...Minoan and Mycenaeans- Dark ages and recorvery 18th-12th BCE September 12 2012 Minoan Civilization * 1700-1450 BCE (Ancient Crete) * Arthur Evans excavated in early 20th century * Named after King Minos (had a minotaur child because his wife cheated) * Palace has a lot labyrinths (agglutinative architecture) * Semi-destroyed due to earthquakes * Not really sure how Crete was colonized (speculated that people stopped for supplies but instead stayed) * Most of the labyrinths were for storing items * speculated that early Crete was a place for trading and economy * Tablets that were deciphered very little but indicated currency or a trading basis * stored in giant pots called pithoi or pithos * Government formed around a king and a redistributive Economy * King receives the fruits of the labor (ex. Wheat from farming) and stores it in a safe room and later distributes equally among the people * Tablets kept track of what was in the safe rooms * Many paintings (Frescoes) indicated a peaceful looking people (no armor and weapons) and connection to nature (lots of sea imagery since Crete is on an island as well as a sport called bull hopping) * Palace did not have a defensive wall because they had no expectations of enemies attacking Mycenaeans * 1600-1100 BCE * Discovered by Heinreich and Sophia Schlieman by studying Homer’s Odyssey (also uncovered Trojan ruins) * Invaded the Minoans and decimated most...
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...Early Greece Culture and Art: Minoan versus Mycenaean Dani Smith Professor Ambros Art 111 July 28, 2012 Early Greece Culture and Art: Minoan versus Mycenaean The Minoan and Mycenaean civilizations are two cultures with a lot of similarities, but actually quite different in architecture and lifestyles. It is surprising how the two societies that were only miles apart and ruled during the same period of time can differ so much. Nevertheless, even with the overlapping of these two cultures, the differences of each culture can be seen in the many achievements of economy, architecture, and elegant detail of art. The Minoans, "a splendid culture that flourished between c.1900 and 1375 bce were named “Minoan” after a Greek legend about King Minos of Crete, who was said to have kept a human-eating monster called a Minotaur (half human and half bull) at the center of a labyrinth, or maze" (Stokstad & Cothren, 2012) . The Minoans were known for being self-sufficient agriculturally, but were also famous for being highly skilled sailors and their extraordinary building complexes or palaces. Sir Arthur Evans discovered such a great palace buried at Knossos near Crete's north coast. These complexes were thought to be sites of religious ceremony rituals that were carried out in the courtyards. "Knossos is a labyrinth of storerooms, workshops, and ceremonial halls. Minoan columns were tapered only at the top and looked the handles of gavels. The Minoans built there...
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...excavation. archaeology: A subdiscipline of anthropology involving the study of the human past through its material remains. artifact: Any portable object used, modified, or made by humans; e.g. stone tools, pottery, and metal weapons. ashlar masonry: masonry style with smoothed rectangular cut blocks. assemblage: A group of artifacts recurring together at a particular time and place, and representing the sum of human activities. band: A term used to describe small-scale societies of hunters and gatherers, generally less than 100 people, who move seasonally to exploit wild (undomesticated) food resources. Kinship ties play an important part in social organization. Big-Man society: A type of socio-political organization where an influential individual achieves the leadership position through personal achievements (alliances, gift exchange networks, feasts, impressive deeds etc). In contrast with chiefdoms, the position of leadership is not hereditary. Archaeologists think that the Early Iron Age (Dark Age) society may have been Big-Man communities. bulla: (Latin, pl. bullae) A hollow clay sphere or envelope used to...
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...related sphere of interest. The first tribes known later as Mycenaeans are generally thought to have arrived in the Greek mainland between the late 3rd and the first half of the 2nd millennium BC probably between 1900 and 1600 BC. When the Mycenaeans invaded, the area was inhabited by various non Greek speaking, indigenous pre Greek people who practiced agriculture as they had done since the 7th millennium BC. At its geographical peak, Greek civilization spread from Greece to Egypt and to the Hindu Kush mountains in Afghanistan. Since then, Greek minorities have remained in former Greek territories Turkey, Albania, Italy, and Libya, Levant, Armenia, Georgia, and Greek emigrants have assimilated into differing societies across the globe North America, Australia, Northern Europe, South Africa. Now days most Greeks live in the modern state of Greece Independent since 1821 and Cyprus. The Neolithic Revolution reached Europe by way of Greece and the Balkans, beginning in the 10th millennium BC. Some Neolithic communities in southeastern Europe, such as Sesklo in Greece were living in heavily fortified settlements of 3,000–4,000 people. The Greek Neolithic era ended with the arrival of the Bronze Age from Anatolia and the Near East, by the end of the 28th century BC early Helladic period. In about 2100 BC, the Proto Indo-Europeans over ran the Greek peninsula from the north and east. These Indo-Europeans, known as Mycenaeans, introduced the Greek language to present-day...
