...Women who are pregnant or have children are not allowed to work in the Police Services and Military services in Nigeria. Moreover, as married women are expected to become mothers, this discrimination in a possibility to be employed in police or military services is being applied to all married women. By virtue of Section 127 of the Police Act, married women are prevented from seeking enlistment in the Nigerian Police Force (Ibid 2010:15). Workplaces in police or military services are thus opened only to unmarried women. If an unmarried woman, who is working there, becomes pregnant, she has to leave her position. Under section 127, when an unmarried police woman is pregnant, she would be discharged from the police force. She can only be re-instated on the approval of the inspector general of police (Ibid 2010:15). If she would like to get married, she needs to obtain an agreement from a commissioner. Under Regulation 124 of the Police Act, a woman police officer who is interested in getting married must initially apply in writing to the commissioner of police for approval (Ibid...
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...Changing Patterns of Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China By: Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James Hughes and Dandan Zhang William Davidson Institute Working Paper Number 787 August 2005 Economic Reform and Changing Patterns of Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China Margaret Maurer-Fazio* Department of Economics Bates College Lewiston, ME 04240 (207) 786-6067 (phone) mmaurer@bates.edu and James W. Hughes Department of Economics Bates College Lewiston, ME 04240 (207) 786-6193 (phone) jhughes@bates.edu and Zhang Dandan Division of Economics, RSPAS Australia National University Rm. 5008, Coombs Building 9 Fellows Road, Canberra ACT0200, Australia dandan.zhang@anu.edu.au • Contact author Economic Reform and Changing Patterns of Labor Force Participation in Urban and Rural China By Margaret Maurer-Fazio, James W. Hughes, and Dandan Zhang Abstract In this project, we employ data from the Chinese population censuses of 1982, 1990, and 2000 to examine reform-era changes in the patterns of male and female labor force participation and in the distribution of men’s and women’s occupational attainment. Very marked patterns of change in labor force participation emerge when we disaggregate the data by age cohort, marital status, sex, and rural/urban location. Women have decreased their labor force participation more than men, and urban women much more than rural women. Single young people in urban areas have decreased their labor force participation to stay...
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...60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons. The reverse situation is a source of resentment and anguish (1996: 50). Both man and women works for the society but especially women all over the world perform multiple roles in productive labour (paid and unpaid), which...
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...60s, the emphasis on women was on their reproductive roles as mothers and homemakers. This approach was based on Western stereotypes of the nuclear family in which women are economically dependent on the male breadwinners. In the early 1970s, researchers began to focus on the division of labor based on sex, and the impact of development and modernization strategies on women. The WID (Women in Development) concept came into use in this period. The philosophy underlying this approach is that women are lagging behind in society and the gap between men and women can be bridged by remedial measures within the existing structures. The WID approach started to recognize women as direct actors of social, political, cultural and working life. Therese Blancher mentioned gender disparity of Bengali society as: The birth of a boy is always greeted with joy. The birth of a girl is welcome when it is a first child (the first fruit which announces the fertility of the plant), or when there are already boys and no girl in a family. Otherwise, it is often received with resentment. Boys represent wealth, but girls are seen as a cumbersome responsibility. They are born to be given in marriage. This will require a dowry and impoverish the family most prefer a large number of sons. The reverse situation is a source of resentment and anguish (1996: 50). Both man and women works for the society but especially women all over the world perform multiple roles in productive labour (paid and unpaid), which...
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...Inequality in Bangladesh Gender inequality can be defined as the unequal and biased treatment between men and women and is a common phenomenon in developing countries. Women in Bangladesh face obstacles and disadvantages in almost all aspect of their lives, including access to health and education, economic opportunity, political participation and control of finances. Gender inequality is a development issue as excluding women from access to resources, public services, or productive activities prevents a country from reaching their maximum productivity potential. It exists due to cultural, social, economic and legal factors. In the following paragraphs we can examine the types of inequality, their causes and the impact on development as well as few policy recommendations to improve the matter. In Bangladesh 71.1 per cent of young women are employed in the agriculture industry whereas 20 per cent are in production and transport industries, and 3.8 per cent in service sectors. A recent study by the ILO finds that women in Bangladesh are often considered to be lesser or inferior participants in the labor market and are not valued much. For example despite women getting hired in the RMG sector of Bangladesh, they are usually mainly employed in less important, lower paid and lower skilled areas, which consist of little decision-making responsibility. As a result women are the first to be subject of cyclical unemployment and lose jobs in times of market fluctuations and/or reduced...
