...Sigmund Freud is known as one of the most influential and recognized names in the field of psychology. Freud was one of the founding fathers of psychology and had many contributions such as the Oedipus complex, Freudian Slips and Dream Analysis to name a few. His study of the psychology on the mind and repressed feelings all attribute to his contributions to psychology. One of Freud’s most interesting was on Dream Analysis which encompasses the symbolism in the mind during the dreaming stage of the sleep cycle. Sigmund Freud was born in Austria in 1856 and studied as a neurologist and psychiatrist at the University of Vienna. While at the university he presented his studies on psychodynamics in Ernest Wilhelm von Brucke’s Lectures of Physiology. Later in 1879, Freud completed his studies and obtained his Dr. Med with his thesis on the spinal cord of lower fish species. Freud opened his own practice in 1886 focusing on Neurology. At his practice, Freud started initially used hypnosis to help his neurotic patients, but then stopped in favor of the psychotherapeutic approach. Patients would relay their feelings through speech, also coined as the “talking cure” by Anna O, one of Freud’s patients. As Freud continued his studies, he believed that sexual interaction hindered ones accomplishments in life and so he ceased sexual relations with his wife. According to Freud’s biographer, Ernest Jones, Freud was absolutely celibate “in order to sublimate the libido for creative purposes...
Words: 1484 - Pages: 6
...monadology. Leibnitz’s idea was the psychics are elements of reality and not made up of physical matter, which are mental in nature. Leibnitz believed that mental events which are composed if monads had a different degree of consciousness and were called petites perceptions (Schultz, 2011). Johann Friedrich Herbart (1776-1841) also a German philosopher had refined Leibnitz’s theory of the unconscious to the concept of the threshold of consciousness. Arguing that ideas in the mind rise to the conscious level of awareness. So in order for these ideas to rise to a conscious level of awareness it must be already relevant in the minds consciousness (Schultz, 2011). At the same time incongruous ideas cannot exist in the minds conscious. Herbart believed conflicts arise among ideas, as they become conscious realizations. Gustav Fechner (1801-1887) was a philosopher, physicist and experimental psychologist. Although he used the threshold theory Fechner proposed the analogy of the iceberg in which much of the mind lies below the surface that influence the...
Words: 1769 - Pages: 8
...was founded by Sigmund Freud (1856-1939). Freud believed that people could be cured by making conscious their unconscious thoughts and motivations, thus gaining “insight”. The aim of psychoanalysis therapy is to release repressed emotions and experiences, i.e. make the unconscious conscious. Psychoanalysis is commonly used to treat depression and anxiety disorders. It is only having a cathartic (i.e. healing) experience can the person be helped and "cured". Psychoanalysis Assumptions · Psychoanalytic psychologists see psychological problems as rooted in the unconscious mind. · Manifest symptoms are caused by latent (hidden) disturbances. · Typical causes include unresolved issues during development or repressed trauma. · Treatment focuses on bringing the repressed conflict to consciousness, where the client can deal with it. How can we understand the unconscious mind? freud's couch Remember, psychoanalysis is a therapy as well as a Freudian theory. In psychoanalysis (therapy) Freud would have a patient lie on a couch to relax, and he would sit behind them taking notes while they told him about their dreams and childhood memories. Psychoanalysis would be a lengthy process, involving many sessions with the psychoanalyst. Due to the nature of defense mechanisms and the inaccessibility of the deterministic forces operating in the unconscious, psychoanalysis in its classic form is a lengthy process often involving 2 to 5 sessions per week for several...
Words: 1585 - Pages: 7
...DREAM ANALYSIS This reflective essay illustrates Freud’s theory of dream analysis. It will begin with a brief overview of Freudian dream theory and will go on to describe the various components of personality structure and the unconscious from a psychodynamic perspective. This essay will analyse one of my personal dreams using Freud’s dream analysis theory and conclude with a critical reflection on the application of his theory as it relates to my dream. When Freud famously referred to dreams as being the ‘royal road to the unconscious’, he meant that dreams were a way in which to access the unconscious mind. Dream analysis in psychoanalysis is the process used to explore the role dreams play in the unconscious (Corey, 2005). The purpose of Freud’s theory of dream analysis is to gain better access to the unconscious in order to bring it into the conscious (Day, 2008). Freud believed that the mind represses painful events that the conscious does not want to remember due to the pain and anxiety they cause (Scharf, 2008). These repressed desires and motivations are freed through dreams which are a direct connection to the unconscious. Freud saw the unconscious as sexual and instinctual in nature and the dream as a disguised unfulfilled wish (Welsh, 1994). To better understand the dynamics between the conscious and the unconscious parts of the mind, Freud (1994) developed the structural model of the psyche which he called “the psychic apparatus”. Freud proposed that the part...
