...The Nuremberg Trials War crimes, in practice, are offenses charged against the losers of the war by victor. During WW II there were three types of war crimes were committed by Germany. The first: crimes against peace, which included preparing for and starting a war of aggression in violation of treaties. The second: murder, ill treatment, the killing of hostages; plunder of public or private property; the destruction of cities and towns. The third: crimes against humanity, which include persecution on racial, political, or religious grounds either before or during a war. All of these violations were raised on Germany's actions. Trials of the Nazi leaders begun on October 18, 1945, and lasted for 10 months. Trials of Japanese leaders began on May 3, 1946 in Tokyo and ended on November 12, 1948. There were more than 2,000 lesser trials accusing Nazi leaders of wrong doing. Even more took place in the Soviet Union. Most of the war criminals were convicted, and many were also executed. The Nuremberg Trials, one of the more substantial trials, accused 22 German Nazi leaders of war crimes. Altogether 12 were sentenced to death, including Keitel, Ribbentrop, Rosenberg, Bromann (who was tried in absentia), and Goering (who committed suicide). Only three, including Hess were given life sentences. Just four, including Doenitz and Speer were sentenced to up to 20 years of prison. Amazingly, three including Papen and Schacht were acquitted. These trials brought some...
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...The Nuremberg Trials was created to bring justice to the Nazis. Nuremberg Trials took place in 1945 - 1949. The Nuremberg Trials had over 13 trials in Nuremberg. The defendants were German industrialists, lawyers and doctors were charged for crimes against peace, crimes against humanity, war crimes, and a common or conspiracy to commit. Adolf Hitler committed suicide and was never brought to trial. (Encyclopædia Britannica, inc.) There was 216 court sessions. On october 1, 1946 there was 22 of the 24 original defendants 2 of them committed suicide during the trial. On December 1942, leaders of Great Britain, United States, and Soviet Union “issued the first joint declaration officially noting the mass murder of European Jewry and resolving to prosecute those responsible for violence against civilian populations,”. (A+E Networks) The Soviet Union wanted to execute 100,000 of the high ranking Nazi Officers. Winston Churchill (The British Prime Minister) talked about the possibility to execute without trial. But the Americans persuaded the other nations to do a criminal trial since it would be more effective. Among other things it would require extra documentation of the crimes charges against the defendants and prevent any accusations later on that the defendants have been blamed for...
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...During World War ll, many horrific events occurred. The people that caused the events were put to trial and charged with war crimes, crimes against humanity, and crimes against peace. Their trials that brought justice were called the Nuremberg trials. The Nuremberg trials were a series of thirteen trials made by the allies held between 1945-1949 (Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath). In these trials, twenty-two criminals were received their punishment for their abominable crimes (Holocaust Timeline: Aftermath). The trials had taken place in Nuremberg, Germany at the Palace of Justice because Berlin had been to war-damaged (Angela Wood, 168, Jason Skog, 28). The trials were also held in Nuremberg because it is where racial laws were passed (Angela...
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...To what extent the Doctor’s Trial held in Nuremberg established a precedent in human experimentation and human rights movement? Table of Contents A. Plan of Investigation………………………………………………………………………3 B. Summary of Evidence………………………………………………………………………...4-7 C. Evaluation of Sources…………………………………………………………………………….8 D. Analysis……………………………………………………………………………9 E. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………10 F. Bibliography………………………………………………………………………11 G. Appendix A. Plan of Investigation This investigation assesses to what extent was the significance of the Doctor’s Trial in establishing a precedent for human experimentation and the advancement of the human rights movement. The body of evidence would contain all the events that lead to a change of the view of human experimentation and rights. The researcher evaluated the process in which the Doctor’s Trial at Nuremberg marked an example to human rights today and how the Nuremberg Code helped exercise the decisions made at the Nuremberg trials. Primary sources as the partial transcript of the Doctor’s trial were used to evaluate the contribution of the verdicts made at the trials to human rights. Documents will be analyzed in regards to their origin, purpose, value, and limitations in order to properly evaluate the evidence. B. Summary of Evidence On December 9, 1946, an American military tribunal opened criminal proceedings against twenty-three leading German physicians and administrators for their...
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...Jerold Maxwell Mr. Rzyski English 2 2 May 2014 After World War II the Nuremberg trials lasted from 1946 through 1949. The Nuremberg trials was one of the biggest events during the mid 1940s . The Nuremburg trials attempted to bring many Nazi leaders to justice but some of the officers of the Third Reich were not catch until many years later. Including these two major leaders Hermann Goering and Rudolph Hess. The Nuremberg trials was took place in Nuremberg, Germany. It involved twenty – four top ranking survivors of the National Socialist German Workers Party. “The subsequent trials were held throughout Germany and involved approximately two hundred additional defendants, including Nazi physicians who performed vile experiments on human...
