...each of us has a right, and an obligation, to rectify any other mistake we make in life.” Divorce is the separation of two people who once had a marriage contract. The frequent reasons why people get a divorce are: infidelity, physical abuse, falling out of love, lack of commitment to the marriage, lack of communication between the spouses etc. Divorce was something new to France in the nineteenth century, it was allowed for the first time. The whole structure of the families started to change and women and men for the first time were allowed to stand up in what they believed in – divorce. Divorce first became legal in France on September 20, 1792. It was abolished in 1816, and was re-established in 1884 under the Third Republic. France had created divorce laws, and was regarded as a republican. “Under the ancient regime, marriage was indissoluble; after 1792, couples could divorce quickly and easily.” (Chastain, 2004) The divorce law of September 20, 1792 acknowledges the principles of marital breakdown where neither of the two parties would be named guilty for the divorce. This means that a divorce can be made through mutual consent, or the wife or the husband could sue for a divorce. This law made divorce affordable even to the poorest person, it was equally available through out France, and “it was not based on any double standard of sexual morality that would have put women at a disadvantage. This divorce law reflected the Revolutions commitment to the right of the individual...
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...Egalite and Fraternite, the three words that translate to Liberty, Equality and Fraternity. These three words were the motto during the 10 year periods of 1789 to 1799 (Encyclopedia.com 2008), the influential period that shaped the social and political views in the country of France. This period was called the French Revolution. At this time, the country of France went from being a monarchy which was ruled by King Louis XVI, who was king of France from 1744 until his removal in the year 1792 (Furet 1995), to a republic ruled by the people and then a full dictatorship. Soon after, the role of ruler came to Napoleon Bonaparte who was the military general and first emperor of the country of France (History.com Staff 2009). Napoleon was born on the date of August 15, 1769 in Corsica, France and died on May 5, 1821 on the island of St. Helena in the South Atlantic Ocean (History.com Staff 2009). During his reign, Napoleon promised the people of France that their revolution would be honored, but rather ruled the way he wanted which provided mixed opinions on whether he destroyed or upheld the French Revolutions. This paper will argue about the parts of the French revolution affected by Napoleon Bonaparte, whether positively or negatively, and which of them he preserved and which did he destroy, keeping in mind the motto liberty, equality and fraternity as well as the three estates, the clergy, the nobility and everyone else. To begin with, Napoleon was a very popular figure in France...
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...The Rise and Fall of Napoleon Bonaparte The great French military leader Napoleon Bonaparte had initially capitalized on the changes of the French Revolution to improve the lives of French citizens. But over time, Napoleon's lust for power overcame his good economic, political and military accomplishments, and his transformation into a selfish dictator led to his fall. Napoleon was born on 15th August 1769 at Ajaccio on the island of Corsica, he was the second son (having 7 siblings) of a lawyer who had minor connections to the aristocracy and was far from wealthy (Dugdale). His family was radical in outlook and as a young man he strongly identified with his Corsican heritage. Thanks in part to his mother’s adultery with the French military governor Comte de Marbeuf he began his military education at Brienne military academy and later in 1784 at the Military school in Paris, and he worked hard to complete his studies in a further year rather than the required three years (Dugdale). This was the natural choice of service for the young Bonaparte as he was gifted at science and mathematics, which were essential skills for any artillery officer of the time (Dugdale). The young Napoleon spent much of the next 8 years in Corsica supporting the Corsican rebel Pasquale Paulo who had been a patron of Napoleon's father. When the revolution broke out the Bonaparte family fled to France and Napoleon became opposed to Pasquale. He would quite likely have...
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...Enlightenment Era and strengthened after the French Revolution. It was an idea that placed first importance on the individual, natural rights, life, liberty, and equality, including property rights and personal freedoms. (britanica.com liberalism) The nineteenth-century liberals believed that each individual had fundamental rights and that every citizen should be able to work their way up through the social classes of the nation. Liberals were made up of primarily the middle class and they were of the belief that government should stay out of things. Their goal was total economic, personal and political freedom....
