...Diaeddine Elturk Executive Summary: This paper cites the work of numerous notable authorities in the business world and their work on the importance, power and effectiveness of teams in leading the organizations and people towards the targeted success. The growing understanding of the business world of the interdependencies between functions that create performance in organizations and the indispensability of collaborative efforts continue to gain recognition and lead the precipitation of this understanding in the heart of organizational cultures. Advocates of team work argue that the organization needs to be built as a team to succeed. Drucker, Katzenbach, Buchanan, Andrews, Payne and Visart are only few of the notable writers on the validity of team work that are referenced to in this paper. Hot group, Task Force, or self-managing team, regardless of the naming or formation, any group who establishes common vision and orchestrate the respective roles and actions of its members stands a better chance to achieve the targeted outcomes. The paper touches upon the five main characteristics of a team, and the three major categories they may fall under. The paper also highlights the strengths and benefits of team while warning on some weaknesses that should be observed and avoided. Diversity of cultures, knowledge, personalities within a proper team dynamics lead to creative and effective ways to overcome challenges faced by organizations. The paper briefly describes the dynamics of the...
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...------------------------------------------------- REsearch Paper By: Asad Rafique July 31, 2014 Professor Russell History 121 July 31, 2014 Professor Russell History 121 Causes Of Civil War Generally, texts have showed that inconsistency between northern and southern financial prudence initiated the Civil War. The industrial revolt in the North, throughout the first few years of the 19th century, resulted into Machine age economy that depend on wage manual worker, not slaves. At the same time, the Southern states continuously to depend on slaves for their agricultural economy and cotton manufacture. South made enormous revenues from cotton, slaves and struggled to sustain them. Northside did not require slaves to maintain their economy so they fought to free abolish slavery as whole from United States. History shows us the agricultural economy was indeed one cause of civil war, but it certainly wasn’t the only cause. Wars are complicated and there causes are not simple understandable. In this research paper we will discuss causes what started the Civil War. A war that separated the nations, ruined harvests, towns, and railroad lines. Many issues embarked the nation into disorder in 1861. Key administrative foundations contain the slow collapse of the Whig Party, the establishment of the Democrat Party and, the 1860’s voting of Abraham Lincoln as president. Religious disagreement to slavery also increased, braced by ministers and protestors such as “William Lloyd Garrison”. Ecological...
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...I am doing my research paper on Jay Gatsby from The Great Gatsby, and the archetype I have chosen is American Dreamer. An American Dreamer is someone who sees the American Dream as an obtainable goal and vigorously pursues it. Jay Gatsby qualifies for the archetype American Dreamer because in his journey to wealth and prosperity he is reunited with a lost love from five years previous, her name is Daisy Buchanan. I am doing my research paper on Jay Gatsby because I have wanted to read this book for some time and I figured who better to do than the main character of the book. F. Scott Fitzgerald created many interesting characters in his novel The Great Gatsby. Jay Gatsby, The main character from The Great Gatsby fits the archetype of the American...
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...territory in The United States and the District of Columbia has at least one land-grant institution (Lee and Keys, 2013). Three important components shaped the structure of the land grant institutions, and these components are: teaching, research, and extension. A series of acts passed by the United States Congress led to born these three components. The three Acts are: Morrill Acts of 1862 and 1890 for teaching, Hatch Act of 1887 for experimental stations, and Smith-Lever Act of 1914 for extension (Sherwood, 2004). In this short paper, I will describe the three important acts that led to create the...
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... | |Product/Cost Relationships | | | | | | | |by | |Troy Buchanan | | | | | 11/5/2007 Origin Activity Based Costing, or ABC for short, has been in use since the early 20th century. As the manufacturing industry became more complex, managers needed a way to keep a closer watch on manufacturing costs within the company. This in turn allowed them to more appropriately...
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...discussion Papers Discussion Paper 2007-3 March 1, 2007 Transaction Cost Economics: An Introduction Oliver E. Williamson University of California, Berkeley Abstract: This overview of transaction cost economics is organized around the “Carnegie Triple” – be disciplined; be interdisciplinary; have an active mind. The first of these urges those who would open up the black box of economic organization to do so in a modest, slow, molecular, definitive way, with the object of deriving refutable implications and submitting these to empirical testing. The second recommends that the student of economic organization be prepared to cross disciplinary boundaries if and as this is needed to preserve veridical contact with the phenomena. The injunction have an active mind is implemented by being curious and asking the question “What is going on here?” The paper concludes with a discussion of operationalization. JEL: D2, D73, D86, L2 www.economics-ejournal.org/economics/discussionpapers © Author(s) 2007. This work is licensed under a Creative Commons License - Attribution-NonCommercial 2.0 Germany Transaction Cost Economics: An Introduction Oliver E. Williamson This overview of transaction cost economics differs from prior overviews to which I have contributed in two respects: it presumes little previous knowledge of the transaction cost economics (hereafter TCE) literature; and it is organized around the “Carnegie Triple” – be disciplined; be interdisciplinary; have an active...
