...Unlike Physicist Parents * At 33 was a Fellow at Montreal Neurological Institute * Absent Stimulation Causes Deterioration and Hallucinations * First Non-American to Win APA Distinguished Scientific Contribution Award * Had an Award for Canadian Scientists Named after Himself Donald Hebb decided at an early age he did not want to be a Physicist like his parents. He had other aspirations, he wanted to write and study. At the age of 33, Hebb received a position at the Montreal Neurological Institute as a research fellow (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The research Hebb conducted ultimately contributed greatly to the modern knowledge of the brain. He discovered, when there is an absence of stimulation the resulting product is the brain has more difficulty in its ability to problem solve and even to concentrate (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). The absence causes deterioration in the ability to do things quickly and efficiently, causing extreme difficulty. Hebb has even reported a few people who said they had experienced hallucinations from the absence of stimulation (Olson & Hergenhahn, 2009). Hebb’s research was extremely helpful in the studies of airplane pilots and of truck drivers. Many of these workers had reported having hallucinations while on the job. Hebb discovered the hallucinations were due to the fact they were not experiencing enough mental stimulation to keep their brains alert and active. From the age of 43 until he retired at the age of 68, Hebb...
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...development and social inequalities in a child’s life. These include biological, family and social factors, parenting factors, attachment, and the way non-maternal care is influenced. All of these are risk factors that are likely to have a bearing on the child’s social inequalities on their health. The biological factors include premature birth, low birth weight, and a serious medical illness. The significantly influence and infants growth. “Low birth weight, less than 2500 grams, has a prevalence of 6 percent in white middle-class U.S. women, and 15 percent in ethnic minority teenagers. These teenagers tend to be single mothers.” At the Infant Health and Development Project, they found that in a large amount of premature infants, that their IQ was less than 85 at three years of age. Race was the greatest factor in predicting outcome, that was followed by maternal education, and then medical complications. The infants of poorly educated African American mothers (90%) who had medical complications were severely compromised, while only nine percent of white infants with well-educated parents fell into this category,...
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...Child Development Sethileen Nutter-Shaw ECE 332 Allyson Randall August 2012 Infants and toddlers develop at a phenomenal rate between birth and the age two; they begin as helpless beings and proceed to develop into running, screaming, investigators of the world around them. Utilizing appropriate activities, parents and caregivers can enhance a child's cognitive, motor, social, emotional, and language development along the way. Enriching a child's environment through interaction, guidance, and encouragement is crucial for the infant to realize the most growth through each stage of development. When working with children, it is best to use developmentally appropriate practices (DAP), because this brings the activity into the realm of the where the child is able to work and receive the most benefit of learning for their effort. There may be little purpose in trying to train children to enhance motor skills before they are ready. Once they are ready, however, teaching and practice make a difference (Rathus 01/2010). An infant needs to be given ample time to practice his gross motor skills in order to gain control of his body. Supporting a new baby's head while they learn to control their neck is important so that they don't receive injuries to their neck or head. Once they have gained control of their neck, they need time to practice lifting their head, this can be accomplished by allowing them 'tummy time,' where they are placed...
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...Among the many decisions every expecting mother must make, how we choose to feed our new little newborn is one of the most important. If you choose to breastfeed your baby, it is proven that breast milk contains important nutrients and antibodies that help baby’s immune system, gain weight, mental development and fight early infections ( Grosvenor,2015). Breastfeeding also enhances mother child bonding. Each mother should carefully consider both options, and make an informed decision on what is best for her and her baby, and not feel guilty if you don’t. Breastfeeding has health advantages to infants. Mothers’ breast milk contains nutrition that can only be passed to babies through breastfeeding. Evidently, breastfed babies are healthier babies...