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...The last key force was America’s involvement in War, which in the short term provided American women with work opportunity typically reserved for males, also paving the way for second wave feminism. Many women began working outside the home for the first time When America entered WWI in 1917, a male labour shortage, meant that women took over traditional male roles while they were at war. The Woman's Land Army of America, brought over 20,000 women to rural America, these "farmerettes" were paid wages equal to male farmers and an eight-hour working day protected them. 11,000 women, served abroad as nurses; others became ambulance drivers. For many, this provided an example of women mobilizing themselves. They challenged conventional thinking about gender roles which celebrated by many e.g. The Los Angeles Times proclaimed "farmettes" were “To turn new earth in history of the...
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...‘Winning the vote made little difference to women’s status in political life.’ Discuss. It is true that the mere winning of the vote for women made little immediate difference to their status in political life, and yet, it was a necessary beginning to establishing and later asserting their power. As the great suffragist Millicent Garrett Fawcett stated, women’s suffrage did ‘not in itself represent any extensive change for it would come as a necessary corollary of other changes’. From 1918 onwards, while the limited suffrage opened by the Representation of the People Act provided the vehicle for the changes British women desired to see in their society, feminists and people with an interest in women’s issues were well aware that much work had to be done in order to contribute to their progression in political life. This essay will begin with a brief summary of the state of women prior to 1918, as well as the aspirations and expectations of suffragists and anti-suffragists. Following this, it will describe how women were subsequently viewed as voters and political leaders by others of their sex, men, and the various political parties. The essay will assess how women sought to secure their interests, both politically and socially, and which methods were most effective. While significant changes for women did not happen quickly or immediately, this essay seeks to communicate the optimistic view that with time and the on-going determined efforts of feminists and other interested...
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...Family Theorizing and Researching 1. Structural Theories a) Materialism & Conflict theory Marx & Engles -changes in family lives reflect material change (ex, the mode of production, industrialization) macro-micro focus -power differences characterize society at all levels (ex, capitalism creates: exploitation of men in the workforce; oppression of women b) Political Economy -assumes the power of the one class over another (social control), capitalist relations of production -a more concentrated focus on how economic and political processes shape society and history and therefore family, families c) Structural Functionalism Parsons & Bales -the social institution of the family - family is seen as a function, and different parts of society helps it move along -the nuclear family performs functions -they saw the families as a main faction, economic support, these functions that happen in nuclear families include economic support -equilibrium, all parts help it work as a whole -hierarchical generations and role specialization within families produces harmony -the different roles that men and women take on, allows the family be a harmony -parsons and bales, gendered perspective on families, families having instrumental roles such as achieving income, feed the family, cloth the family, this would be men 2. Symbolic Interactionism Mead & Cooley - individuals create their own family realities through micro level interactions -from this perspective...
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...consequences for women and children’s access to resources, decision making and status in society extremely difficult. Divergence of experiences has been further widened by regionally distorted historical development and biased development policies. Ghana’s population is about 22 million, includes over 90 different ethnic groups. Among these the Akan, Ewe, Mole Dagbani and Ga-Adangbe are dominant. Different ethnic groups are characterized by a variety of kinship systems with different implications for access to resources and decision making power by gender. The Akan, who are from the southern part of Ghana, are the largest amongst all ethnic groups, and matrilineal inheritance system is very dominant. Most other ethnic groups, in the North, but also the East, are patrilineal. The Ga, who are concentrated around Greater Accra, are somewhat known in having bilateral inheritance and kinship structures. Matrilineal systems may give women greater access to resources outside marriage than patrilineal systems, but they are characterized by a weaker nuclear household offering little economic security to women. Matrilineal systems do not necessarily imply significantly greater access to resources or higher status of women. There is extreme diversity and complexity of household forms as well as of the organization of the household economy. Pooling of resources and joint decision making between men and women in households is generally not the norm, with men and women tending to have separate...
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...Examine the ways in which the government policies and laws may affect the nature and extent of family diversity. Government policies and laws are put in place to uphold moral values of society and force people to take responsibility over themselves and who else they may be responsible for e.g. children. Although the government see its policies as being able to produce the ‘ideal’ nuclear family where the man works and the woman looks after the children, the policies today fail to take into account the changes in society and the different types of families that are becoming more common in society. The government’s policies affect different family types in different ways e.g. the government policies and laws benefit married couples in more ways that cohabiting couples and single parent families as they make divorce harder as well as being benefiting married couple financially as they can claim more tax allowances. This policy only benefits married couples as the government sees the nuclear family as the ideal family and therefore benefits this certain family type through its laws and policies. Functionalists see society built on harmony and consensus and free from major conflicts. They see the state as acting in the interests of society as a whole and its social policies as being for the good of all. Functionalists see policies as helping families to perform functions more effectively to make life better for their members. Ronald Fletcher believes the introduction of health...
