug information, new product launch plan, estimated costs of the projected plan, market analysis, contractual issues, evaluation, risk management staff and the general approaches etc. I would like to say our new product called as a DuaveeTM which was made by the Wyeth Pharmaceuticals which is wholly-owned subsidiary of our company Pfizer pharmaceutical Ltd and it is also a part of broader research collaboration with Ligand Pharmaceutical incorporated. We are going to plan this product in the market next year 2014. All the information related to launch schedules and estimated costs also included in the project. Our company project includes mainly six elements and we will focus mainly on these six types of elements such as: Project Definition: Objectives: According to me, it is the best success of the company for achievement in the fields of the Women’s medicines. Main objectives of the company are that our company will get more profit by launching the new product and we also will get new reputation in the market. Before launching this product we must have to understand what is the product contains? And how it will help? So here I want to describe something about the product that is need to...
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...The Anatomy and Physiology of Clinical Research Stephen B. Hulley, Thomas B. Newman, and Steven R. Cummings This chapter introduces clinical research from two viewpoints, setting up themes that run together through the book. One theme is the anatomy of research-what it's made of. This includes the tangible elements of the study plan: the research question, design, subjects, measurements, sample size calculation, and so forth. An investigator's goal is to create these elements in a form that will make the project fast, inexpensive, and easy. The other theme is the physiology of research-how it works. Studies are useful to the extent that they yield valid inferences, first about what happened in the study sample and then about generalizing these events to people outside. the study. The goal is to minimize the errors, random and systematic, that threaten conclusions based on these inferences. Separating these two themes is artificial in the same way that the anatomy of the human body does not make much sense without some understanding of its physiology. But the separation has the same advantage: It clarifies our thinking about a complex topic. . THE ANATOMY OF RESEARCH: WHAT IT'S MADE OF The structure of a research project is set out in its protocol, the written plan of the study. Protocols are well kn~wn as devices for seeking grant funds, but they also have a vital scientific function: helping the investigator to organize her research in a logical, focused, and efficient way...
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... however, is not the same as sexual orientation (Sue, Sue, & Sue, 2010). Both biological and environmental factors contribute to one’s gender identity. Many people have the assumption that there are male and female hormones that determine gender identity (Pinel, 2009). However, this is not the case. In this paper, I will discuss how hormones, as well as environment, affect one’s gender identity and behavior. Biological Factors and Sexual Differentiation The human body consists of many hormones. Among them are androgens, estrogens, and progestins. Androgens and estrogens are both the most common classes of gonadal hormones. A third class of gonadal hormones is progestins. The most common progestin is progesterone. Progesterone prepares the uterus and breasts for pregnancy in females; however it is unclear of its purpose in males (Pinel, 2009). Although it is widely assumed that androgens are “male” hormones and estrogens are “female” hormones. In actuality, men and women have the same hormones although at different levels. These hormones also do not perform the same functions in both sexes. Males and females are both exposed to high levels of estrogens during the fetal stage. However, males are exposed to high androgen levels during the same period (Swabb, 2004). Studies on female humans show that an early exposure to male hormones can result in more masculine behaviors. In studies of men with low testosterone levels, it was discovered that they had female...
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...Anna-Leigh Roberts SLP 302-section 2 23 September 2016 Short Paper 1 Snyder, B. (2016). Study reveals new clues to cystic fibrosis ‘gender gap. Vanderbilt University. Retrieved from https://news.vanderbilt.edu/2016/09/15/study-reveals-new-clues-to-cystic-fibrosis-gender-gap/ Women afflicted with cystic fibrosis typically live about two to three years less than males who have cystic fibrosis. The research team at Vanderbilt University determined that the hormone estrogen may be the source of the discrepancy seen between genders. The potassium ion channel, KCNQ1, and its regulatory protein, KCNE3, work concurrently with the ion channel (CTFR) that equalizes salt concentrations in the lungs. The attachment of a phosphate group to KCNE3 by estrogen...