Words: 2326 - Pages: 10
...History echoes countless tales of men dying to gain back their freedom and free will. If we flip backwards in the pages of history, we will notice many attempts at defining the concept of free will, and to what extent is man free in this world. The social scientist that attempted to put a fixed meaning to the concept of free will, and who will be the subject of my analysis today, is Thomas Hobbes. Hobbes uses voluntary action, aversion, and deliberation, to try answer the question of whether or not man is free to do as he pleases. On page 118 of Leviathan, Hobbes first introduces us to voluntary action, or voluntary motion, stating that it is: “as to go, to speak, to move any of our limbes, in such manner as is first fancied in our minds.” Man has to first desire to do something, and that is voluntary action. The basis of voluntary action, according to Hobbes, is imagination (Leviathan, p. 118). When an action is still in one’s mind, before man translates it into action, it is called Endeavor (Leviathan, p. 119). When Endeavor is towards something, it’s a desire. When Endeavor is forward something, it’s called an aversion. Naturally, human beings have heir desires, appetites, and fears, but they also experience something called Deliberation, which is “putting an end to the Liberty we had of doing, or omitting, according to our own Appetite, or Aversion”. Hobbes then proceeds to define free will in term of Deliberation on p, 128, Leviathan: “Will therefore is the last...
Words: 677 - Pages: 3
...significance in understanding early states of mind. Melanie Klein was a very charismatic woman with style and flair and passion. Whereas Sigmund Freud was known to be a fantastic theorist, Klein on the other hand was known to be a fantastic clinician. It was through her clinical study, by observing her patients, both verbally and non-verbally, was she able to come up with her own theories some of which contradicted ideas of both Sigmund and Ana Freud. Clinical study was where she developed a technique for analyzing children as young as two years old something that was relatively unheard of in 1919. This is when Melanie Klein took on her first child analysis. No one in the early years of Psychoanalysis had dared take on young children; patients who like their adult counterparts were suffering from neurosis, acute anxiety, and other disturbances, which inhibited them in their daily lives, primarily because the belief was that it was dangerous to the child and also that psychoanalysis was for children from the latency period onwards. The latency period was believed to take place around five years old. Melanie Klein was a pioneer in child psychoanalysis and it was through the development of what she termed the Psychoanalytic Play Technique that she was able to find a way that was child friendly, which she felt could free up the child in a space that allowed such freedom through play for her to uncover and alleviate the disturbances of young minds. (Klein, M. 1955. Pp 35-36) A brief...
Words: 1347 - Pages: 6
...section you write after the remainder of the report is completed. The executive summary is a mini-version of your paper and should not exceed one page. For information about executive summaries, please refer to the study materials. Please note that your executive summary, and your paper, should be written using single spaced text. Introduction Task instruction: Prepare a business report based on your research findings that includes: 4. Introduction (suggested length of 1 page) that will: a. Introduce the subject and purpose of the report; b. Preview the main ideas of the report; c. Establish your relationship to the audience. It is recommended that you use single spaced text as you see here. Regarding item 4c, please keep in mind that your relationship with the audience will come from the scenario you selected from the topic list. In some cases your position is specified. In others you will need to define your hypothetical job title and the audience you would be presenting to. Generally, your audience will either be superiors or equals. For example, you might be a human resources assistant presenting your research findings to the human resources director. For information about creating business reports, please see the recommended study materials. Research Findings Task instruction: Prepare a...