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...infant’s emotions are a combination of both nature and preprogrammed biologically and that infant’s emotions are developed by both stimulation and conditioning. Even before birth, from ultrasounds babies can be seen smiling from inside their mother’s abdomen. It was basically considered a reflection of inner emotions, an infant is happy therefore it smiled (Ozono 2010). Emotions such as smile on the other hand can teach infant positive association attached to a smile that we adults can feel. Learning to smile and what is meant by a smile is a process, just like learning how to walk (Ainsworth 1999). Even though infants smiles, it may seem like they are happy. They probably are, but infants also learn the joy of smile by sharing it with someone else by mimicking their parents or strangers joy when they see an infant. Take for instance when a baby receives a toy as a gift from a parent. An infant would smile upon receiving a toy and would look at the parent with smile. With this anticipatory smile the child will keep smiling as long as the parents keep smiling because they are mimicking what the parents are doing. But if the parents makes a sad face while the baby makes an anticipatory smile, the baby will most likely do the same and make a sad face even though the baby received a toy. Infants are getting aware of their social world. They are learning from the environments around them the reason to smile and what that smile...
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...with becoming what we could will freely. The first two years are very important in a child development. In this study you will find the key concepts and theories of cognitive, social and emotional development in infancy. I am going to explain what are the specific behaviors and the signs of behavioral problem during infancy. This study will tell you what are the most common emotions of infants and what can causes it. Also, it will introduce you to psychoanalytical theories of a child development by Sigmund Freud and Erik Erikson and the differences between it. What is more, I will explain what attachment is and the importance of it, also, explain Bowlby’s attachment theory and how attachment develops during the first two years. I will explain why social workers need to know child development theories and why they may come in contact with the infant and his or her family. Infancy Infancy ( from birth to 2 years ) Infancy is the period of human development from birth to around 18 – 24 months. The period of infancy is loosely defined and depends on social convention. Infants depend on more mature caregivers to meet all their...
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...Berk (2013, p.127) Infants “from the outset, display many complex abilities” – (X 3 Major Areas) 1. EARLY LEARNING 3. PERCEPTUAL CAPACITIES 2. MOTOR SKILLS REFLEXES * Inborn, automatic response form of stimulation. * Neonate’s 1st form of organized patterns of behavior. * Survival value * Foundation for motor skills * Establishment of interaction of parent and child | Cephalocaudal Trend Motor control of the head comes before the arms and the trunk.Proximodistal Trend PMotor control of the head, trunk and arm is more advanced than co-ordination of hands and fingers. | TASTE AND SMELL * Newborns show preference to sweeter tastes and smells.st before being * Will know his caregiver through his/her smell first before being able to identify facial features. | STEATES OF ARROUSAL * Most of baby’s time spent sleeping * Sleep, consists of REM & NREM * REM essential for stimulation of central nervous system. * REM ensures oxygenation of eye | Dynamic Systems Theory – Each new skill is a joint product of the development of * Central nervous system development * Any movement possibilities of the body. * The desired goal/action of the child * Environmental supports for the skill. | Vision * Least mature of baby’s other senses. ...
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...development of infants and young children beginning at the moment they are born. Their height, weight and “head circumference that can tell if the brain is growing.(Berger 2011, p. 23),” could be affected by neglect of proper care and making doctor appointments regularly to be aware if there are problems in the growth of the child. Proper nutrition and sleep is important for their bodies and bodies. According to Berger (2011), A lack of either can affect the “brain maturation, learning, emotional regulation, and academic success (p. 125).”. Infants must sleep as much as possible and will gradually decrease as they get older. Doctor visits can catch any abnormalities that can occur because of the lack of food or sleep. A child’s brain is like a sponge and all stages of the childhood they are learning from their environment. During infancy the love that is shown to a child by holding, caressing, touching is giving them a positive response in the future but neglect can engage negative responses that can from difficulties in the future such as, social interaction and learning disabilities. Berger (2011) indicates that there could be “lifelong damage (p. 132).” Stimulation is very important in the brain growth of an infant and early childhood. Too much stimulation that is not age appropriate is not beneficial and it depends on the age of the child, what type of toys and other learning tools are to be introduced to them. This is why age limits are put on toys. Giving an infant a toy...