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...Introduction: Many women seeking to become pregnant – while some seeking to prevent the same - often come across the terms “ovulation” and “ovulation test/predictor kits” while searching online for information related to fertility. ------------------------------------------------- This article, through the principles of physiology, will help these women develop a clear and thorough understanding of the concept of ovulation and the use of ovulation prediction kits. ------------------------------------------------- Table of contents: 1) What is ovulation? 2) Understanding the ovulation cycle a) Follicular phase b) Ovulation c) Luteal Phase 3) Why ovulation prediction is necessary? 4) Various methods for predicting/detecting ovulation, their advantages and disadvantages d) Urinary ovulation test kits e) Salivary ovulation test kits f) Basal body temperature charting g) Cervical mucus monitoring h) Monitoring lower abdominal discomfort 5) What is the best ovulation test kit? 6) Which kit should you choose - Medical and Review Data 7) ------------------------------------------------- Tips on getting better results from urinary & salivary ovulation test kits ------------------------------------------------- What is ovulation? At its simplest, ovulation is the release of an ovum from the mature follicle in an ovary, into the uterine tubes; usually occurring on the 14th day...
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...A Guideline for Writing a Scientific Paper (Step by Step) A customized summary of the guideline developed by Grey Anderson, Bates College University of Furtwangen Nov.2011 How to write a scientific paper: Your scientific papers are subdivided into the following sections: Title, Authors and Affiliation, Abstract, Discussion, Conclusion, Literature Cited, and Appendices. This is the system we will use. In the following we will describe the style, content, and format associated with each section. The sections appear in a paper in the following prescribed order: Content | Section of Paper | What is the paper about in nutshell? | Abstract | What is the problem or case which is analyzed?The methods and materials used for analysis. | Discussion | Results and the findings of the analysis. | Conclusion | Whose work did you refer to? | Literature Cited | Extra information | Appendices (Optional) | 1. Section Headings: Main Section Headings; Each main section of the paper begins with a heading which should be capitalized, centered at the beginning of the section, and double spaced from the lines above and below. Do not underline the section heading OR put a colon at the end. Example of a main section heading: Abstract Subheadings; Use subheadings to help organize the presentation. Subheadings should be capitalized (first letter in each word), left justified, bold italics, and double spaced from the lines above and below. Example of...
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...Final Research Paper Ryan Hermes Health 106 SP 13 “Alzheimer’s Disease; A Disease Without A Cure” Alzheimer’s disease, otherwise known as dementia, is a genetic disease that causes the brain to deteriorate until death. Currently, there is no cure for Alzheimer’s disease, and once the diagnosis is given the disease only gets worse. The disease isn’t very well understood, however researchers are working to help treat the symptoms of the disease. With all of the advancements in medicine there are no treatments available to stop or reverse the progression of Alzheimer’s disease. In 1901 a German psychiatrist named Alois Alzheimer’s documented the first recorded case of Alzheimer’s disease. He studied a woman named Auguste Deter, she was a woman in her fifties who had severe early onset Alzheimer’s disease, and she died in 1906. After her death, Alzheimer’s worked with two Italian physicians on staining techniques to study Auguste’s brain. He noted certain plaques that infiltrated her brain, however technology could only go so far at the time so the results of the brain examination were speculative. Alzheimer’s disease affects the brain in a way that causes its victims to lose some or most of their memory. This causes the patient to forget things such as who they are, who their relatives are, where they are, how to get home, or even when or how to eat. These problems make caring for the patient difficult because the care person has to do almost everything...
