...society as a whole, and that each member of society contributes equally. Theorists involved with the functionalist perspective are Emile Durkheim, Talcott Parsons, and Robert Merton. Durkheim was a major theorist involved in the observation of “anomie”, a state where norms are unclear, confused or not present. In the conflict perspective, society is viewed as a struggle. The theorists involved are Karl Marx, W.E.B Dubois and Ida Wells-Barnett. Karl Marx concluded that the power struggle between social classes was inevitable, in the Marxist View. Lastly, the interactionist perspective focuses on everyday social interactions and explains society as a whole. The theorists involved in the interactionist perspective are George Herbert Mead, Charles Horton Cooley and Erving Goffman. With all three of these sociological perspectives, there are both similarities and differences. The functionalist perspective and the conflict perspective are similar in that they both focus on the relationships and behaviors amongst themselves. They both explain how the effects that society has on people and how people affect the society. Both the functionalist perspective and conflict perspective have a macro level analysis, meaning that they focus on large-scale phenomenon or entire civilizations. The differences between the functionalist and conflict perspectives are that the functionalist emphasizes stable and well-integrated societies, whereas the conflict perspective emphasizes tension and struggles...
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...Terra Runyan Walmart pulls 'Naughty Leopard' Halloween costume made for TODDLERS after complaints from outraged parents (September 26, 2013) http://www.dailymail.co.uk/news/article-2432913/Walmart-pulls-Naughty-Leopard-Halloween-costume-TODDLERS-complaints-outraged-parents.html#ixzz2iht9tRma Naughty: behaving badly, guilty of disobedience or misbehavior. (http://www.merriam-webster.com/dictionary/naughty) A word that used to mean “misbehaving” has now been sexualized. How has a word that once meant to behave badly, turned sexual? What does this mean for people now? In this paper I will use symbolic interactionism to explain the article. In the “…Naughty Leopard…” article it describes how the toddler costume is stirring up controversy within the parenting community. The word “naughty” has been put on a package next to a toddler girl, wearing a black dress with leopard trim, and leopard ears. Parents believe that by using the term “naughty” Walmart is trying to “sexualize” our children. The costume has been pulled from the shelves, and a spokesman for Walmart has apologized and said “It was never our intention to offend anyone and we apologize to any customers who may have been offended by the name of our costume”. Let’s look back at the history of the term. The word “naughty” during the 16th century meant "unhealthy, unpleasant, bad (with respect to weather), vicious (of an animal), inferior, or bad in quality". In the early days in Middle England, the word “naughti”...
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...Symbolic Interactionism Theory and Social media identity construction One of the major frameworks of sociological theories is the symbolic interactionism theory, which is the perspective of self and society. This here theory was founded by American sociologist George Meads (1934) and later succeeded by Charles H. Cooley (1902). According to George Mead, our identities are established through Interaction. Interaction influences our personalities, meaning we are who we are based on social interaction. One of Meads view of the world concept of this theory is objects, where it then creates a common language and how we will value it. Herbert Blumer, one of Meads students, helped shape this theory based on meaning and action. The theory states that we find meaning in a given situation based on reflecting upon our own actions through the eyes of others. It is the concept of how people interact with another and how we behave in the process of interaction. Symbolic interactionists are created by social process which is developed and re defined by society and how it changes. It changes with culture and what is valued. So, just as culture slowly changes through time, so do individuals through interaction. Our point of view depends on interactions and the environment which comes along with it. Symbols come as social object which include shared meaning and is either changed or maintained. To sum up the meaning, symbols are what constructs reality and to achieve a symbol is through object-meaning-language...