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...After reading this chapter, the basic reflexes present at birth are rooting, tendency to turn head toward things that touch its cheek, related to function of food intake; Sleeping, movement of legs when held upright with feet touching floor; prepares for independent locomotion; Swimming, tendency to paddle and kick when lying face down in water; related to function of avoiding danger; Moro, arms of infant thrust outward and then appear to grasp something; similar to primates’ protection from falling; Babinski, fans out toes in response to stroke on outside of foot; function unknown; Startle, in response to noise, fling out arms, arch back and spread fingers; protection is the function; Eye-blink, with exposure to light, rapidly open and shut eyes; function is to protect eye from exposure; Sucking, tendency to suck when lips are touched; related to function of food intake; Gag, reaction to clear the throat; related to function of prevention of choking. And the developmental milestones in motor development are: gross motor is rolling over, grasping a rattle, sitting without support, standing while holding on, grasping with thumb and forefinger, standing alone well, walking well, building tower of two cubes, walking up steps, jumping in place; fine motor opens hand prominently, grasps rattle, grasps thumb and finger, holds crayon adaptively, builds tower of two cubes, places pegs in a board, imitates strokes on a paper, copies circle. While there is a consistency to the timing of...
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...which help then to survive as newborns and also help healthcare providers to examine normal brain and nerve activity in neonates (Swaiman & Phillips, 2017). Some reflexes occur only during specific period of time in the development of the infant. Some of the reflexes observed in the newborns include, Rooting, Sucking, Grasping, Stepping, Moro, Babkin, Swimming, Tonic neck, and Babinski (Wright, 2016). Rooting reflex occurs with check stimulation and in response the neonate turns the head toward the stimulation site; this reflex becomes inactive at 4 months. Sucking reflex begins at 32 weeks of pregnancy and is not completely developed until 36 weeks of pregnancy. This reflex is activated with mouth stimulation and in response, the newborn begins sucking, it also becomes dormant at 4 months. Grasping reflex is present until 4 months and it is stimulated by touching the palm of the newborn which will close the fingers in a grasp. Stepping reflex is only active until 2 months; it is stimulated by holding the newborn upright making the neonate stepping in motion. The Moro reflex is when the newborn extends arms and legs outward and it is stimulated by loud noise or movement; this reflex lasts until the...
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...| Child Development Observation (Infant) | Introduction to Early Child Development | Instructor: Kathrine Palichuk | Dawn Freeman | 9/1/2014 | [Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document. Type the abstract of the document here. The abstract is typically a short summary of the contents of the document.] | Each child will go through the same developmental process, varying in time and order. During prenatal development the fetus is dependent on the mother to provide the child with a healthy environment to help promote the proper physical development of the unborn child. Healthy development of a child begins at conception. As the fetus grows and develops senses, organs, and brain function, the mother’s lifestyle controls the quality of development in all of the important areas. (Groark, McCarthy, & Afton, 2014) Physical and motor development The infant’s head is heavier than the rest of their body and they are unable to have any control over its movement; of course the does not mean the head does not move but that the movement is only a reflex. The infant at this stage in development has natural reflexes: Moro or startle reflex, which is the sudden extension of arms and legs, head, jerks back and newborn may often gasp in air and cry out. This reflex is often seen when child is surprised by a loud sound or sudden movement. (Groark, McCarthy, & Afton, 2014) Rooting reflex is the...
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...violations * Children are allowed to take naps * There is primary care * They focus on primary care * The caregiver did respond promptly. Baby begins kicking and making face like about to cry and caregiver responds immediately. Once baby is calm caregiver talk to baby in a calm tone. * The caregiver did acknowledge and was consistently interested in social interaction. The child was playing and caregiver played together. * When infant was calm the caregiver was attentive and began interacting with infant. Infant smiled and engaged with caregiver. * Caregiver made sure child was involved in his own activity before she disengaged. * Caregiver was with her group and once she noticed that there was a sharing problem she right away addressed it and to prevent the issue from escalating. * Caregiver did intervene at appropriate times for the most part. There was one time when she was focusing on a specific child when there were 2 other children not agreeing. * The caregiver gave them proper stimulation, did not over stimulate. The children were all being playful. * Caregiver made sure the child was engaged in its own activity and did not interrupt. * When the caregiver needed to change a diaper, she would let the child know that it was time to change their diaper. She was gentle and child obliged. * The caregiver when she wanted to steer the child from doing something she would distract them with a toy or something to explore with...
