...Learning Saundra Moskoff Psych 550 October 29, 2012 Ming Zheng, Ph.D. Learning The acquirement of information resulting in openly discernable and reasonably stable behavioral changes defines how people acquire knowledge (Terry, 2009). People learn during every stage of life. Toddlers who burn their hands after unintentionally touching a hot stove learn they should not touch a hot stove. Because she wanted to look cute in a short skirt, despite the cold temperature, teenage girls learn they need to don more clothing in cold weather, and adults learn how their behavior, such as using profanity, offends others. Concept of learning The concept of learning remains a longstanding debate in psychology. Disciplines, such as the social, cognitive, and developmental psychologies offer several theories suggesting regarding what, when, why, and how people acquire knowledge. What According to University of Wisconsin Stevens Point (2005), learning involves four kinds of information attainment, transmission, acquisition, accretion, and emergence. Transmission refers to the conveying of information from one to another through display, direction, or instruction, such as traditional education. Acquisition involves research conducted by the learner, such as experiments and general curiosity. Accretion involves the steady achievement of knowledge, such as habits, language, culture, and civil behavior. Emergence refers to the formation of ideas rooted in amalgamation...
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...Learning Theory is the work of Russian scientist Ivan Pavlov. It is he who discovered the principles on how human and animals learn. Learning is defined as a permanent change in behavior that is brought about by experience. There are two kinds of learning or conditioning: Classical conditioning is one of many different types of learning. One instance would be when a person learns to relate a signal with a meaning on how the two are presented. An example of classic conditioning is a small child’s ability to hear the sound of say eight chimes on a grandfather clock and know its eight o’clock, time to leave for school. Habituation is exactly that, habitual (habit forming). For instance, if a small child is exposed to a certain food repeatedly, at first he may be interested, like it, and want it a lot. However, after a number of times, the child may grow weary of the same thing over and over (as many adults would). Operant conditioning is reinforcement in learning. Because most behavior is learned according to the main beliefs of conditioning, the learning theory can be used to help people figure out how to change. It applies the theory of reinforcement. For instance, positive reinforcement occurs when an employee shows up at work in exchange for a paycheck. The paycheck is the persons reward for working. If the employee continues to do a good job, work well on his own and with others, the positive reinforcement could be a cash bonus. The same principles that are used to train...
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...Toy Store Visit Simon Swipe Simon Swipe is a toy that represents memory. This fast action game has increasing pattern combinations of colors, lights, and sounds. You need to be able to remember, and repeat by swiping the right combinations. I see this game fitting into the three components of Long term memory. Episodic, where audio and visuals are used. Semantic, where solving and figuring order. Procedural, where knowing the step by step order. But, I also see it as staying in working memory. This is a game with many combinations and one player or multiplayer options. Remembering these patterns past the point of game play is highly unlikely. .Lego Creator- Tree House Lego Creator is a toy that represents constructivism. This three-in-one toy allows children to be hands on and build a different place of liking at their discretion. Lego Creator transforms from Tree house to a Lakeside hut and then to a two-floor barn. The experience and interaction with the toy allows children to see for themselves the reality of having a tree house, lakeside hut, or even a barn. Deluxe Get Better Check-Up Center (Disney) Deluxe Get Better Check-Up Center is a play center that represents social development. This toy is equipped with pretend elements such as x-ray, check-up table, and tools that, in the real world, would help a veterinarian with diagnosis. It comes with The Big Book of Boo Boos, where bandages are used to help heal the sick. This toy helps to structure social development...
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...Competency Goal 1 To establish and maintain a safe and healthy learning environment My goal is to establish and maintain a learning environment that is safe and healthy for children. This goal is important because children need a safe and healthy learning environment in order to get the best out of their experience at school. If they do not feel safe, or their families feel as if they are not safe, then they are in a non-suitable environment. A classroom should provide environments as safe as possible to reduce the inevitable situation of accidents Safety To meet my goal I will keep the playground as free from harmful objects and people as possible. I will also make sure that the classroom cleaning chemicals will be put out of children’s reach. I then will post fire drills and tornado drill directions clearly in the classroom and practice them frequently with the children. I will also provide a first aid kit readily available for adults to use and be knowledgeable of proper usage. On a regular basis I will check the toys in the classroom for broken objects and remove anything that poses a threat to the children and keep myself informed of any safety recalls or alerts on any toys or other equipment in the classroom. Healthy My goal is to have a classroom that encourages healthy practices to keep both the children and the teachers safe and free from disease as possible. Healthy children are always the best type of children. When they are...