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...Amanda Farrington Research paper October 17, 2014 Despite the forgetfulness, we have of the seriousness of Alzheimer’s disease; the behind the scenes action is what we need to be taking a look at. Researcher is now choosing different routes of prevention, treatment and diagnostic studies to solve this serious illness. Which different stages of diagnosis it’s difficult to find the target of what triggers the disease. With the majority of patients being diagnosed being of the elderly stage of life, testing different options is risky because of old age. As many years and millions have gone on to find the cure to stop this tragic illness that overcomes thousands of loved ones every year, scientist have decided to step back and make a strategy. With so many failed attempts of curing this disease, they decided to find an attack approach before being diagnosed. Studies have gone into the smallest detail to find common traits that those diagnosed have. While this is an endless and tedious process, they continued. Scientist have discovered that there are ways to lower the risks of being diagnosed with the disease in the future. Although there is no cure once diagnosed, there have been studies found on how to lessen your chances of getting it. Multiple articles, including National Institute of Agings “alheimer’s prevention”, state that vitamins are always a natural and healthy route as well as anti inflammatory drugs. While a healthy diet and exercise can be effective...
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...Critique Paper Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a type of breast cancer that when tested for estrogen receptors (ER-), progesterone receptors (PR-), and HER2 (HER2-) they all come negative. The results that came out negative for all three means the cancer is triple-negative. However, these negative results mean that the growth of the cancer is not sustained by the estrogen, progesterone hormones, and the HER2 receptors. Therefore, triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) cannot be treated with hormonal therapies such as tamoxifen and aromatase inhibitors. Also, it cannot be treated with therapies that target HER2 receptors, such as Herceptin. Scientists now are testing other medicines such as Tat-SID, which can be used to treat triple-negative breast cancer. To understand triple-negative breast cancer, it’s important to understand the receptors, which are proteins that are found inside and on the surface of cancerous cell. These receptor proteins are the senses of the cell, they receive messages/signals from substances in the bloodstream and the cell respond to these signals. In this research, the mouse metastatic mammary 4T1 tumor cell line was used as well as human breast adenocarcinoma cell line, mouse mammary tumor MMTV-Myc cell line, RPMI supplemented with fetal bovine serum,...
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...Name: C.T.B. Assignment: “Our Stolen Future” Date: 12/03/2012 The Book “Our Stolen Future” is considered to be a sequel of “Silent Spring“, a Rachel’s Carson classic work, a clarion call to protect the American public from manmade synthetic pesticides that cause genetic mutations and cancer. Carson not only described how persistent chemicals were contaminating the natural world, she documented how those chemicals where accumulated into our bodies. Since then, studies of human breast milk and body fat have confirmed the extent of our exposure. Human beings in such remote locations as Canada’s far northern Baffin Island now carry traces of persistent chemicals in their bodies, including notorious compounds as PCBs, DDT and dioxin. Even worse, in the womb and through breast milk, mothers pass this chemical legacy on to the next generation. “Our Stolen Future”, the scientific discovery of Theo Colborn, Dianne Dumanoski and John Peterson Myers, takes up where Carson left off and reviews a large and growing body of scientific evidence, linking synthetic chemicals to aberrant sexual development and behavioral and reproductive problems, such as low sperm counts, infertility, genital deformities, hormonally triggered human cancers, like those of breast and prostate gland, neurological disorders in children such as hyperactivity and deficits in attention. The quality of men's sperm declined steadily in the early years of the 21st century until hardly anyone could reproduce in...
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...According to the National Institute of Health, nearly two-thirds of adults in the United States are overweight or obese (2007). Research suggests that obesity may be the most preventable risk factor of cancer for non-smokers, and many studies are testing for the effects that obesity has in all cancers and at specific cancer sites. It is known that obesity plays a significant role in cancer; however, the knowledge of the relationship to all cancers and the overall health effect of excess weight in terms of total mortality from cancer is limited (Calle, Redriguez, Walker-Thurmond, & Thun, 2003). In this paper I will examine the research available on obesity and its relationship to breast cancer (in post-menopausal women), endometrial, colon, esophagus, kidney, and pancreatic cancers, and briefly mention a few other cancers currently being studied for a possible link to obesity. The rise of obesity in the last 25 years has been most prominent in the United States. It is not, however, limited to the United States; for instance, similar trends are being seen in other developing countries. As it becomes easier to access tasty but unhealthy food options and as physical activity declines, caloric intake is now exceeding caloric expenditure. Genetic factors have been shown to predispose an individual to become obese, but environmental factors are the ultimate cause for the rise of obesity within populations. It is the metabolic consequences of obesity that are having an effect on cancer...