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...nonfiction writing. In my nearly 30 years at universities, I have seen a lot of very talented people fail because they couldn't, or didn't, write. And some much less talented people (I see one in the mirror every morning) have done OK because they learned how to write. It starts in graduate school. There is a real transformation, approaching an inversion, as people switch from taking courses to writing. Many of the graduate students who were stars in the classroom during the first two years—the people everyone admired and looked up to—suddenly aren't so stellar anymore. And a few of the marginal students—the ones who didn't care that much about pleasing the professors by reading every page of every assignment—are suddenly sending their own papers off to journals, getting published, and transforming themselves into professional scholars. The difference is not complicated. It's writing. Rachel Toor and other writers on these pages have talked about how hard it is to write well, and of course that's true. Fortunately, the standards of writing in most disciplines are so low that you don't need to write well. What I have tried to produce below are 10 tips on scholarly nonfiction writing that might help people write less badly. 1. Writing is an exercise. You get better and faster with practice. If you were going to run a marathon a year from now, would you wait for months and then run 26 miles cold? No, you would build up slowly, running most days. You might start on the flats and work...
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...active, constructive and goal oriented process (Shuell, 1986). Basically, learning is no longer based on studying or obtaining knowledge from a certain source alone but can be achieved through performing tasks or activities and learning from past experiences as well. Thus, the more suitable style of learning is none other than cognitive learning in which Boud (1998) described that it emphasizes on the internal attributes of the mind while furnishing views based on the form of knowledge needed for working performance and their development. The purpose of this paper is to determine the advantages and the shortcomings of the cognitive style of learning in the workplace which has evolved over the years. In addition to that, this paper will also briefly describe the behavioural orientation to learning as it acts as the other style of learning within the workplace when cognitive learning does not see fit. At the end of this paper, the outcome will be referring to whether cognitive learning orientation is appropriate and should be undertaken in the workplace to improve employee learning, performance and development. Advantages of Cognitive Learning Glaser (1984) defined cognitive learning as how learners in workplace secure solution by constructing spaces with the representation of the problem. In other words, cognitive learning integrates new learning to what is already known, along with the affordances the new learning represents. According to Steinberg (1989), cognitive perspective...
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...How it came To Be That Too Many Cooks Spoil the Broth: A Study into the Problems of Ill-Defined Property Rights “Resources are limited, whereas Human wants are unlimited. Economics is the study of how people utilize these goods as to get the highest level of satisfaction.” These are few of the very first words of wisdom every novel economist has to learn. Further on in his pursue of knowledge he is explained; In organizations conflict often revolves around common resources as they are critical for influence, power, performance and even organizational survival. A commons is a shared resource for which access to users is not restricted, and use of the resource subtracts from the other users’ benefit. As first introduced by Hardin in 1968 in his work “The tragedies of the commons”; the very existence of common resources surfaces a very different kind of a problem. When many people have the privilege to use a commons resource and no one user has the right to exclude another, not only is conflict likely, but tragedies of resource inefficiency and exhaustion emerge. Considering that a primary goal of any organization is to use resources effectively and efficiently to achieve its goals, conflict involving commons resources can pose a significant threat to an organization’s performance. To resolve (and even avoid) the tragedy of the commons, a pleura of solutions have been proposed by leading economists. One popular solution suggested by the property rights, territoriality, and social...
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...software package.[i][1] Webopedia provides a generalized definition of ERP as “a business management system that integrates all facets of the business, including planning, manufacturing, sales, and marketing.”[ii][2][iii] Some of the more well-known ERP software developers include SAP, Oracle, and PeopleSoft. This paper will look at both successful and unsuccessful ERP implementations and what contributed to their success or failure. Many lessons have been learned by failed ERP projects, as evidenced by the volume of information available. Many of the failures occurred in 1999, in an attempt to manage Y2K issues, which may suggest that the companies had pressing needs which forced the implementation. Apparently, late adopters are benefiting from the mistakes of their predecessors since the most current research describes successful implementations. What constitutes an ERP implementation failure? There are degrees of failure with ERP projects. The most obvious failure is never actually implementing the ERP system. But a project can be considered failed if the new system is not fully utilized.[iv][3] According to a survey conducted by Forrester Research in April 2001, only six percent of 500 companies surveyed considered their ERP systems...
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...ability to understand failure and the motivation to move onward. Meta-cognitive awareness and personal strategies can play a role in developing an individual’s ability to persevere through failure, and combat other diluting influences. Awareness and reflective technologies can be instrumental in developing a meta-cognitive ability to make conscious and unconscious decisions about engagement that will ultimately enhance learning, expertise, creativity, and self-actualization. This paper will review diverse perspectives from psychology, engineering, education, and computer science to present opportunities to enhance creativity, motivation, and self-actualization in learning systems. r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd. Keywords: Creativity; Learning systems; Psychology; Failure; Motivation Education has the dual power to cultivate and to stifle creativity. Recognition of its complex tasks in this domain is one of the most fruitful intellectual achievements of modern psychopedagogical research. Edgar Faure (Learning to Be, Unesco, Paris 1972) ÃFax: 617 258 0290. E-mail address: win@media.mit.edu. 1071-5819/$ - see front matter r 2005 Published by Elsevier Ltd....
