...Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Argosy University Abnormal Psychology Brandy Rhodes 12/08/11 Abstract: Major depression disorder is a wide and complex disorder than many Americans suffer from. This paper will review the research and material of major depression disorder and the effective treatment with cognitive behavioral therapy. Although there are several types of therapy available to treat depression and other mood disorders, CBT (cognitive behavioral therapy) has been one of the most widely used and thought to be very effective in treating the disorder. First the paper will review what the disorder is and the criteria needed to diagnosis one with major depressive disorder and then we will take a look at how CBT helps the client overcome the signs and symptoms of the disorder. Lastly the paper will follow up with why CBT is thought to effective with treating major depressive disorder. Major Depressive Disorder and Cognitive Behavioral Therapy Many clients’ that are seen in today’s clinics suffer from major depressive disorder (MDD) which is one of the most common disorders. “Major depressive disorder has a life time prevalence of 15.8 % (Mor and Haran, 2009). Many times MDD is characterized by early onset with development occurring throughout the life span. MDD is a disorder characterized by extreme depressed mood that lasts at least 2 weeks and includes cognitive symptoms such as feelings of hopelessness, worthlessness, and indecisiveness;...
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...Major depression (MD) is a heterogeneous group of neuropsychiatric disease associated with significant morbidity, mortality and disability [1,2].. Recently, Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders (DSM-V), characterized MD by these symptoms depressed mood, diminished interest or pleasure, significant increase or decrease in weight or appetite, insomnia or hypersomnia, pscychomotor agitation or retardation, fatigue, feeling of worthlessness or excessive or inappropriate guilt, inability to concentrate or indecisiveness, and suicidal thoughts. These symptoms reflect alternation in cognitive, psychomotor, biological, motivational, behavioral and emotional processes [1,2]. It is also affects the quality of daily life of community...
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...biological explanations of major depression. Psychological explanations refer to the cognitive and behavioral theories of major depression such as negative cognitions, learned helplessness, and hopelessness. While biological explanations refer to genetic and neurochemical factors to explain the development and maintenance of major depression (Davey, 2011). Major depression, also commonly referred to as clinical depression, major depressive illness, major affective disorder, or unipolar mood disorder, is a clinical mood disorder including one or more episode of serious depression lasting two or more weeks with no manic episodes. Symptoms include fatigue, impaired...
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...Major Depression Tara is a young female who has been enduring continuous episodes of major depression since a young age. Predisposing Tara encountered the difficulty of several life events as a child, from a Biopsychosocial perspective a combination of genetic, physical, psychological and environmental factors are involved in the likelihood for depression to develop. Although there is very little information about the genetic and biological factors that could have influenced Tara’s vulnerability in developing Major depression. A follow-up interview exploring her family’s mental health background is ideal in order to establish whether genetics or family history influenced her susceptibility. Similarly, in the follow-up interview whether there were any birthing complications, physical developments and more details on her temperament as child that could have affected her position. Tara’s gender as a female is also a plausible factor as females at a younger age are more prone to exhibiting symptoms of depression for longer periods (Jack & Ali, 2010). From an psychological perspective Tara shared how as a child she would spend a lot of time alone in her room in what she described as her own fantasy land. Tara’s personality structure identifies itself with neurotic traits that present themselves in various patterns of behaviour whilst also influencing her patterns of cognition. Tara’s emotional development from the early age of nine displayed symptoms of depression as...
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...Specifically, children and teenagers may bear the brunt of this problem when they are punished for attitudes or lack of motivation that, in reality, stems from depression. This could occur when parents choose not to recognize it as a real and possible problem. These adolescents are viewed as lazy, rebellious, rude, or moody, instead of realizing that there may be a health issue going on. That is, a health issue that requires care, compassion, and understanding, not discipline and punishment. Further, more serious problems such as manic-depression or schizophrenia need to be recognized as a potential factor for family members if close relatives have dealt with it. Even family members with major depression should be taken into consideration when it comes to personal health issues or situations. Individuals may not feel depressed initially, but “once the depressive episode is triggered, it tends to have a life of its own until treated,” and has the capacity to quickly turn into a crushing weight. (Lurie, page 13) As more studies have been completed, “most doctors considered major depression and bipolar depression to be inherited conditions; other forms of...
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...difficult for me to choose, because I wanted to be able to use the model of helping that would be the best one for the client. While I was taking this course, I noticed that I already use Behavior Therapy on a daily basis. I prefer to use the Behavior Therapy. Behavior Therapy is changing the client’s undesired behavior with a more desirable behavior. According to Herkov (n.d.), “Behavior therapy is focused on helping an individual understand how changing their behavior can lead to changes in how they are feeling.” (para. 1). Indeed, I prefer to use the Behavior Therapy Model, because I have been already using some of major methods and techniques within the Behavior Therapy model. These major techniques, that I have been using prior to taking this course, include: positive reinforcement, token economies, and modeling. These are a few of the major techniques of Behavior Therapy that I have been using prior to taking this class. My personal view of helping is that there are different techniques for different types of people, and different types of issues. I believe that there is no one fits all type of theory. This is because there is not just one solution for the many types of issues that people...