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...GENSOC CUSTOMS - values, beliefs, behavior and material objects that constitute a people’s way of life. VALUES - defined culturally as standards by which people assess desirability, goodness, and beauty. - also include truth, honesty, and justice. TRUTH - commands in us an inner commitment that in turn translates itself into our daily speech and action. FOURFOLD TEST OF ROBIN WILLIAMS: extensiveness, duration, intensity, and prestige of its carrier. EXTENSIVENESS – the extent to which the value is recognized by a representative number of people within the society. DURATION – when the value has been shared and practiced in common for some time. INTENSITY – is if the value involves the emotions and is taken seriously and sought after by many. PRESTIGE OF ITS CARRIER – refers to when the value provides ready-made means for judging the social worth of persons or groups who share or practice it. FILIPINOS ARE COSMOPOLITAN – both oriental and occidental COGNITIVE – something that one’s values should be chosen freely from alternatives after careful thought. AFFECTIVE – a person’s choice is prized and cherished, and the person publicly affirms it. BEHAVIORAL – if one values something, he or she shows this in his or her actions, acts positively about it, and does it habitually. FOUR BASIC FILIPINO VALUES: 1. Emotional closeness and security in a family, 2. Approval from authority and of society, 3. Economic and social betterment, 4. Patience, endurance and suffering. VALUES...
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...FACULTY OF EDUCATION AND SOCIAL SCIENCES UNIVERSITI SELANGOR BACHELOR OF EDUCATION (HONS) TESL CPS 2313 EDUCATION SOCIOLOGY ASSIGNMENT: THEORIES AND RESEARCH IN EDUCATION SOCIOLOGY PREPARED BY: MOHAMAD AZHAARI SHAH BIN SULAIMAN 4123003611 IZZAT WAZZIR IMAN BIN 4123000401 PREPARED FOR: TUAN HAJI BAGHAWI SARBINI 2.1 Definition of Educational Sociology Emile Durkheim (1858-1917) who is regarded as the ‘father’ of sociology of education clearly defines sociology of education as “a systematic study sociological perspective”. This definition of sociology of education is suitable because it speaks much of what goes on in education system. It clearly states that it is important to know sociology before knowing what sociology of education is. This is because sociology is related sociology of education. The statement “sociological perspective” stresses the social context in which people live such as society. Society is a group of people who share a certain culture and a territory. Perspective is a view of the world and it is referred to as a sociological preservative or sociological imagination. Durkheim’s statement helps us to understand that sociological perspective opens a window to another world or unfamiliar world. As we look at other world or our own, sociological imagination casts another form of light on us. This in return enables us to gain a new vision of social life. In other words it helps us to find out why people do what they do like...
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...Chapter 1: Understanding Sociology Multiple Choice 1. Which of the following was the main concern of Kelsey Timmerman in his book Where Am I Wearing? A. why people wear different styles in different locales B. differences in fashion across cultures C. the people who make our clothing D. pirating in the fashion industry Answer: C Type: I 2. The scientific study of social behavior and human groups is known as A. psychology. B. political science. C. anthropology. D. sociology. Answer: D Type: D 3. Sociology A. is the scientific study of social behavior and human groups. B. focuses primarily on how social relationships influence people’s behavior. C. focuses on how societies develop and change. D. all of these Answer: D Type: D 4. The awareness that allows people to comprehend the link between their immediate, personal social settings and the remote, impersonal social world is called A. the sociological imagination. B. anthropology. C. a theory. D. verstehen. Answer: A Type: D 5. ____________ is most closely associated with the concept of the sociological imagination. A. Émile Durkheim B. Max Weber C. Karl Marx D. C. Wright Mills Answer: D Type: S 6. A key element in the sociological imagination is the ability to view one’s own society ...
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...Deviant Behavior Social disorganization BIBLIOGRAPHY Both “deviant behavior” and “social disorganization” have been variously defined, but there have been few efforts to distinguish between the two concepts. In fact, it has been suggested that they are not different, that along with “social problems*’ and the somewhat outmoded “social pathology,” they signify only a potpourri of conditions that are considered undesirable from the standpoint of the observer’s values, conditions that vary at different times and with different observers. According to this view, these terms have no scientific value and no legitimate status as sociological concepts. Such nihilism and counsel of despair are not justified. True, there is no consensus on the meaning of these terms, and they are, indeed, burdened with value connotations. However, they point to a number of distinctions that sociology must take into account. Concept of deviance. Turning first to the concept of deviant behavior, we must distinguish among the several definitions of the term, which are discussed below. Behavior that violates norms. Deviant behavior is behavior that violates the normative rules, understandings, or expectations of social systems. This is the most common usage of the term and the sense in which it will be used here. Crime is the prototype of deviance in this sense, and theory and research in deviant behavior have been concerned overwhelmingly with crime. However, normative rules are inherent in...