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...The Nuremberg Trials The Holocaust was one of the most abominable occurrences in the history of the world. Thankfully, the perfidious Nazi leaders were placed on trial for their gruesome crimes in Nuremberg, Germany. These convicts were rightfully located, tried, and convicted for their awful felonies. Firstly, judges from the United States, the Soviet Union, Great Britain, and France, known as the Allies, located 22 of the deceitful Nazi leaders. Because the crimes committed by the Nazis were so horrible, “the Allies decided to bring justice to those accused of war crimes and crimes against humanity,” (The Holocaust Explained 2017). Directly after the end of World War II, 22 of the insidious leaders were tried for their offenses in Nuremberg,...
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...captured. All of the other Nazi leaders were sent to trial commonly known as “The Nuremberg Trials.” The trials lasted about three years. (Carter) The most important part of the Nuremberg Trials was when the Nazi leaders were in trial. In Britannica’s article explains that the trials took place in the mid 1900’s and lasted for about 3-4 years. The Nuremberg Trials were first held in Nuremberg, Germany. According to Britannica, “The tribunal was given the authority to find any individual guilty of the commission of war crimes and to declare any group or organization to be criminal in character.” This means that any group that commited a crime during the war could be sentenced for prison time or sent on death row the most common criminal group was the Nazi. The Trials had rules or guidelines that all of the accusing countries agreed on so that it is a mix of several different governments. 22 out of...
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...the deadliest conflict in human history which resulted in million fatalities. The Nuremberg Trials were a series of military trials held by the victorious Allied forces of World War II most notable for the prosecution of prominent members of the political, military, and economic leadership of the defeated Nazis. After the World War II the laws and procedures were written down for the Nuremberg Trial and at that time using jurisprudence which provides a theory for why we need laws the committee defined a new law “Crime Against Humanity” as “Murder, extermination, enslavement, deportation, and other inhumane acts committed against any civilian population, before or during the war, or persecutions on political, racial or religious grounds in execution of or in connection with any crime within the jurisdiction of the Tribunal, whether or not in violation of the domestic law of the country where perpetrated”. This law was added to the draft and the Nazis were indicted for war crimes, crime against peace and crime against humanity. The new law “Crime Against Humanity” is derived from the “Natural Law” which is oldest law of jurisprudence which states “that the governments and legal systems should reflect the moral and ethical ideas that are inherent in human nature”. Basically all the laws are believed to have been derived from natural law. Thus, on the basis of this law the judges of the Nuremberg Trial dismissed all the claims of the defendants and overruled the possibility of letting...
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...the issues of the political vacuum of power now that the leading party of the nation for the last 12 years, also the systems and culture created by this. Their main ways of tackling the Nazi legacy boiled down to several major areas; denazification, democratisation and the Nuremberg trials. The success of dealing with the Nazi legacy was fairly limited especially with the division of germany, also in such a short time period the ally powers struggled to find their feet. The Nuremberg trials which took place from the 20 november1945 -1 october 1946, were the trials of the leading Nazi war criminals or what was left of them. There were 13 trials in total over this time period and was the most tangible form of dealing with the Nazi legacy and holding those who were responsible. The prisoners were tried for; crimes against peace, war crimes, crimes against humanity and conspiracy, most of the evidence only came to light at the trials and are now what we consider most of the Nazi plans and actions. By the end of the trials 3 were acquitted and 12 were sentenced to death including Goring. The trials were able to sentence the remaining Nazis but aren’t the major way of dealing with the legacy they left. The trials set a president for what would happen to the Nazis and were rather symbolic of destroying the legacy, also by killing or sentencing the leading Nazis it prevented the reoccurrence of the Nazi party forming with any major members from the war. It also found the men rightly guilty...
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...Sara Wadlow PS 434 Research Paper May 3, 2015 Introduction The Syrian Civil War has resulted in the deaths of hundreds of thousands of people. Since 2011, protests and attacks have been a daily occurrence, and the regime of Bashar Al-Assad has done what it believed was necessary to stop rebel forces and end protests. As such, Assad has committed many questionable, at best, and criminal, at worst, actions against the civilians of Syria in an effort to stop the rebels. The indiscriminate warfare Assad has used against Syrian citizens is shown in multiple international doctrines as illegal, and is thus a war crime, which should be prosecuted. The Statue of the International Criminal Court defines war crimes as “serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in international armed conflict” and “serious violations of the laws and customs applicable in an armed conflict not of an international character (ICRC 2016). Section IV of Rule 156 of the International Committee of the Red Cross, titled Other Serious Violations of International Humanitarian Law Committed During a Non-International Armed Conflict, lists use of prohibited weapons subject to criminal sanctions, and specifically references the Chemical Weapons Convention, Amended Protocol II to the Convention on Certain Conventional Weapons, and the Ottawa Convention as laying the groundwork for this guideline. This paper will address historical context of the Syrian Civil War, United Nations documents concerning...