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...Carmen Shragal Profesor Shaun Vecera Elementary Psychology Discussion Section 31 8 October 2014 The Terrible Two’s My beautiful niece and god-daughter, Lia, just turned two years old a couple of months ago. My family and I are already noticing some behaviors that are associated with the “terrible two’s”. Since Lia was born she has always had her fingers in her mouth to bite her nails. This habit constantly makes her sick because of all the germs she puts into her mouth from daycare and everyday activities. Also, Lia has another bad habit of playing with multiple types of toys and leaving them all over the house for others to trip on. With both of these bothersome and dangerous behaviors, Lia’s mom (my sister Emily), has been trying to teach Lia not to continue these bad habits. In order for Emily to really teach Lia to stop her bad habits she must appreciate operant conditioning. Operant Conditioning is how Lia will learn to differentiate between her behaviors and the consequences that Emily enforces. In some cases, Emily can also use classical conditioning to help Lia break her habits. Classical conditioning is when there is a neutral stimulus that causes an unconditioned stimulus which eventually translates into a conditioned response. The difference between operant conditioning and classical conditioning is that operant conditioning involves some type of reinforcement or punishment to a behavior whereas classical conditioning involves signals that produce automatic...
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...grounded in the research on how young children develop and learn and in what is known about effective early education. Its framework is designed to promote young children’s optimal learning and development. DAP involves teachers meeting young children where they are (by stage of development), both as individuals and as part of a group; and helping each child meet challenging and achievable learning goals. 3 CORE CONSIDERATIONS OF DAP • Knowing about child development and learning. Knowing what is typical at each age and stage of early development is crucial. This knowledge, based on research, helps us decide which experiences are best for children’s learning and development. • Knowing what is individually appropriate. What we learn about specific children helps us teach and care for each child as an individual. By continually observing children’s play and interaction with the physical environment and others, we learn about each child’s interests, abilities, and developmental progress. • Knowing what is culturally important. We must make an effort to get to know the children’s families and learn about the values, expectations, and factors that shape their lives at home and in their communities. This background information helps us provide meaningful, relevant, and respectful learning experiences for each child and family. Early Childhood Age-Group and Setting I would like to use as the focus for my entire Course Project the following age group: Young Toddlers...
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...Competency Goal 1 To establish and maintain a safe, healthy learning environment A safe and healthy learning environment is essential for young children in a classroom. One goal in the functional area of safe is to prevent and reduce injuries and still have a learning environment that is conducive to the children learning their own safe and healthy environments. SAFE: * Young infants are placed on their backs when they are sleeping. The crib is free of blankets, toys, or other soft materials that could cause suffocation. * Mobile infants are kept safe by making sure that there isn't anything that is small enough they could put in their mouths and swallow. Toys are checked daily for broken or loose parts. * Toddlers are kept safe by showing them the proper use of toys. They are encouraged to follow safety rules such as walking instead of running and sitting on a chair instead of climbing on it. HEALTHY: * Young infants are kept healthy by washing hands of both the caregiver and the child before and after every diaper change as well as sanitizing the changing table. Disposable gloves are used for the diapering process. * Mobile infants are kept healthy by cleaning and sanitizing play areas daily. Mouthed toys are immediately removed from the play area for later cleaning. * To keep toddlers healthy, nutritious meals are planned . Good eating habits are modeled and the child is encouraged to eat new foods. LEARNING ENVIRONMENT: * Young infants are given the opportunity...
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...Toy Assessment The toy that I choice to assessment is for the same age for the environment of an area for a child. The toy that I choose to assess is Laugh and learn apptivity creation center. This toy is for the age range of 9 months to 1 year old, it has a lot of different colors and activities using your iPad which is safely enclosed in the hard plastic and comes with to free download for apps that are to learn the different shapes allowing the baby to learn colorful shapes and ways to sort them also it has the play panel that doesn’t require you to use a iPad if you choose to not to. There are 2 ways to play with this toy you can use it lying flat or like an easel. The learning development that a child of this age group can learn is as followed. The fine motor skills, sorting and also memory of the different shapes, colors, also the Curiosity that the child will have endless hours of fun and enjoyment. The things that I see that could improve this toy would be to have I would make this possible a table top given the child a chair also. This way you could possible add different other things to it instead of just shapes you could add animals, colors, numbers, and also letters with you could download different apps from you iPad to interact with the different items you would add to the table top this would add to the learn of fine motor skill and also memory along with learning to speak different sounds and letters. The price for this toy is in the average price range...
