...Modeling Culture in Trade: Uncertainty Avoidance* Gert Jan Hofstede Wageningen University gertjan.hofstede@wur.nl Catholijn M. Jonker Delft University of Technology c.m.jonker@tudelft.nl Tim Verwaart LEI Wageningen UR tim.verwaart@wur.nl Keywords: trade, culture, agents, uncertainty avoidance, negotiation Abstract A model is presented of the way that our cultural attitude towards the unknown influences the decisions we make in trade. Uncertainty avoidance is one of Hofstede’s five cultural dimensions. The paper presents a model of how this dimension affects trade. This influence has been explicated for the decisions regarding trade: partner selection, negotiation behavior, trust, and the interpretation of the trade partner’s behavior. It has been verified in simulations showing that the generic tendencies as attributed to uncertainty avoidance are reflected in the simulation results. Our approach is an example of instantiating generic knowledge on the influences of culture on decision-making in general. INTRODUCTION The international food economy is rapidly changing. Important issues are concentration and globalization, growing information intensity, consumer demands, and social responsibility [Kinsey 2001]. An important issue in current food trade research is the emergence and performance of international supply chain networks [Lazzarini et al. 2001]. Agent-based modeling extends the understanding of processes in society and economy. It enables simulation of the emergence...
Words: 6864 - Pages: 28
...|GCI-1074A FORFF (1-14) |Arizona Department of Economic Security | | | |Arizona Early Intervention Program (AzEIP) | | | | |DATE | | | |4/9/2016 | | |AzEIP AHCCCS Member Service Request | | |AzEIP SERVICE COORDINATOR’S NAME |PHONE NO. |EMAIL | |Noelle Franks |480-229-5280 |Noelle.ACT@gmail.com | |AzEIP TBEIS CONTRACTOR |PHONE NO. |EMAIL | |Arizona Cooperative Therapies |o-602-547-1111/ |n/a | | ...
Words: 777 - Pages: 4
...that it only works with high market share and this is not the only meter for success. Also there are many situations in business where the Dogs can out earn the Cash Cows. The BCG grid may provide a the basis for a business development strategy for large business but what about the small business? It is possible to have a high market share and not have increased profits, or have a low market share and still be profitable. BCG Analysis is a great stepping stone for market research and has great possibilities, but for today's companies it may need to be tweaked just a little. This business model is a pretty decent model and if used in the right situation it can help a business to increase and monitor its market share and growth. All business big or small should have some type of a business plan or model that they can base their business products on and by keeping an eye on the market and watching what consumers want they can increase their profit. A simple BCG Matrix diagram or template can be used to plan your Growth Market Share strategy and many samples can be found on the web. If you prefer you may use BCG Matrix software....
Words: 337 - Pages: 2
...Troy for one reason: Love. His beloved wife, Helen, had been taken away by Paris of Troy to be his wife. In an effort to save his wife, he traveled across dangerous land and oceans to Troy where the Greeks fought in a war for 10 years. If not for love, a 10 year war because of a single man’s desire would seem absolutely absurd. However, we all can sympathize with Menelaus because we would do the same for somebody we loved with all of our hearts. This truth-value has been a part of every culture and even shows up another time in The Iliad. Achilles, the great Achaean warrior, refuses to fight because of a petty disagreement with fellow Greek Agamemnon. The Greeks get pushed back to the coast without the help of Achilles in battle. Achilles wants to help, but his pride holds...
Words: 768 - Pages: 4
...Dfzdfadfadfadsfasdf At Axia Strategies our objective is clear: To identify the costs and inefficiencies in health insurance to which our clients require unique, immediate and effective solutions. Opportunities do exist to deliver the right medical care at the right cost. But as you know, it is not that simple, the best solutions are often buried in the detail. Axia brings clarity to the most complex issues facing health insurance executives. Axia does the research for you, supported with the analytics and logic that our industry experience provides. Our goal is to help you and your organization make the right decisions with best of class solutions. Axia Strategies applies its health insurance experience and industry knowledge while acting as an extension of your organization to design strategies uniquely tailored to your needs. Working in tandem with your staff, Axia will outline the value of each solution from multiple perspectives: cost, risk, access, administrative ease, clinical management and satisfaction. Expert People and Trusted Process * Axia offers a clearly defined, client-specific process targeted to the identification, selection, implementation and ongoing oversight of specialty solutions. * Each Axia partner excels in a health insurance specialty, instilling client confidence in the customized solution presented. * The Axia team possesses extensive industry experience and a detailed understanding of risk, cost models and program details specific...