Words: 1225 - Pages: 5
...TITLE: SPINOZA’S PHILOSOPHY ST GREGORY THE GREAT PROVINCIAL MAJOR SEMINARY NAME: EBENEZER MANAF TANOR COURSE: MODERN PHILOSOPHY INTRODUCTION Baruch Spinoza was born a Jew in Amsterdam in 1632. His religious opinions caused his expulsion from the synagogue. He became associated with the Christian circle after his expulsion though he did not profess Christianity. His whole life was spent in Holland and Hague. He was always poor and withdrawn and he earned his living by polishing lenses. He was still young when he died in 1677. He was a rationalist, determinist and a pantheist. Spinoza’s philosophy was profoundly influenced by Descartes. His writings were mainly in Latin with few in Dutch. The most important of his works include the brief treatise of God, Man and his happiness, the tractacus theologico-politico, the cogitata metaphysica and, above all, his masterwork, published after his death: the ethica ordine geometric demonstrate. In our presentation, we will discuss his metaphysics and on his metaphysics we look at what is substance, substance-monism, God and the world, and communication between substances. We will look at his ethics and on his ethics we will consider his work on Man. We will discuss his epistemology and on his epistemology we will look at levels of knowledge. We will then proceed to criticize his philosophy and finally make our conclusion. METAPHYSICS Spinoza follows in the path established by Descartes. He adopts Descartes’ situation as his starting point...
Words: 2934 - Pages: 12
...read and criticized your work humbles you as well as gives you room to grow as a writer. Along with the workshop having you look over my paper and giving me your feedback helped be discover ways I could elaborate and fix my claim. Since this is the second time I have written and read research on the topic of dreams I feel like I have a stronger understanding of how beneficial dreams are to your lives. If I have dream that frightens me I know have a idea of where it came from and how it relates to my day to day life because I have read so many different views and opinions on dream analysis. Learning about the different ways people view the ‘meaning’ of a dream really gives me a new appreciation to the unconscious thought process. It allowed me to see how complex the human mind is in the fact that we can create vivid ideas while we are technically not in a conscious thinking state of mind. It opened my eyes on different ways I can interpret a dream that bothers me when I wake up in the morning as well as allow me to know not to take what I dream to deep...
Words: 2178 - Pages: 9
...section you write after the remainder of the report is completed. The executive summary is a mini-version of your paper and should not exceed one page. For information about executive summaries, please refer to the study materials. Please note that your executive summary, and your paper, should be written using single spaced text. Introduction Task instruction: Prepare a business report based on your research findings that includes: 4. Introduction (suggested length of 1 page) that will: a. Introduce the subject and purpose of the report; b. Preview the main ideas of the report; c. Establish your relationship to the audience. It is recommended that you use single spaced text as you see here. Regarding item 4c, please keep in mind that your relationship with the audience will come from the scenario you selected from the topic list. In some cases your position is specified. In others you will need to define your hypothetical job title and the audience you would be presenting to. Generally, your audience will either be superiors or equals. For example, you might be a human resources assistant presenting your research findings to the human resources director. For information about creating business reports, please see the recommended study materials. Research Findings Task instruction: Prepare a...
Words: 1226 - Pages: 5
...English 1 B – assignment due 11 or 12 September in tutorials. Essay question Bob Marley’s “Redemption Song” is a political poem that needs to be understood contextually for its full meaning to be revealed. Write a 5 paragraph essay (introduction, 3 paragraphs in the body of the essay and a conclusion) in which you discuss the following: 1. The relevance of the history of slavery to understanding this poem. Your answer should include a discussion of the images and repetition that Marley uses to make this point. 2. The poem says: “Emancipate yourselves from mental slavery; None but ourselves can free our minds.” Discuss how these lines encapsulate the main message of this poem. Your paragraph should connect to Marley’s broader context. 3. Bob Marley was a deeply religious man. He uses many references to divine intervention in this poem. Discuss the effect that these lines have in creating the overall message of the poem. Your answer should include a discussion of the figurative language he uses to make his point. Your answer must include quotations from the poem that you reference by counting the lines (i.e. number the lines for referencing purposes) and by using the following in your bibliography: Marley, Bob. 1980. “Redemption Song.” Uprising. London: EMI Records. When quoting from the poem within your paragraph, make sure that your sentences are grammatically consistent with any quote that you embed. Also make sure that you reference your quotations...