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...the persistence of disparities in infant and maternal health among the different racial and ethnic groups. Now a day a major concern which is affecting communities on overall pertaining to childbirth is preterm births in the United States of America. In fact, preterm births and low birth weight have negative consequences not only for the infants and their families but also on the society. Actual delivery before 37 weeks of gestation is the primary concern and low birth weights have a major impact on the functional domains, such as cerebral palsy, chronic lung disease, and hyperactivity disorder (Brooks-Gunn J., McCarton C. M., Casey P. H., McCormick M. C., Bauer C. R., Bernbaum J. C., Tonascia J. (1994). Babies who weigh 5.5 pounds (2500grams) or less at birth are low babies with low birth weight. Babies weighing 3.3 pounds (1500 grams) or less are Very low birth weight babies. There is a significant medical and social cost for low birth weight infants and preterm births. Low birth weight is a major predictor of infant mortality. Ethnic and cultural group’s disparities related to low birth weight infant and preterm infant are significantly disproportionate, affecting minority Americans. Although infant morbidity cannot be directly linked with low birth weight but it is a frequently used as a marker for poor health at birth because it amounts for the leading risk factor for infant morbidity and for subsequent mortality among the surviving infants. The extent of which ethnic and...
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...“Alcohol enters the fetal bloodstream in approximately the same concentrations present in the mother’s blood.” I’ve read that the child could one day become addicted to alcohol because of the mother introducing it to the child as a fetus. I’ve also learned that “1 in 800 infants are affected by Fetal Alcohol Syndrome” , (FAS) . “FAS can cause birth defects and mental retardation. It can cause “ (Placeholder1)head and lifelong brain abnormalities ”. Another harmful substance that would be considered a teratogen is nicotine. Smoking during pregnancy I s hazardous! It has been linked to some 115,000 miscarriages and 5,600 infant deaths a year as well as to atopic pregnancy. I’ve learned the babies born by mothers who smoke cigarettes aren’t as healthy, they don’t receive as much nutrients, less blood oxygen, and could be born under weight. Also I believe that smoking moms are more likely to suffer from apnea (breathing lapses) and are twice as likely to die of SIDS (sudden infant death syndrome). Also there was a study that showed children of smokers tended to be more prone to respiratory disease. Last, I read about the Competent newborn. I’ve learned about “newborn abilities and how researchers explore infant mental abilities.” Newborns are born with a natural instinct (survival instinct). Which allows them to react intelligently in situations and intern beneficially towards their health (more specifically...
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...Identifying factors that influence critical periods Bombarded with sensory information, the developing brain works to sort relevant from irrelevant details as it begins to make sense of the world. It does so by forming new connections (or strengthening existing ones) between some cells and pruning the connections between others — a process termed synaptic plasticity. Increased plasticity is a hallmark of critical periods. As the brain ages, however, it becomes less “plastic,” or easily modifiable, marking the closure of critical periods. While this decrease in plasticity is a key step toward the maturation of communication networks in the nervous system, researchers realized it might be possible to reopen critical period windows to improve sensory development in people who experienced early sensory deprivation. http://main.zerotothree.org/site/PageServer?pagename=ter_key_brainFAQ The human brain begins forming very early in prenatal life (just three weeks after conception), but in many ways, brain development is a lifelong project. That is because the same events that shape the brain during development are also responsible for storing information—new skills and memories—throughout life. The major difference between brain development in a child versus learning an adult is a matter of degree: the brain is far more impressionable (neuroscientists use the term plastic) in early life than in maturity. This plasticity has both a positive and a negative side. On the positive...
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