Words: 262 - Pages: 2
...nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join the site and for that i need to upload something This is nothing I just want to join...
Words: 558 - Pages: 3
...Managing Organization and Leading People Task 1: ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS Assessment Code: C200/BIP Task1 Student Name: xxxx Student ID: xxxxx Date: October 30th 2014 Student Mentor Name: xxxx Task 1: ORGANIZATION AND LEADERSHIP ANALYSIS 0 Organization Overview 2 Organization Description 3 Leadership Practices 4 Relationship between Leadership and Organizational Culture 7 SWOT Analysis 8 Organizational Strength 8 Organizational Weaknesses 9 Organizational Opportunities 10 Organizational Threats 10 Leadership Evaluation 11 Leadership Strengths 11 Leadership Weaknesses 13 Recommendations for Leadership Development 14 Organization Overview Organizational overview provides a framework of the organization. It would ideally be a catalogue all necessary information that would help an external party to assess the organizational fit in a better way and understand whether he/she is in total sync with the organizational goals and the other beneficiaries. The organizational overview addresses the following: * The mission and the history * The stakeholders * The goals and the programs * The budget * The outcomes and the achievements * The sponsors or the funders. I have chosen Salesforce.com as the organization for my analysis and believe that the description provided would help in giving a better understanding of the organization for any third party considering a position with the organization. This...
Words: 284 - Pages: 2
...I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just want to join. I just...
Words: 351 - Pages: 2
...I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or not. I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or not. I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or not. I am just trying to join this site and take a look at what kinds of papers and information may be on the site. There is a minimum 250 word essay required to join. I am not presently uploading an actual paper but certainly may once I get on the site and look around and decide if I want to continue or...
Words: 253 - Pages: 2
...“I WANT YOU FOR THE U.S. ARMY!” Now, what would you do if someone were to ask you this? Or if you seen it out in town on a poster? Would you pay any attention to it or just walk on by? Most people would honestly just walk on by, unless, there was something in that particular poster that had caught their attention. Recruiting ads have changed over the years, but this one was popular. This particular recruiting advertisement was an effective argument because of their slogan, Uncle Sam, his stare, his point, and the use of America’s colors; red, white, and blue. I would say this particular recruiting image was for men or boys. Back then it were only the men or boys who could actually join the army. So, this poster excluded any women and girls because they were not allowed to join. The main targeted audience for this was for the younger men and boys, and for more than one reason. The younger they are, the more apt they are to be healthier. The army wants them to be younger because they can move more quickly and act upon things faster than someone who is older. They also want the men who don’t already have a family started because then they won’t have that worry while out in battle and can focus better on what they need to do. Where is the place where you see most advertisements for things? Out in town, right? This image was more than likely posted out in town on public buildings as well, that is where most of a town’s population goes for many different reasons. Having it out where...
Words: 812 - Pages: 4
...How Not to Get into College A student can relate to the problems Kohn identifies, since that is what a student goes through until college and when they start working in the workforce. Students go through extra curricular activities that they do not want to join, stress about their futures, and a letter grade or number that would take over their lives. Students go through living hell just to wake up one day and realize that their lives have waster away. Many students join extra curricular activities. Some join because they want to, while others do not. Students join clubs because it looks good on a college application or a resume. For example, “They were joining clubs without enthusiasm because they thought membership would look impressive” (Kohn, 7). Students can relate to this quotation because some join clubs they want to be a part of, while others join clubs that will look good on a college application. Some club’s students join that look good on an application are, Student Council, Zonta, Athletic Council or the Social Justice Club. Another reason a student can relate is, joining clubs that they do not want to be a part of tends to ruin their high school career. They do not enjoy it as much. Students should not join extra curricular activities that they do not like, students should participate in what they like. Students believe that the rollercoaster for grades will be over once they start college. They do not realize that it is a never ending cycle. For example,...