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...Marketing Communications Memo PSY/322 October 7, 2013 Mary-Lynne Ament | Toys Inc | Memo To: | Management | From: | | Date: | October 7, 2013 | Re: | Educational Toys | | | | | Introduction In marketing communications there is no doubt that demographic and psychographic information is very important. In developing and creating a new line of educational toys for children aged 7-10, demographic and psychographic are going to play a major role in who Toy Inc should market to as well as what products to market. While educational toys are a great learning tool, I am going to look into a “toy” that can be used in different ways. I will go into what types of demographic and psychographic information will be the most beneficial to the organization and help create a great product to market to consumers. Marketing Objectives I will work for Toy Inc and look at what the needs of our consumers are. As well as survey the market to see what the needs are for a specific group of consumers. Because my position is creating a new line of educational toys for children aged 7-10 I must have a good understanding of our demographics. Looking at the market it must be divided into different segments based on common interests (Schiffman, L. G. and Kanuk, L, L., 2010). The key demographics that will be looked at are age and gender. When marketing educational toys, one will have to be aware of the age and gender as both boys and girls of different ages work at different...
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...Marketing Communications Memo Michael Richter PSY/322 June 15, 2013 Michael Turner Marketing Communications Memo Date: July 15, 2013 To: Management Team From: Michael Richter Re: New line of educational toys for kids aged 7-10 As Top of the Rock Toys moves into the future it is time our teams begin to discuss our new product realization for our toys. As of last week, it was brought to my attention that we do not have many options for educational toys, especially for the children in the ages of 7-10 years of age. As many of you may already know, Top of the Rock Toys want the children of our world to enjoy playing, yet at the same time continue to learn and develop the fundamentals needed to become the top minds in our country. The reason for this memo is to inform you that I will be leading the team that will develop this new product line, since this will be a joint effort from all the management team I am cordially asking that all teams that have data that pertains to demographics of our markets as well as psychographics please contact me as soon as possible so that I may begin to understand our target market, thus building our toy company into the leader of educational toys. The following will be a list of what I may or hope to obtain from the management team. The data that is provided will negate our goals so it is vital that you only pass along key information to the specific age group of 7-10 years of age. Our newest products have aimed their targets at younger...
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...Passion for Learning Helping Kids Become Amazing Students CASE SUBMISSION 3 Presented to Professor Ganesh N. Prabhu [pic] Indian Institute of Management, Bangalore On July 26, 2011 Submitted By Case Group – 2J: Arit Kumar Mondal 1011084 Rajarshi Sarma 1011194 Nirupam Das 1011258 TOY DISTRIBUTION INDUSTRY IN USA The toy distribution industry in USA is dominated by top five retailers (50% market share). Sales are seasonal towards the last quarter of the calendar year. The industry is attractive and the per capita contribution to toys is increasing. There has been a growing interest in the educational toys segment where educational value is the primary purchase driver. DIRECT MAIL INDUSTRY In 1993, over 40% of the Americans used mailed catalogs for purchases. Catalog consumers were well educated and had high incomes. Catalog sales were driven by mailing size, response rate & average order amount. Volume discounts, coupons & free gifts served as incentives. New products were extremely important in children’s catalog. CHALLENGES FOR PASSION FOR LEARNING (PFL) PFL’S market positioning is of a direct-mail company offering 100% educational products for 6-12 year old children. Its first catalog mail in 1994 resulted in a disappointing response rate of 0.77% which resulted in a loss of $145000 on revenues of $54000. There was also increasing competition from specialty chains...