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...Michael Miner World Cultures I Professor Friedrich November 2, 2015 Minoan Civilization Throughout history the Minoan civilization was very major during its time. “Prior to the classical Greek culture, during the Bronze Age, lived the Minoans.” The Minoans was credited as being Europe’s first great civilization. “Named after the legendary King Minos, the Minoans were an advanced society made up of highly cultivated artists and extremely intelligent engineers.” While researching, it showed the Minoans were primarily mercantilist people, engaged in overseas trade and managed a lucrative maritime empire, dominating the Mediterranean, the Greek islands, Greece, and expanded all the way out to the Black Sea. “A sophisticated group of people, they were also the first Europeans to use a written language, “known as Linear A, as well as the first to construct paved roads.” Located in the Middle of the eastern Mediterranean, at the crossroads of Africa, Asia, and Europe, “was the mountainous islands of Crete.” It was there were the magnificent civilization, “flourished.” Archeological evidence shows there was a habitation on the islands since the seventh millennium.” After the fifth millennium B.C., they found the first evidence of handmade pottery, marking the beginning of the civilization. “History showed that the Crete had 90 cities, of which Knossos was the most important one. “However, research shows the palaces of the Minoans were destroyed by forces unknown to us in...
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...1. 7The Minoans were a powerful sea faring people. They lived on Crete, which is an island in the Aegean Sea; the Aegean Sea is located west of Turkey and southeast of Greece. The Minoans lived and dominated Crete from around 3000 BC to 1500 BC. They had a deep culture in the arts. They are assumed to be a peaceful people for excavations done the ruins showed that there were no fortifications. The Minoans had developed significant naval power and for many centuries lived in contact with all the major civilizations of the time without being significantly threatened by external forces. Their commercial contact with ancient Egypt and Mesopotamia undeniably influenced their own culture, and the Minoan civilization in turn appeared as the forerunner of the Greek civilization. The Minoan Culture contributed to Greek development by establishing a sea trade. They also produced many mercantile goods including glass blowing, pottery, weaving, jewelry making. They also helped great early languages through written words. The people of Greece had divided themselves amongst various tribes such as Achaeans, Aeolians and Ionians. These were tall, red blonde haired nomadic tribes who grazed cattle and goats. They spoke Greek language and were ruled by Minoans for centuries. Whether Achaeans, Ionians, or Dorians, all of the Greeks in the Homeric Age had essentially the same culture, which was comparatively primitive. Not until the very last century of the period was there any general knowledge...
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...(Minoan) ca. 2000-1400 BC Mycenaean age ca. 1400-1200 BC The Aegean age featured three major cultures: Cycladic, Minoan, and Mycenaean. The Minoan and Mycenaean cultures are responsible for most Aegean artistic production. The chief exception lies in the Pre-Palace age, during which the Cycladians were the most accomplished sculptors of the Aegean. All Aegean cultures worked mainly in small sculpture. Large-scale sculpture only became common in Europe under the ancient Greeks, who drew inspiration from the great sculpted works of Egypt and Mesopotamia.H114-15 Pre-Palace Age: ca. 3000-2000 BC The foremost Aegean sculptures of the Pre-Palace age are the marble Cycladic idols: stylized figures whose faces are blank except for narrow triangular noses. Thousands of these sculptures have been discovered throughout the Cycladic Islands, often in graves. Most are individuals in a crossed-arm position, though some are engaged in activity, and some are group sculptures. The smooth contours and simple geometry of these figures are uncannily reminiscent of modern art. Palace Age: ca. 2000-1400 BC Minoan art gradually took form throughout the Pre-Palace age, then flourished during the Palace age. The Minoans sculpted in clay, bronze, ivory, and stone. They produced many figurines, both human and animal; bulls and bull-jumpers were particular favourites. Mycenaean Age: ca. 1400-1200 BC Most innovation in Aegean art was achieved by the Minoans. The Mycenaeans, known more as cultural...