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...Impact on women and women at war • With younger women directed to factories, and older women encouraged to volunteer in organisations such as the Women’s Voluntary Service, women played a key role in the war • From 1940 women were directed into sectors of the economy where there was a shortage of labour (eg. shipyards, docks, factories and hospitals) • By the end of 1943, 50% of all factory workers were women • Also, by the end of 1943, 80% of married women were working as well as playing their role in the household • Average earnings for women almost doubled from 1938 – 1945 • Over 500,000 women served in the auxiliary branches of the armed forces • Women employed in industry, commerce and the armed forces rose by 50% to 2 ¼ million by 1943 • Overall, 1 ¼ million men and women volunteered in the war by July 1940 • The National Service Act (December 1941) conscripted unmarried women into the Force’s Auxiliary Corps • However, despite the war giving women more money, greater status and independence, it did not bring around equal pay • After WW1 most women gave up their wartime jobs, however after WW2 a much higher percentage of women kept their jobs • Moreover, sexual relationships flourished / increased over the war period Social levelling and breaking down of class barriers • One of the main aspects of WW2 was social mobility • Conscription was introduced in September 1940 (men aged 18 to 41) • By mid 1941, the army, navy and air...
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...and sex are used interchangeably, but gender is socially constructed and sex is biologically determined. The word gender has been used since the 14th century but this did not become common until the mid of 20th century. In human societies sex differences are experienced as gender differences. Concepts of gender are cultural interpretations of sex differences. Gender is related to sex differences. Gender depends on how society views relationship of male to man and female to woman. Every culture has prevailing images of what men and women are ―supposed‖ to be like. The concept of an ideal woman exists in every culture and in every society. The sexual division of labour according to Friedrich Engels, (―The Origin of the Family, Private Property, and the State 1845)‖, showed how changes in the material conditions of people affect the organisation of their family relations. The man took control over the land and later put forcible claims on individual women as their personal...
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...Assignment On Globalization and its impact on women rights and empowerment Course Title Development Economics Course Code F-210 Submitted To AlfarunnaharRuma Lecturer Dept. of Economics Submitted By Group- 01 Session: 2010-2011 Finance & Banking JatiyaKabiKaziNazrul Islam University Trishal, Mymensingh Submission Date: 24 January 2013 Members of group one Serial No. | Name | ID Number | 01 | Md.DelowerHossain | 11132601 | 02 | MahimaAkter | 11132602 | 03 | PankazePadaBhoumik | 11132603 | 04 | MahmudulHasan | 11132604 | 05 | SadiqurSattarAkand | 11132605 | Globalization and its impact on women rights and empowerment INTRODUCTION In the 21st century, globalization has become the ‘Zeitgeist’ re-shaping different dimensions in life. Globalization also affects women’s rights and its overall impact on women has become a critical agenda in gender-related studies. In an attempt to empirically investigate this argument, much of the literature focuses on the effects of economic integration on women’s economic activities. These studies look into the impact of globalization on women through an angle of traditional trade theory, comparative advantage and competition, thus analyzing whether economic integration could create more employment opportunities for women and increase their wages. This focus on economic integration and women’s employment raises the question of how certain types of economic reform affect particular forms of women’s rights and welfare. It is not...
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...United Nations defines human trafficking as the Act that involves the recruitment, transportation, transfer, harboring or receiving a person through the use of force, coercion or other means, to exploit their ', and crimes against humanity. Human trafficking consists of three elements; Law (what should be done, such as the recruitment, transportation, transfer, or receipt of persons), which means (how this is done, as is the threat or use of force, coercion, abduction, fraud, deception, abuse of power or vulnerability or provide payment or benefits to control victims) and purpose (why it is done, for example, to the exploitation of the prostitution of others exploiting that include, sexual exploitation, forced labour, slavery or similar practices...
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...All families are unique. A few decades ago, the most common type of family was the mother and father living with their unmarried children. Today, families are vastly different including more single-parent households than ever before, stepfamilies, and adopted families, and grandparents raising their grandchildren, as well as young married couples having to move back in with their parents because they do not have the money to afford their own living arrangements yet. Whatever type of family you have there are different perspectives in which to view it. While the perspectives differ greatly from one another, the family still remains one of the most important social institutions along with health-care, religion, education, mass media, politics, and economy. Family is defined as, 'a basic social unit consisting of parent and their children, considered as a group, whether living together or not.' While every family is unique, there are similarities and differences within each family, no matter what perspective you are using. Each theory shows a different type of assumptions and defines a certain way of understanding a social institution, from all four unique perspectives. Functionalists believe that society is based on a value consensus, into which society socialise its members. They regard society as a system made up of different parts or sub-systems that depend on each other. Functionalists often compare society to a human body – without one organ, the body wouldn’t function, without...
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