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...being promoted captain, he was given the role of brigadier general by the Committee of Public Safety. Throughout his career as brigadier general, he led many campaigns throughout Europe, including Italy and Egypt. In 1799, he led the Coup D’état that overthrew the Directory government and named himself the First Consul and then Emperor Napoleon I. When asked as to why he overthrew the government, he responded, “It was the right thing to do. The French government was weak and problem-ridden; what else would be better than taking it over and fixing it yourself?” During his reign, Napoleon established the Napoleonic Code, a set of laws used to help “fix” the government. With this law, equality was preserved, as well as religious toleration, abolishing serfs, and giving rights for individuals to choose their own jobs. As Napoleon said, “I wanted to make sure I had the people of France on my side. If they were not pleased, they would be coming after me and I do not want that to happen.” Women, however, were not as pleased as the men. With the Napoleonic Code, it made divorce more difficult for them, they were treated less equal to men, and they lost all possible...
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...* https://www.cia.gov/library/publications/the-world-factbook/geos/ha.html The Capital of Haiti is Port-au-Prince. It gained its independence from France January 1, 1804. The Flag has two equal horizontal bands of blue (top) and red with a centered white rectangle bearing the coat of arms, which contains a palm tree flanked by flags and two cannons above a scroll bearing the motto L'UNION FAIT LA FORCE (Union Makes Strength); the colors are taken from the French Tricolor and represent the union of blacks and mulattoes. The national bird is the Hispaniola trogon (bird). It’s official languages are French and Creole. History. The native Taino Amerindians - who inhabited the island of Hispaniola when it was discovered by Christopher COLUMBUS in 1492 - were virtually annihilated by Spanish settlers within 25 years. In the early 17th century, the French established a presence on Hispaniola. In 1697, Spain ceded to the French the western third of the island, which later became Haiti. The French colony, based on forestry and sugar-related industries, became one of the wealthiest in the Caribbean but only through the heavy importation of African slaves and considerable environmental degradation. In the late 18th century, Haiti's nearly half million slaves revolted under Toussaint L'OUVERTURE. After a prolonged struggle, Haiti became the first black republic to declare independence in 1804. The poorest country in the Western Hemisphere, Haiti has been plagued by political violence...
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...unification of the French Government. Prior to the French Revolution, the French citizens were at the mercy of a monarch and things could change on a whim. Napoleon seeked to change this by putting in place, a core set of values for the French People. Napoleon’s civil code consisted of a “uniform code of laws.” Along with this uniform code of laws came many other state-sanctioned systems including that of religion and education. In order to come to these ideals, Napoleon used Revolutionary groundwork and built upon it. Napoleon was most famous for his contributions to the Family Law. Napoleon was a firm believer in the idea that men should be at the top of society. The family law gave even more power to men in France. Fathers could ultimately control their child’s life up until the age of 25 and even had some major powers after that. Husbands also had the final say in many issues regarding his wife and their children. However, not everything was up to husband. Family law also brought about change in divorce laws. Prior to the reign of Napoleon, divorce was fully illegal. Napoleon, however, changed this based on revolutionary standards, making divorce simple and giving the right to request a divorce to both men and women. All in all, Napoleon built upon the foundation left by revolutionaries to create his...
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...Stanley Kowalski is a distinguished character in the play A Streetcar Named Desire, he is Stella’s husband, (a women which is from an upper class family) however he comes from a very different and less elegant background, than both Stella and Blanche (Stella’s older sister). We can tell this from the first impression Blanche give ‘Where were you? In bed with your Polack!’ this shows the clear lack of respect that Blanche has not only towards Stanley but towards Polish people and people of a lower class, we know that Blanche shows no guilt in what she has just said as she said it in such a shocking and shameful gesture, she is also clearly referring to him as a ‘lower class working man’. In Scene 1, Stanley is shown as having ‘animal joy’ and being a ‘richly feathered male bird’ this shows his superiority and this is also shown in most of his conversations that he has with his friends and wife, Stanley is typically the dominant speaker, he refuses to accept that someone tells him that his actions are wrong and he shows this throughout the play when he uses Stella’s upper class status against her by mentioning his ‘Napoleonic code’ meaning that everything that his wife owns, or partly owns is his. This shows that his character is very dominant and has an aggressive side to him. Stanley’s ‘animal joy’ can also show us that he has animalistic qualities for example when in scene three (the poker scene), Stanley and Blanche have a disagreement about the radio playing out loud, Blanche...