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...Did The Trojan War Really Happen? Maryam Nouri BA Student of English Language and Literature, Semnan University Principles of Research (I) Dr. Hadi Farjami Did The Trojan War Really Happen? Maryam Noori BA student of English language and Literature, Semnan University, Semnan, Iran Abstract This article is about one of the most significant events in the history of western civilization. It deals with the evidences which show the reality of Trojan War and that did it really happen or not? It also concerns with efforts and campaigns which were performed in order to find out the existence of Troy and reality of this city. Keywords: Trojan War, Troy, Greece, Legendary, Epic, Homer, Iliad, Archeologist, Turkey, Dig, Excavation, Discover Introduction The Trojan War is one of the most legendary stories of the history. It was said that the cause of the war was when Trojan Prince named Paris went to Greece and kidnapped the beautiful Greek princess Helen. It is believed that the sea trading Mycenae was a cause of the war. But Greek tradition reveals that the romantic cause-kidnapping of the princess- is believed as the cause of the war. Generally, the legend tells us that Prince Paris Alexander of Troy took Queen Helen of Sparta away and brought her back with him to Troy. So the Greeks sailed to Troy in order to rescue the princess Helen. Under their leader Agamemnon, the Greeks attacked Troy for nine years. Because of the massive wall surrounding the city all...
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...The Disappearance of the Minoan Civilization Isaac Asimov once said that “The most exciting phrase to hear in science, the one that heralds new discoveries, is not 'Eureka!' (I found it!), but “That's funny ...” and that seems to be how the mystery of the disappearance of the Minoan civilization was finally solved. The disappearance of the Minoan civilization has often been referred to as Plato’s Atlantis in his writings from Timaeus about the fabled city that was swallowed by the sea. Some argued that the Minoan demise came from the possible invasion by outside forces, such as the Myceneans. Others say that the Minoan city on the Isle of Crete that lie close to the volcano Thera on Santorini was devastated by its violent eruption that spewed more than 10 million tons of ash, gas, and rock 25 miles into the atmosphere. For more than five centuries speculations have abounded but the truth remained a mystery. Then in 1997 a young geologist analyzed a sample of earth that he had taken from the inland on the isle of Crete. The sample was taken from deep within the earth to capture numerous layers of sediment going back thousands of years. Dr. Dominey-Howes found what he was looking for but he also found more; along with the volcanic ash and palace ruins he found tiny fossilized shell that only lives in very deep sea water. That’s funny … how could these shells possibly have gotten so far inland from the deep sea? By investigating the evidence further to answer the question...
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...Greek Architecture Katisha Baker ART/101 Shahara Godfrey, Ph.D. March 10, 2013 Greek Architecture Greek architecture began to be revitalized during the 7th century. Initially, Greek architecture was constructed from wood and mud. The buildings we see today are made largely of limestone. The three periods expressed in these later building are Classical, Hellenistic and Roman. Limestone was quarried and cut into large blocks dressed to fit the need of the builders. Some buildings were constructed from marble. However, this material was prohibitively expensive. Marble was used for sculpture. The main styles of Greek architecture are Ionic and Doric. The Doric style dominated in most of Greece and in Italy. The Doric style is the more formal of the two, with the Ionic style being more decorative and relaxed. A shining example of Greek architecture in the Doric style is the Parthenon. Roman architecture, which is considered to be more advanced in its design and engineering, uses three types of columns. Their most common type is made in the Doric style. It is plain and was used when very heavy structures required support. The Ionic style was, again, employed when more decorative ends were being met. The third type is the Corinthian style column. It has finer details and is considered superior in many ways to the other two types. Roman architecture also employed the use of arches. These were stunning and baffling in their day. The use of arches led to the development of the...
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...anything that would disprove his theory Greatest archeologist of his time George Mylonas 1952 found tablets Maria Amalia Christine (1738-1768) JJ Winklemann Father of Archeology History of the Art of antiquity Unpublished relics of antiquity Paleolithic age –old stone age Neolithic age- new stone age Bronze Early- 3000-2100 BC Middle- 2100-1550 Late- 1550-1100 Pelos was attacked and destroyed 1230 Whether the economy had trashed or they neglected their defenses Mycenian greeks worshiped the same gods as the later greeks No temple has been found for them Historians consider the Mycenaeans to be the first ancient Greeks, connected to the future Greek civilization by language and religion. Mycenaean period (starts with late Bronze age) 1. 1550-1500 2. 1500-1230 3. 1230-1100 golden age Possible reasons for the destruction of the Mycenaean 1. Internal 2. 1230 Egypt was attacked by the sea people (palasets) later a group of these people settled in Israel 3. Dorian - northern Greeks, used many of these people as mercenaries, armed forces, therefore may have known the sources of weakness, wanted to attack to get the wealth of the palace and then they left Dark Age 1150-750 1. New people arrive, Dorians believe they were descendants of Hercules. Argos, Sparta, Messenia – 3 most important states in Greece 2. Alphabet- invented by the Phoenicians (region now known as Lebanon) Greeks added vowels 3. first forms of writing 4. Calendar ...