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...Depression in Children This paper describes the primary issues that encompass childhood depression as it investigates the illness itself, the methods of treating it, and the current scientific thoughts that frame its modern debate. The result shows three main targets that are associated with childhood depression: 1. Childhood depression is difficult to diagnose; 2. There is not a consensus from among experts as to the efficacy of child self-reporting; and, 3. Treatments of this mental illness vary in intensity and in mode. Depression is a terrible mental state that robs people of relationships and experiences that contribute to contented lives. Every person feels down or sad for short intervals. This is a part of life; however, clinical depression can linger for days, weeks, or months at a time, causing the sufferer to lose interest in family, work, and recreation. We are accustomed to adults who have bouts with depression, but when this illness comes down on the life of a child, it causes us to step back and react with disbelief. We question whether a child can be persistently sad or apathetic, or disengaged. After all, we reason, childhood is a happy time. Maybe it is because of some chemical imbalance in the brain. Maybe it is inherited. Maybe it is the result of a chaotic domestic life. For whatever reason, childhood depression is real and is recognized as a powerful detriment to a child’s wellbeing. The literature reflects are growing...
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...lucky enough to actually stay away from the "filth" that may cost you dearly. You may lose things that are valuable to you, like your happiness, your own life and the lives of the ones you love. The ones that failed doing so always have reasons for making those horrible decisions, which would definitely change their lives in to something worse. Just think about it, do we want that to happen to us as well? In this essay, we will uncover some major causes, effects, strategies to prevent us from making immoral life decisions. The people that sink in the endless river of disastrous life decisions usually steps in to the river because of a few major causes. Major causes includes depression, and unfortunate choices of friends. Depression plays an enormous role in unfortunate life decisions. In most cases, people are depressed because of emotional depressions that they suffer in life, such as death of a loved one and the desire of respect. When people are depressed, they would start making dreadful decisions in order to use it as a depression reliever so that they would be able to keep their minds off events that they would like to forget. Slowly, they would realize that they cannot abandon once they began. Some people fell in the dark river because of the unfortunate choices of friends. Friends always play an important role in our everyday life, and they are one of the biggest influences that we get. Our friends are able to influence us in many ways. Small things like what to read...
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...Depression in adolescence has been recognized as a clinical problem for twenty-two years. Many believed that signs of depression were simple behavioral problems that the child would grow out of. Psychiatrists believed that children were both emotionally and cgnitively immature to endure depression. Childhood was considered to be worry free, no true concerns, happy time. Therefore, their problems were not serious enough to be labeled depression. There was never a clear understanding as to how abuse, divorce, and incest could have a long term effect on children. Childhood depression differs in many aspects from adult depression. Decrease in academic performance, withdrawal and rejection of friends and favorite activities are some of the main unrecognized signs. Some may also exhibit hyperactivity, while others complain of exhaustion and illness. Many times these symptoms are thought to be just a phase in their children, and observed as signs of depression. Children of all ages from infancy through adolescence can suffer from a disorder mood. The symptoms tend to change based on the child's level of development. Depression in infants is often determined based on the child’s failure to grow physically, act unresponsively, and inability to thrive. Although it is rarely seen in babies, it is often due to lack of nurturing relationship between the infant and the caregiver. Postpartum depression has the ability to affect the mood of the infant. It affects approximately...
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...flood the soul with such force it leaves one drained and exhausted. This would be a very difficult roller coaster of emotions for anyone, but multiply that times three or four days per week for many years. It is no surprise that health care workers are extremely susceptible to emotional and physical fatigue, also known as compassion fatigue. Compassion fatigue is that fatigue brought on by giving so much of one’s self for an extended period of time without taking time to revive or replenish one’s own physical, emotional and spiritual needs. This paper will explore the nature and causes of five major concepts of compassion fatigue. It will also address the physical, emotional, and spiritual needs of the caregiver, giving examples of coping strategies and resources to be utilized by the nurse and/or caregiver. Concepts of Compassion Fatigue The five major concepts of compassion fatigue discussed in this paper are: 1. Physical Exhaustion 2. Emotional...