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...Introduction Throughout my life I have experienced many trials and tribulations, traveled to many states and countries, met great friends from all over and have been blessed to have a great family behind me. When my family decided to move to North Carolina following my eighth grade year, my life was soon to change. I was going to be immersed into a new southern culture which was completely unfamiliar but exciting to say the least. The thought of playing golf in the south, meeting new friends, and seeing what was forthcoming in fast approaching years was great. When I started school in Kinston, North Carolina in the fall of 2002 I began getting to know my classmates, the faculty and most importantly this new southern society I was immersed in. As the weeks and months went by there was something that caught my eye. It was evident at this extremely private prep school the norms and values everyone held dearest. The idea of going to college, being a “success” in life, getting married and eventually having kids was how we were structured. That was “normal.” When I started to notice how the “popular kids” treated the ones who weren’t as good looking or “got the girls” so to speak, I began to realize many things about our structured society. I began noticing what this alienation like behavior did to my fellow classmates both on the socialized level as well as their own self perception. It made them quiet, not in the “click”, lonely, and I assume ashamed about who they were...
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...Reviewer for Social Science 1 A. Introduction Behavior * manner of conducting one’s self * action and response to stimulation * response to the environment Behavioral Sciences * deals with human action and seeks to generalize human behavior in society Psychology * Science of mind and behavior * Behavior and mental process are interwoven Sociology * Science of the society, social institutions and social relationships * Study of human society and social interaction Anthropology * Study of human beings and their ancestors through time and space and in relation to physical character, society and culture. * Cultural anthropologist [culture] * Linguistic anthropologist [language] * Archeologist [material artifacts] * Biological anthropologist [origin and evolution] Science * System of knowledge covering general truths [scientific method] Scientific Method * Procedure for the systematic pursuit of knowledge Social Research * Done to gain a body of information which helps us understand behavior and society Quantitative Research * Numeric data and precise statistical analysis Qualitative Research * Nonnumeric information is used to describe * Done as they happen Experiments * Research situation designed to elicit some sort of behavior Field Research * Observe events as they occur * Non-participant observation [without interaction] * Participant observation [with interaction] Surveys ...
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...Glossary of Sociological Terms |11-Plus Exam |Examination introduced with the 1944 Education Act, sat by all pupils in the state sector| | |at the age of 11. If they passed they went to the selective Grammar School, or if they | | |failed to the Secondary Modern School. This exam still exists in some counties such as | | |Kent and also in Northern Ireland. | |12-Plus Exam |Exam made available only to a minority of 'high-flyers' in Secondary Modern schools, | | |offering a late chance to go to Grammar School at the age of 12. | |'30-30-40 society' |A term associated with Will Hutton to describe an increasingly insecure and polarised | | |society. The bottom 30 per cent is socially excluded by poverty from the rest of society.| | |The next 30 per cent live in fear and insecurity of falling into poverty. Only the top 40| | |per cent feel secure and confident. ...
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...Understanding Society – SOSC 1850 Notes Lecture 1 Common Question Answers 1) Britain and US highest teenage pregnancy 2) 36% of US believe in Aliens 3) Suicides highest number of deaths 4) 60% of gun related were suicides 5) False not double stress of US that results in higher rates of suicide 6) Over 65 most suicides 7) Canada and Australia have highest kidnapping rates 8) Sweden highest rape rate 9) ¾ steal in office 10) False couples live tgt more satisfied 11) True, Womens brain are smaller 12) 11 women in legco 13) Plumber is a women 14) Margaret Thatcher did Chemistry for undergraduate Lecture 2 What is Sociology? - The big picture. * The group, culture, of organization, rather than the individual. Lots of people talk about society, but are they sociologists? No they are individualistic thinkers. They talk about individual people and cases instead of the group. Individualistic thinking at Universities: Professors award individual students with grades based on their ‘individual’ merits. What would the SOCIOLOGIST ask? Do some students have to work to earn money? Do some students have to spend time commuting to campus (no dorms!)? Do some students have family responsibilities.? Do some courses/majors have more generous grading procedures than others? Why are there more A students now than there were twenty years ago??? When and Why did sociological thinking begin? SOCRATES: “An unexamined life is not worth living...