Words: 761 - Pages: 4
...INTRODUCTION Baruch Spinoza was born a Jew in Amsterdam in 1632. His religious opinions caused his expulsion from the synagogue. He became associated with the Christian circle after his expulsion though he did not profess Christianity. His whole life was spent in Holland and Hague. He was always poor and withdrawn and he earned his living by polishing lenses. He was still young when he died in 1677. He was a rationalist, determinist and a pantheist. Spinoza’s philosophy was profoundly influenced by Descartes. His writings were mainly in Latin with few in Dutch. The most important of his works include the brief treatise of God, Man and his happiness, the tractacus theologico-politico, the cogitata metaphysica and, above all, his masterwork, published after his death: the ethica ordine geometric demonstrate. In our presentation, we will discuss his metaphysics and on his metaphysics we look at what is substance, substance-monism, God and the world, and communication between substances. We will look at his ethics and on his ethics we will consider his work on Man. We will discuss his epistemology and on his epistemology we will look at levels of knowledge. We will then proceed to criticize his philosophy and finally make our conclusion. METAPHYSICS Spinoza follows in the path established by Descartes. He adopts Descartes’ situation as his starting point. For Descartes, substance was understood as that which has need of nothing else in order to exist; strictly speaking, only God...
Words: 2917 - Pages: 12
...Some commentators have referred to Sigmund Freud as “Psychology’s man of genius”. Evaluate this claim, with reference to his work and impact on the discipline of Psychology. Sigmund Freud analyzed the human mind to a greater extent than did any other scientist who came before him. His contribution to psychology is enormous and his work has influenced not only areas concentrated around psychology but also literature, art and even the manner in which parents raise their children. Even though much of his work is refereed to as a ‘fallacy’, his findings remain relevant and applicable to this day. Freud hypothesized that personality emerged through a series of stages of psychosexual development, namely the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stage. He argued that the Oral stage occurs from birth until the age of two during which the child is focused on oral pleasures e.g. sucking, and if it receives too much or too little gratification, it can result in an oral personality evidenced later in life through preoccupation with oral acts such as a tendency to smoke, chew gum excessively, bite nails etc. Freud believed that these people would then have a personality that is over dependent on others and naïve. The Anal stage was said to occur from the age of two to four and Freud believed that during this stage the pleasure source arose from retaining or eliminating feces. The effects of anal fixation were also believed to become evident later in life. Those who were retentive, were...
Words: 2644 - Pages: 11
...continue to grow and stay viable. Stealth Applied Concepts has been working together to develop many recommendations to increase future endeavors and to expand in order to reach customer needs. This report contains the final analysis of the business practices and recommendations for CanGo from Team D, Stealth Applied Concepts. Stealth Applied Concepts has analyzed CanGo for approximately seven weeks now, which consists of several findings and recommendations based off of that detailed analysis. The team goal was to analyze current business practices in order to determine what is working, as well as to identify what changes and improvements are needed. The final analysis reports consist of a detailed SWOT analysis in order to determine strengths, weaknesses, opportunities, and threats; it also consists of a market analysis, competitive analysis, financial analysis, and a strategic planning recommendation. This final analysis report should be...
Words: 626 - Pages: 3
...PSYB4 Past Paper Questions Listed below are all of the available past paper questions for the Debates section of your PSYB4 examination. The specimen paper below is representative of what your actual paper will look like (2 x 4 mark questions and 1 x 12 mark essay question. Older papers (June 2006-June 2009) used to have Psychology and Science as a separate section so there are a lot of past paper questions on this particular debate. Now they are combined and you would be asked a mixture of questions from across different debates. Print off the copy of this document without the answers and use this to mark them and give yourselves targets for improvement. Specimen Paper Outline what is meant by hypothesis testing and explain the role of hypothesis testing in scientific research. (4 marks) [AO3 = 4] Up to 2 marks for definition/outline of what is meant by hypothesis testing, eg a hypothesis is a testable, predictive statement/proposition specifying the relationships between events or variables. Two further marks for explanation of the role of hypothesis testing in research, eg theories need to be tested by empirical studies, hypothesis testing allows researchers to refute or support a theory, the degree of support determines confidence in a theory. Credit references to the null hypothesis and falsification of a theory 0 8 Explain what is meant by the nature-nurture debate in psychology. (4 marks) [AOl = 2, AO2 = 2] AOl One mark for outlining the term nature;...
Words: 5995 - Pages: 24