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...High-Heeled Shoes INTRODUCTION: “Give a girl the right shoe and she can conquer the world” –Marilyn Monroe Shoes in general have typically served as markers of gender, class, race, and ethnicity. No other shoe, however, has gestured toward leisure, sexuality, and sophistication as much as the high-heeled shoe. Often the last piece of an ensemble or the final detail to be added to an outfit, the high-heel is a wardrobe staple that has come a long way! The high-heel has transformed from a measure of class and wealth, to a serious fashion statement. ANCIENT TIMES: Egyptian murals tell us that butchers were the originators of high heels, using them to walk through scores of dead animals without getting insides on their outsides. Most of the lower class in ancient Egypt walked barefoot, but from figures on murals dating from 3500 B.C. illustrations of both upper-class males and females are seen wearing heels, probably for ceremonial purposes. Greece and Rome, platform sandals called kothorni, later known as buskinsin during the Renaissance, were shoes with high wood or cork soles that were popular particularly among actors who would wear shoes of different heights to indicated varying social status or importance of characters. In ancient Rome, sex trade was not illegal and female prostitutes were identified by their high heels (Wilson 2005). HIGH-HEELS IN FASHION: High heels as we know them today were actually brought into the mainstream in the 16th century...
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...Yalta Conference The Yalta conference took place on February 1945, in a Russian resort town in Crimea, which was recently annexed by Russia in 2014. However the before the conference took place there was tension building up between the Allies and the Soviet Union. The Soviet Union was an ally with Germany for 2 years when they signed the Nazi-Soviet Pact; “this led the west to believe Stalin was cynical, opportunistic, power hungry, expansionist” (lecture, 1/8/16). It also took the allies a while to open up a western front, and this angered Stalin as the Soviet unions causalities kept on mounting. The conference was attended by the big three, British Prime Minister Winston Churchill, Soviet Premier Joseph Stalin and U.S. President Franklin D. Roosevelt. The leaders agreed to Germanys surrender and to set up spheres in occupied Germany that the three nations plus France would control (lecture 1/8/16). Stalin also agreed to free elections in Eastern Europe, however he fell short on his promise. Berlin Blockade/Airlift The Berlin Blockade was the first physical confrontation between the Soviet Union and the West (lecture 1/8/16). The blockade started on June 1948 to May 1949. The whole idea behind the Blockade was to force the western allies out of “Berlin by blocking all ground access to the city” (lecture, 1/8/16). This was possible because getting into Berlin you had to travel through Soviet occupied East Germany. The allies were able to get around the blockade by airlifting...
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...borrowed from Europe called the putting-out system. Under this system merchants would buy the raw materials, recruit dozens, or in some case hundreds, of farm families to do the work, and then sell the finished product. Many shoes in New England were made in this manner; women and children would make part of the shoe, which would be finished by experienced shoemakers. Beginning in the late 1780s the textile industry started to use power-driven machines and interchangeable parts. All power in these early factories came from water, so the early factories all were located along rivers. Most were located in New England or the Middle states. In the 1790s factories like those in Lowell, Massachusetts, began to weave cotton imported from the south. With the introduction of the cotton gin in the same decade, more cotton became available, and production boomed. By 1840 the textile industry employed nearly 75,000 workers, with almost half of them women. The workforce of many of the early factories was hired using the “Lowell System.” Young women from surrounding areas were brought in to work. They worked for a pittance, worked in horrible conditions, and slept in dormitories provided by the factory. The young women saw this as temporary work, as many went home after several years after making some money (and in some cases...