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...Discuss the concept of power and organizational politics using a situation you are familiar with, describe how power and politics have manifested itself. Introduction There is no accepted definition of politics and power but many scholars have attempted to define it and what is commonly among them is that, politics is ubiquitous in nature. Politics is indeed human, and one cannot separate politics from human activity. This means that whatever we do we are simply exercising the concept of politics whether in our organization, the economy, the family, the school, the media and finally in the political arena. Politics is to be found both vertically and horizontally in our society that is, from all the socio-economic and political angles of the society. This is universal in nature since it was captured in the works of a classical writer Aristotle, it is Aristotle that argues “man is not only a social animal but political in nature”. It is according to this statement that we engage in politics for the desired end to be achieved, “seek ye the political kingdom and shall be added unto it, for a man without politics there is no beatitude”. This line of thinking was also coined to Dr. Kwame Nkrumah the former president of Ghana. The aforesaid line of thinking signify that, we only engage on our organizational matters and other aspects of our life with a clear mind set of politics so that we can achieve the goals and the objectives that are a target to the relevant organization. The...
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...The Uses and Abuses of Agency Theory in Business Ethics The spectacular corporate scandals and bankruptcies of the past decade have served as a powerful reminder of the risks that are involved in the ownership of enterprise. Unlike other patrons of the firm, owners are residual claimants on its earnings.1 As a result, they have no explicit contract to protect their interests, but rely instead upon formal control of the decision-making apparatus of the firm in order to ensure that their interests are properly respected by managers. In a standard business corporation, it is the shareholders who stand in this relationship to the firm. Yet as the recent wave of corporate scandals has demonstrated once again, it can be extraordinarily difficult for shareholders to exercise effective control of management, or more generally, for the firm to achieve the appropriate alignment of interests between managers and owners. After all, it is shareholders who were the ones most hurt by the scandals at Enron, Tyco, Worldcom, Parmalat, Hollinger, and elsewhere. For every employee at Enron who lost a job, shareholders lost at least US$4 million.2 Furthermore, employees escaped with their human capital largely intact. Creditors and suppliers continue to pick over the bones of the corporation (which still exists, under Chapter 11 bankruptcy protection, and continues to liquidate assets in order to pay off its debts).3 But as far as shareholders are concerned, their investments have simply evaporated...
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...Chances Are The dicey history of risk 36 | The Meeting of Minds The power and perils of group decision making 38 | Thinking Machines The real intelligence behind AI 40 | The Romance of the Gut The appeal of leaders who just do it The introduction of that phrase changed how managers thought about what they did and spurred a new crispness of action and desire for conclusiveness, argues William Starbuck, professor in residence at the University of Oregon’s Charles H. Lundquist College of Business.“Policy making could go on and on endlessly, and there are always resources to be allocated,” he explains.“‘Decision’ implies the end of deliberation and the beginning of action.” So Barnard–and such later theorists as James March, Herbert Simon, and Henry Mintzberg– laid the foundation for the study of managerial decision making. But decision making within organizations is only one ripple in a stream of thought flowing back to a time when man, facing uncertainty, sought guidance from the stars. The questions of who makes decisions, and how, have shaped the world’s systems of government, justice, and social order.“Life is the sum of all your choices,” Albert Camus reminds us. History, by extrapolation, equals...
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...separation rates have increased markedly during the previous century. It is reported that more than 1 million children each year experience their parents’ separation. Divorce or separation is a critical event happening to about 54% of young families; however nobody really is prepared for the difficulties that follow. Parental separation has been reported in the literature as being associated with a wide range of adverse effects on children’s wellbeing, both as a short-term consequence of the transition and in the form of more enduring effects that persist into adulthood. Both parental marital status and the parent-adolescent relationship have been found to be related to adolescent well-being (Forehand, Middleton, & Long, 1987; Buchanan, Maccoby, & Dombusch 1991). There is a wide diversity of outcomes among both groups of children from divorced and intact families, and the adjustment of children following divorce depends on a wide range of other factors. Pryor and Rodgers (2001) show that the risk of poor social adjustment is twice as great for children whose parents are separated or divorced (Amato, 2000; Simons, Lin, Gordon, Conger, and Lorenz, 1999; Emery, 1999; Kelly, 2000; Hetherington and Kelly, 2002). Among other things, children from divorced families 2 PAGE UNIVERSITY OF SANTO TOMAS showed increased problems in social and close relationships (Hetherington 1997), were two to three times more likely to associate with antisocial peers (Amato...
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