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...Nakelya Moragne November 10, 2013 MMGT 5590-QI Organizational Behavior 1. Discuss how the principles of job design and reinforcement theory apply to the performance problems at the Hovey and Beard Company. The Hovey and Beard Company manufactured a variety of wooden toys. Years before the toys where painted by hand, and each employee worked with a given toy until completed. Since there was such a high demand for the toys, operation changed and the painters set in a line by endless chain of hooks. By the second month of the training period, problems began to brew. The painters learned more slowly than anticipated, and it began to look as if production would stabilize far below what was planned. Many of the painters complained that the hooks moved to fast, and a lot of the hooks where going by empty. Painters blamed the engineers for the fast moving hooks; claiming they had the rates set wrong. Some of the painters quit and had to be replaced with new ones; this further aggravated the learning problem. One of the painters worked for the company the longest, so the other painters appointed him/her to address the issues to the supervisor. The complaints were that the job was messy, the hooks moved to fast, and the incentive pay was not correctly calculated, and it was too hot working close to the drying oven. It was fortunate for the painters that they had a supervisor that was concerned about his/her employees and addressed their issues to the best of his/her ability...
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...component of learning process under the Operant Conditioning. I would like to apply this theory on the 2 dogs with same age in 2 different educating situation. The 2 objects of study are Yorkshire Terrier in my cousin’s home and Toy Poodle in ours. The Yorkshire Terrier was educated under random schedule, while the Toy Poodle was educated under continuous reinforcement schedule. While house training the Yorkshire Terrier and Toy Poodle, classical conditioning was applied. In order to communicate the command and action to the 2 objects, we applied the motivational training. Motivational training engages the use of rewards to strengthen good performance, and overlooks all bad behavior (Marlo Shelby, 1999). It is based on Thorndike's Law of Effect (Burch Mary R. and Jon S. Bailey, 1999), which states that actions that generate rewards tend to increase in regularity and actions that do not generate rewards decrease in frequency. We brought both Yorkshire Terrier and Toy Poodle into the cage while saying the command “House” then gave them snacks, after that we reward them with snacks whenever they get into the cage. Both Yorkshire Terrier and Toy Poodle learnt to get to the cage with the command “House”. After learning the command, Yorkshire Terrier only receive random schedule of reinforcement, while the Toy Poodle receives continuous reinforcement schedule for a month. After a month of reinforcement, a significant difference between the Yorkshire Terrier and Toy Poodle...
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... Preface Table of content 2 1. Introduction 2. Product 3 3. The Team 5 4. The environment 6 4.1 Macro environment analysis 6 4.2 Market determination 8 4.3 Competition analysis 8 4.4 Supplier analysis 10 4.5 SWOT-Overview - Key issue matrix 10 5. Marketing strategy and marketing mix 12 5.1 Marketing strategy 12 5.2 Market potential 12 5.3 Marketing Mix 13 2 Product After some years in declining of the toys purchasing in the Netherlands, there is a trend from the last year, which will continue this also, of increasing the number of purchases this year. As the economy is recovering from the financial crisis people are able to spend more for toys. So the toys industry has positive expectations for the future. EduPlay solves one very big problem of its competitors’ games. The other board games have only several questions in their box. When somebody plays the game many times he will learn the questions by heart and there is no point to play the game anymore because it becomes boring. The innovation of EduPlay is that there are online questions updates every month so you can change your questions and learn new things with them every month. In that way the customer can play it for more than just one month. Every parent wants his child to be well educated. But every child...
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...development psychology Module 2 discussion 1 Gibson’s differentiation theory concerns perceptual learning that entails improvement in perception due to experience and acquisition of knowledge due to perception. The theory posits that cognitive processes such as imagining and reasoning develop in proportion to the quantity of information gained from the environment. Based on this theory, perception as a function of experience entails exposure to certain stimuli: the more a child hears, sees, or touches an object, the more they can identify and distinguish differences in them (Berk, 2014). The more the child is exposed to the object, more knowledge and experience is gain that aids in differentiate the objects and the manner these objects are perceived. Regarding an infant (from birth to 12 months), their hearing is attuned to their native languages from the second day. When they perceive another language, they do not respond to it. Concerning pattern perception, babies focus on faces instead of object when they are very young. The repeated exposure to family members leads to recognition of parents and siblings (Berk, 2014). The baby is able to differentiae a new face and will respond by being fearful or by crying. Intermodal perception is the identification of information from events or objects by different senses at the same time. In the study, the babies are able to distinguish soft from hard objects that they had previously experienced by touching their textures of putting in the...
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