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...Changing views of the contribution of popular Spanish resistance to victory in the Peninsular War. The guerrillas have been viewed in a variety of different ways in the historiographical record of the Peninsular War. Until relatively recently, according to Tone, “historians have paid them scant attention” putting the focus on, according to Esdaile “great men, great armies and great battles”. This essay will explore some aspects of the guerrillas that have been the subject of debate in the historiography, focussing first on exploring who the guerrillas were and what their impact was on the war. Tone, in a study of the English language historiography and that of France and Spain identified that there was a difference in the way each treated the guerrillas. He summarised that while the British ignored the guerrillas’ role, the French overplayed the role of the church and the Spanish tended to portray the popular resistance as comprising the whole of the population. It could be argued that this reduction of three historiographic traditions to just three simple ideas is an oversimplification, but there is some justification for at least one of these ideas. To illustrate, and explain the British view, Tone cites Napier’s 1882 history of the Peninsular War as discussing the guerrillas, or partidas (the name given to guerrilla bands by the Spanish themselves) in less than glowing language. Reading the rest of the Napier, it is true that there are very few mentions of the guerrillas...
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...gender has also hindered the progression of America regarding freedom of expression- a right included in the very first amendment of our Constitution. Currently, gender is...
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...Napoleon Bonaparte’s rise to power consisted of many mistakes, wrong turns, and pitfalls, yet he managed to become head of the most powerful country in Europe at the age of thirty. During his formative years, his character was ambiguous and his intensions were often ill defined. He was, however, highly ambitious, and it was this that advanced his career and social status (Asprey). His most important and consistent aim was to create a French Empire and establish French dominance over Europe, which he was able to accomplish (Grab). However, as Napoleon became more powerful, his opposition grew stronger. It was evident that he was destined to be deposed by political responsibility and personal betrayal. Unfortunately, his threatening obsessions and potential for violence later led to his fall (Leggiere). Napoleon Buonaparte was born in Ajaccio, Corsica, on August 15th 1769 (Asprey, 7). The Buonaparte’s were a wealthy family from the Corsican nobility, but were considered poor when compared to the great aristocracies of France. Not quite nobility, one would assume that Buonaparte’s chance to rise was somewhat slim. But Napoleon was ambitious to become a well-known leader, and therefore strived to do so. He spent his early years in a military school in France but was considered an outsider because many of the other students came from very wealthy French families (13). Napoleon was driven by his father’s death in 1785. He graduated as second lieutenant in the artillery after attending...
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...Cultural Analysis of Italy I. INTRODUCTION Italy is one of the most crowded nations in Europe with a population of roughly 58.2 million. As country, it has much to offer its citizens and visitors. The capital of Italy is Rome (also known as the Eternal City) and is almost 3,000 years old. It has been the capital since 1871 and is home to the Dome of St. Peter's, the Sistine Chapel, the Coliseum, and the famous Trevi Fountain. They are well known for their culture and food, along with their easily recognizable shape as a boot. They are passionate about many things, including their food. When McDonald's opened in 1986 in Rome, food purists outside the restaurant gave away free spaghetti to remind people of their culinary heritage. The richness of its past and the 'live-life-to-the-fullest' attitude combine to make Italy a must-see travel destination. II. RELEVANT HISTORY Evidence of civilization has been found on the Italian peninsula dating far into pre-history. Thousands of rock drawings discovered in the Alpine regions of Lombardy date from around 8,000 BC. There were sizable settlements throughout the Copper Age (37th to 15th century BC), the Bronze Age (15th to 8th century BC) and the Iron Age (8th to 5th century BC). In the north of Italy, the Etruscan culture took hold around 800BC, while Greeks settled in southern Italy from 700 to 600BC, namely in Apulia, Calabria and Sicily (then known as Magna Graecia). The Roman Empire (5th Century BC to 5th Century AD) The...
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