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...Breast Cancer and Obesity Melita Dodaj Felician College Abstract Breast cancer continues to be a major cause of cancer deaths in women. Based on recent studies the prevalence of overweight and obesity in almost every country has been increased. Estrogen is manly responsible for the elevated risk for breast cancer in obese women. Also the other tow mediators that are held responsible are adipokine leptin and insulin -like growth factor-I, IGF-I. Experiments demonstrated a mitogenic role of these three mediator an cell proliferation. The data in the article shows a stimulative effect of substances produce by the adipose tissue on the breast cancer. Body weight cell specific proliferation suggests that obesity related adipokines and mediators enhance cell proliferation and increase the risk for breast cancer. A couple guidelines and recommendations that help to prevent obesity are physical activity and diets. Obesity is associated with poorer survival in women with breast cancer, regardless of menopausal status. The purpose of this study was to determine if the associations of obesity with breast-cancer specific, all cause, and non-breast cancer mortality differ from between Hispanic and non-Hispanic white women with breast cancer. Also some other recent studies have shown that elevated BMI may be associated with breast cancer treatment-related lymphedema. Introduction Cancer is a disease of the cells in the body, fundamentally genetic. Cancer is defined as ...
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...Hindawi Publishing Corporation Obstetrics and Gynecology International Volume 2013, Article ID 173184, 11 pages http://dx.doi.org/10.1155/2013/173184 Review Article Uterine Fibroids: Pathogenesis and Interactions with Endometrium and Endomyometrial Junction Andrea Ciavattini,1 Jacopo Di Giuseppe,1 Piergiorgio Stortoni,1 Nina Montik,1 Stefano R. Giannubilo,1 Pietro Litta,2 Md. Soriful Islam,3 Andrea L. Tranquilli,1 Fernando M. Reis,4 and Pasquapina Ciarmela3 1 Woman’s Health Sciences Department, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Corridoni 11, 60123 Ancona, Italy Department of Gynaecological Sciences and Human Reproduction, University of Padova, Via Giustiniani 3, 35128 Padova, Italy 3 Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Polytechnic University of Marche, Via Tronto 10/a, 60126 Ancona, Italy 4 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Federal University of Minas Gerais and National Institute of Hormones and Women’s Health, 30130-100 Belo Horizonte, MG, Brazil 2 Correspondence should be addressed to Andrea Ciavattini; ciavattini.a@libero.it Received 28 February 2013; Revised 10 June 2013; Accepted 13 August 2013 Academic Editor: Hilary Critchley Copyright © 2013 Andrea Ciavattini et al. This is an open access article distributed under the Creative Commons Attribution License, which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided the original work is properly cited. Uterine leiomyomas (fibroids...
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...Some chemicals are toxic in human bodies and that is why chemical-specific legislations are becoming increasingly common across the country. Legislations seek to regulate production and selling of products containing such harmful chemicals in interstate commerce efficiently regulating those products nationwide. Products containing phthalates, mercury, brominated flame retardants, and many other chemicals have been the subject of such bills but products containing bisphenol A (BPA) have attracted most attention in 2009 (Beveridge & Diamond, 2009). BPA is a monomer used to manufacture various everyday products. Research has found out that BPA is toxic on humans and products containing BPA leach a significant amount of BPA to their users. This paper gives a brief introduction of BPA, describes the debate surrounding its safety, and analysis information gathered by “the work group for safe markets” on BPA leaching from popular baby bottles. It is presumed that food and beverages from containers manufactured with BPA are harmful since BPA leaches into them and should be avoided. Uses of BPA and its Toxicology BPA is a monomer commonly used in the production of epoxy resins, polycarbonate plastic, among other uses (Association of Plastics Manufacturers). These products are in turn used to manufacture everyday products such as baby bottles, sports bottles and sippy cups (using polycarbonates); and the inner linings of containers for food and beverage packaging (using epoxy resins)...
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