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...Discuss the physical, emotional, cognitive and behavioral responses an individual is likely to experience in response to a newly diagnosed condition with a poor prognosis. Definitions: Physical: of body: relating to the body, rather than to the mind, the soul, or the feelings Cognitive: 1.concerned with acquisition (gaining) of knowledge: relating to the process of acquiring knowledge by the use of reasoning, intuition, or perception. Relating to thought processes. The interpretation of stimuli and the organization of thoughts and ideas. Emotional: a state of feeling. -a conscious mental reaction (as anger or fear) subjectively experienced as strong feeling usually directed toward a specific object and typically accompanied by physiological and behavioral changes in the body (merriam webster) Behavioral: 1.way somebody behaves: the way in which somebody behaves Research: -Psychological responses of terminally ill patients who are experiencing suffering: A qualitative study According to leading theories, suffering is dependent on the threats that the patient perceives and the resources the patient uses to respond to such threats. Previously published reports have identified the occurrence of a terminal disease as a period of multiple threats that can generate intense suffering. Examples of such suffering include pain and other symptoms (Heath et al., 2010, Jurado-Martín et al., 2010, Abraham et al., 2006 and Lorenz et al., 2006), the progressive dependence...
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...Frankenstein exhibits the negative effects of what isolation can do to a person or character. There is three characters who contribute to Frankenstein’s overall theme of depression and isolation. More specifically, the three characters who appear as narrator's experience the greatest distress and isolation. Robert Walton, Victor Frankenstein, and Frankenstein’s creation. Each of the three characters experience their heartache in different ways and for differing reasons, but they can all relate because of the problems they go through in the novel. In Mary Shelley’s Frankenstein, three of the main characters experience isolation, which causes them emotional instability and depression that leads to their awful and distressful lives. Frankenstein’s...
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...Empty nest syndrome is defined as "the experience that relates to parents' feelings of unhappiness, worry, loneliness, and depression resulting from their children's departure from home" (Feldman, 2011p. 521). Some parent’s find this time very challenging, mainly mothers because they have raised their children and cared for them most of their lives and now it has come to an end. Some parents find it rewarding that their children have left the nest, because they have more leisure time for such things as physical and psychological energies like community and recreational activities” (Feldman, 2011p.521). I think parents or caregivers should find outlets before their child or children leave the home, that way they have something to keep them distracted. Empty nest syndrome can weigh very heavily on a marriage, the husband and wife may be used to a routine and this may knock their relationship off track. Being said maybe the couple did not spent as much time together because the child or children took up most of the mother’s time. I have seen several marriages where the couples were not use to seeing each other so much verses others that wanted to spend more time together. Some men feel a loss for their children leaving also, maybe as much as the mother. "One survey of fathers whose children had left home found that although they showed signs of happiness a quarter of the father felt unhappy deep down inside"(Feldman, 2011,p.521). Parents should spend as much time as they can with...
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...environmental precautions and methods | | | | Organization/Development20 Percent | Points Available2 | Points EarnedX/2 | Additional Comments: | * Paper is 350 to 700 words in length. * Paragraph transitions are present, logical, and maintain the flow throughout the paper. * The tone is appropriate to the content and assignment. * Sentences are complete, clear, and concise. * Sentences are well constructed, strong, and varied. * Sentence transitions are present and maintain the flow of thought. * The paper develops a central theme or idea directed toward the appropriate audience. * The introduction provides sufficient background on the topic and previews major points. * The conclusion is logical, flows from the body of the paper, and reviews the major points. * Major points are stated clearly; are supported by specific details, examples, or analysis; and are organized logically. | | | | Mechanics 20 Percent | Points Available2 | Points EarnedX/2 | Additional Comments: | * The paper—including tables and graphs, headings, title page, and reference page—is...
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...1 INTRODUCTION The purpose of this paper is to examine the definition of big data. It also seeks to examine the components of a Unified Data Architecture and its ability to facilitate the analysis of big data. 2 WHAT IS BIG DATA Cuzzocrea, Song and Davis (2011) defined big data in part as being “enormous amounts of unstructured data produced by high-performance applications falling in a wide and heterogeneous family of application scenarios”. In recent years there has been an increasing interest and focus on big data. Many and varied definitions have been proposed but without a consensus on a single definition. The MIT Technology Review (2014), brought attention to the work of Ward and Barker (2014) which examined a number of definitions of big data that have attracted some general ICT industry support from leading ICT industry analysts and organisations such as Gartner, Oracle and Microsoft. In their work they proposed to provide a “concise definition of an otherwise ambiguous term”. The author having just attended a digital government conference with a large proportion of big data tagged presentations also noted that no single definition was offered. There was however a common content theme that supported the Ward and Barker definition of: “Big data is a term describing the storage and analysis of large and or complex data sets using a series of techniques including, but not limited to: NoSQL, MapReduce and machine learning.” 3 UNIFIED DATA ARCHITECTURE 3.1...
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