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...Chapter 1 What is social psychology? LEARNING OUTCOMES When you have finished studying this chapter, you should be able to: 1 Outline the main differences between experimental and critical approaches to social psychology. 2 Describe the three main ‘metaphysical battles’ between them. 3 Trace the origins of social psychology through the work of William McDougall and William James, and the contributions made by Völkerpsychologie and crowd psychology. 4 Describe the two contrasting images of ‘the person’ in social psychology. 5 Identify the roots of and describe the historical development of both experimental and critical social psychology. 6 Describe the main elements of Modernism and Postmodernism, and how these relate to contemporary social psychology. 7 Explain how these two approaches are different, and why they cannot be integrated. Introduction On a March night in 1964, Kitty Genovese was attacked by a maniac as she came home from work at 3 A.M. Thirty-eight of her Kew Gardens neighbors came to their windows when she cried out in terror – but no one came to her assistance. Even though the attack, which resulted in her death, lasted more than half an hour, no one even so much as called the police. . . . The thirty-eight witnesses to Kitty 3 4 FOUNDATIONS AND PRINCIPLES Genovese’s murder did not merely look at the scene once and then ignore it. Instead they continued to stare out, fascinated, distressed, unwilling to act but unable...
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...Sociological perspectives Sociological perspectives is a perspective on human behaviour and its connection to society as a whole. It invites us to look for the connections between the behaviour of individual people and the structures of the society in which they live. The structures are functionalism, Marxism, Feminist, Interactionism, Collectivism, Postmodernism and New right. Functionalism Functionalism is a perspective created by Emile Durkheim. He believed society was made up of inter-connected institutions for an example education, family and government which depended on each other to function. Functionalists see society as being similar to the human body. In the same way the body relies on the heart to pump blood round to other vital organs like the lungs and brain. Functionalists see society as being constructed of different inter-dependent components like the family and education system. So in the same way the human body would fail if the heart stopped, functionalists’ argue society would stop working properly if the family stopped functioning properly. Functionalists say this would happen because the family is an institution in which primary socialisation occurs. Primary socialisation is where younger members of a family are taught societies norms, values, roles and beliefs, By having the same values which we all share, a value consensus is establish. Therefore we can see the family has a function in the social system. This perspective of society differed...
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...direction people experience during periods of extreme social change. -Max Weber's theory was that social behavior can only be understood when the meanings of the people's actions are known, it is necessary to understand the attitudes, feelings, and beliefs. He called this Verstehen, a German word for understanding. -Karl Marx focused on the struggle between social classes of people. Marx called owners of the means of production the bourgeoisie and the non-owners the proletariat. Marx believed that a social class was determined solely by economics. -W.E.B Dubois researched conflict theory as it pertained to racial prejudice in hopes of achieving justice for his race. He helped found the NAACP. -Charles Horton Cooley and George Herbert Mead studied the effects of symbols such as nods of the head, clinched fists, smiles, frowns, stares, etc., as individual behaviors that influence group behaviors. They also...
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...the relationships that create order in their respective worlds through controlled observation; and both are divided into many specialized fields. (5-7) 4. c Generalization is one of the goals of scientific inquiry. It involves going beyond individual cases by making statements that apply to broader groups or situations. (7) 5. b The Industrial Revolution, imperialism, and the development of the scientific method all contributed to the development of sociology. The fourth influence was the political revolutions in America and France — there was no political revolution in Britain at that time. (8-9) 6. d Positivism is the application of the scientific approach to the social world. (9) 7. d Of the four statements, the one that best reflects Herbert Spencer’s views on charity is “The poor are the weakest members of society and if society intervenes to help them, it is interrupting the natural process of social evolution.” While many contemporaries of Spencer’s were appalled by his views, the wealthy industrialists found them attractive. (10) 8. b The proletariat is the large group of workers who are exploited by the small group of capitalists who own the means of production, according to Karl Marx. (11) 9. a Durkheim believed that social factors, patterns of behavior that characterize a social group, explain many types of behavior, including suicide...
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