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...The Truth behind the Mask of Agamemnon There are various debates when it comes to the authenticity of certain artworks. When determining the legitimacy of certain artworks, certain things that need to be taken into consideration, which is the case with The Mask of Agamemnon. The Mask of Agamemnon was a discovery by architect Heinrich Schliemann in Mycenae dated 1876. There have been various discussions in whether or not the mask is a fake. There has been sufficient evidence that supports this. Author Spencer Harrington, William Calder and David Traill examined how the mask of Agamemnon may be a fake, by including an overview of the Mask, questioning the faulty character of Schliemann, and the authenticity of the mask itself. Spencer Harrington author of “Behind the Mask of Agamemnon discussed the. Harrington stated that Schliemann was “supervised by Panagiotis Stamatakis, a conscientious Greek archaeologist who often accused Schliemann of destroying classical antiquities in his quest for Homeric remains.” Which raises questions of whether or not Schliemann’s work was for the preservation of Greek art or for the benefiting the “businessman-turned-archaeologist” (Harrington). The mask of Agem When it comes to the excavation of artwork individuals often judge the artwork to be real or fake based on the artwork itself, not taking into account the architects(s) whom excavated the art piece. Professor and author Calder did so by questioning the faulty character of Schliemann...
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...clothing, and shelter. Poverty is primarily caused by hunger, illness, and thirst and affects the entire society by generating many problems and making people to live substandard lives. It is normally classified in absolute and relative poverty. Absolute poverty refers to a state of not being able to obtain basic needs such as food, shelter and clothing that are very important in sustaining life. Relative poverty, on the other hand, is a state of not being able to obtain resources in relation to a certain mean resource and normally applies to people who are not able to meet societal social needs. According to Townsend (1979), a family is considered to be in relative poverty if it is not able to afford the required diet, get involved in societal activities, and use basic health and educational facilities. Problems connected to poverty bring political, economic, and social disorder in the society. There are two theories that apply to poverty; conflict theory and structural theory. Conflict theory explains that poverty leads to class conflict in a society (Giddens & Simon, 2006). This comes as a result of the oppression of the poor by the rich. It says that conflict must remain in order to create a positive change in the society and that the wide gap between the rich and the poor is very significant. Structural function theory explains that poverty has a purpose in the society since it motivates people to work hard (Andersen & Taylor, 2006). This ensures that all jobs are attended...
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...The first social revolution is that of the hunting and gathering societies when the transformed to horticultural and pastoral societies. This kind of society enabled humans to stop moving around and make more permanent living areas. With dependable sources of food, human societies grew bigger, as well as the evolution of tools. This induced trade and set the stage for social inequality. Materialism brought about war. In return, wars brought about power and wealth. The second is the agricultural society. This kind of society emerged after the invention of the plow. The plow brought forth an even larger supply of food, which encouraged the evolvement of cities. People then had more time to engage in other activities such as philosophy, art, literature, and architecture. This period is typically known as the "dawn of civilization" because the changes are so abundant and profound. Social inequality increased. There were taxes and the elite surrounded themselves with what amounted to personal militaries. The third is the Industrial revolution that began in Great Britain. The steam machine was introduced to operate machinery. This tool opened the door for even bigger social inequality, more than any other ever seen. Those who first used the technology became very wealthy, and other peasants were made to leave their lands and had to move to the city, where they faced several hardships like starving, minimal wages, and stealing. This revolution brought...
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...means they see it as something created and defined by society itself. They believe we can see the position that children occupy in society is not fixed but differs between different time, places and cultures by comparing the western idea of childhood today with the childhood in the past and in other societies. It is accepted in our society today that childhood is a special time of life and that children are different from adults. They are seen as physically and psychologically immature and not yet able to run their own lives. Jane Pilcher (1995) notes the most importance feature of the modern idea of childhood is separateness. Childhood is seen as a clear and distinct life stage and children in society occupy a different status from adults. However this view of childhood as a separate age status, children and adults being different, is not found in all societies. Stephan Wagg (1992) says “Childhood is socially constructed. It is, in other words, what members of particular societies, at particular times and in particular places, say it is. There is no single universal childhood, experienced by all. So, childhood isn’t ‘natural’ and should be distinguished from mere biological immaturity”. This means that, while all human beings go through the same stages on physical development, different cultures construct or define this process differently. Ruth Benedict (1934) argues that children in simpler, non-industrial societies are generally treated differently from their modern western...
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