Words: 606 - Pages: 3
...willingness to participate" (Hazing Defined 1). Most hazing deaths occur because the act goes too far; the hazers get carried away. Their intention is to have a team building activity or make sure members are up to snuff (Facts.com 2). However, this is not what really happens. The acts often cross the line, and the victims do not complain because they want to join the group (Facts.com 2). Teens often want to outdo one another; each year, teens do something more dangerous than what happened to them while they were the victims (Bowers 1; Bushweller 3). Not only can these acts be dangerous, but they are also an "abuse of power and [a] violation of human dignity" (High School Hazing). If teens can be educated that this hurtful and inhumane act of bullying is forbidden in high school, then they will know that it is not acceptable in college, where hazing becomes the most dangerous. Although high school hazing starts out and seems harmless, it can quickly escalate to being harmful, dangerous, and illegal. However, in most cases, the victim will still take part because they want to join the group. Take for instance, Casey Culpepper. She wanted to join the volleyball team her first year in high school. All through the summer, the threat of the "initiation" haunted her. One day she and her friends were attacked by seniors after class and smeared with concoctions that included canned dog food, eggs, ketchup, mustard, horse manure and pet feces. They were then hosed off so hard that it hurt (Bowers...
Words: 1801 - Pages: 8
...Crips did not form until later. Many people question why young men and even kids join gangs, and there can be different answers to that question. However many people can agree that gangs and gang involvement is deviant act. The question now is what type of deviant organization are gangs, according to me, I believe that gangs are organized crime groups, or also a deviant family outlook. I believe that gangs are organized crime groups because gangs make up 48% of violent crimes (www.fbi.gov). Gangs take part in many different violent acts such as murder, theft, rape, kidnaping and etc… That is because gangs compete with other rival gangs, and when asked why they fight most gang members did not have a reason why. (Made in America Video). However they said if they kill one of us, than we go and kill three of them, it is that type of attitude that has led to 48% of violent crimes. (Made in America Video). Gangs to me are also organized crime groups because they participate in drug manufacturing, trade, and distribution which has to be carefully operated, without it being organized there would not be a profit made. Participating in all these different activities within the gang is what leads me to believe that they are an organized crime group. Another question that many people ask is, why do young men and kids join gangs? After reading “Why American Boys Join Gangs” the majority of kids that join gangs are low income minorities. According to Stanley Taylor, “―Ultimately, children...
Words: 1628 - Pages: 7
...Most hazing deaths occur because the act goes too far; the hazers get carried away. Their intention is to have a team building activity or make sure members are up to snuff (Facts.com 2). However, this is not what really happens. The acts often cross the line, and the victims do not complain because they want to join the group (Facts.com 2). Teens often want to outdo one another; each year, teens do something more dangerous then what happened to them while they were the victims (Bowers 1; Bushweller 3). Not only can these acts be dangerous, but they are also an “abuse of power and [a] violation of human dignity” (High School Hazing). If teens can be educated that this hurtful and inhumane act of bullying is forbidden in high school, then they will know that it is not acceptable in college, where hazing becomes the most dangerous. Although high school hazing starts out and seems harmless, it can quickly escalate to being harmful, dangerous, and illegal. Hazing can very quickly turn from a harmless prank into a dangerous situation. In most cases, the victim will still take part because they want to join the group. Take for instance, Casey Culpepper. She wanted to join the volleyball team her first year in high school. All through the summer, the threat of the "initiation" haunted her. One day she and her friends were attacked by seniors after class and smeared with concoctions that included canned dog food, eggs, ketchup, mustard, horse manure and pet...
Words: 2044 - Pages: 9
...deny that many teenagers do want to join fraternities, organizations or even gangs. These reasons why teenagers join gangs conclude that teenagers want to have a sense of belongingness that they cannot get from their homes or family. Teenagers may also join gangs because they want to have companionship and recognition. They probably don’t have someone to talk to when they are at home or in school that is why when they see an opportunity, they would probably join right away even a gang. And gangs do know how to persuade people especially teenagers to join them. They know how to speak encouraging words which even exhilarates a person’s interests in joining. Another reason why teenagers join gangs notices is that many teenagers nowadays wanted excitement with their lives. They think they can get it when they enter a gang. We cannot blame why teenagers want to join them because a gang member has a sense of love and acceptance. They feel loved by their “brothers” and they believe that their need for safety and protection is already answered by the group. This discusses why teenagers still has interests in joining even though they knew what kind of activities these groups are involved into. As said earlier, gang members often find a sense of belongingness or fulfillment with their personality that they cannot get in their homes. And as we know, during teenage years, a person would have difficulties dealing with its peers or friends because they don’t want to be coined as ‘nerd’ or ‘looser’...
Words: 703 - Pages: 3