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...gradually developing consensus about the key ethical principles that should underlie the research endeavor. Two marker events stand out (among many others) as symbolic of this consensus. The Nuremberg War Crimes Trial following World War II brought to public view the ways German scientists had used captive human subjects as subjects in oftentimes gruesome experiments. In the 1950s and 1960s, the Tuskegee Syphilis Study involved the withholding of known effective treatment for syphilis from African-American participants who were infected. Events like these forced the reexamination of ethical standards and the gradual development of a consensus that potential human subjects needed to be protected from being used as 'guinea pigs' in scientific research. By the 1990s, the dynamics of the situation changed. Cancer patients and persons with AIDS fought publicly with the medical research establishment about the long time needed to get approval for and complete research into potential cures for fatal diseases. In many cases, it is the ethical assumptions of the previous thirty years that drive this 'go-slow' mentality. After all, we would rather risk denying treatment for a while until we achieve enough confidence in a treatment, rather than run the risk of harming innocent people (as in the Nuremberg and Tuskegee events). But now, those who were threatened with fatal illness were saying to the research establishment that they wanted to be test subjects, even under experimental conditions...
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... ‘CRIME AGAINST THE HUMANITY’, means that the acts of persecution or any large-scale atrocities against a body of people, as being the criminal offense above all others. Human rights are international norms that help to protect all people everywhere from severe political, legal and social abuses. The right to freedom of religion, the right to a fair trial when charged with crime, the right not to be tortured, and the right to engage in political activity are the fundamental human rights. The rights exist in morality and in law at the national and international levels. The main sources of the contemporary conception of human rights are the Universal declaration of Human rights, the treaties that followed in international organizations such as the United Nations, the Council of Europe, the Organization of American States, and the African Union. The Universal Declaration of Human Rights sets out number of human rights that countries should respect and protect, which are normally divided into six. They are Security rights that protect people against abuses of the legal system such as imprisonment without trial, secret trials and excessive punishments, liberty, rights that protect the liberty to participate in politics through actions such as communicating, assembling, protesting, voting and serving in public office, equality rights that guarantee equal citizenship, equality before the law and non discrimination and social rights that require provision of education to all children...
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...groups because of their nationality, ethnicity, gender or religion, then the international community began to see the necessity of holding political leaders accountable for their political decisions in a court of law, (Hauss, 2003). After World War II, when the atrocities of the Holocaust became well known, the victorious Allied powers decided to hold war crimes tribunals to punish the political and military leaders of Germany and Japan. The Nuremberg and Tokyo trials were the first of their kind in establishing international precedent for the prosecution of war crimes. Later war crimes that were committed in Yugoslavia and Rwanda resulted in the creation of separate tribunals by the United Nations to punish the leaders who perpetrated these acts. Attempts are being made to set up an International Criminal Court, but several powerful countries, including the United States, have refused to support its establishment. Introduction The history of war crimes tribunals only begins after World War II, when the Nuremberg and Tokyo tribunals were established. The Allied powers of World War I attempted to prosecute war crimes committed by...
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...Understanding Morality Topic: Death Penalty 1. General theory overview Utilitarianism will check the outcome that results from punishing the criminals and whether it is the greatest happiness for the greatest number of people. The theory of social contract is supported by Hobbes. He argues that the state of nature is “the life of man would be solitary, poor, nasty, brutish and short.” His solution is to come together and agree to a social contract, whose aim is to protect people from harm by others as well as to guarantee all the parties can keep the agreement. Kant says we need to act out of duty of moral rule. When we treat criminals, the only reason to be regarded as praiseworthy must be nothing else than the crime itself. Then we should consider the 1st form of categorical imperatives, which says “act only on the maxim that you can will as a universal law”. Next, we must take the 2nd categorical imperatives into account. It says “always treat humanity whether in your own person or in that of another, never simply as a means, but always at the same time as an end”. On the retributivist view, legal punishment is justified as a means of making those who are responsible for a crime or harm pay for it. According to the retributivist view, payment must to be made in some way that is equivalent to the crime or harm done. There are two arguments, proportional equivalency and egalitarian equivalency. For proportional equivalency, one is required to pay back something proportional...
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...When thinking of great leaders that I identify with, one person comes to mind and it is a choice that I don’t take lightly because of what he did before he turned his life around. Liberia and Sierra Leone were the scenes of human atrocities that war caused and brutality against human kind that man conducted. The hacking off of limbs and raping of women were just some of the crimes committed against humanity. One man in particular was the most brutal of all. His name is known as General Butt Naked. Known for going into battle only with ammo a weapon and shoes, his army of kidnapped and drugged child soldiers committed killings of other women men and children under his command. After the war this General was visited by a priest and told him that he would atone for his crimes and raise up the very people he destroyed. During the war crimes tribunal, amnesty was offered to all those who committed crimes and killings during the war. The only person who showed up was General Butt Naked. He was pardoned for his crimes because of what he had been doing before the tribunal. This man raped killed and mutilated people without thought. But he did something that changed my mind and life after watching his documentary. He gave his life to God and began a crusade by saying two words, “I’m sorry.” He went to every village, home and person that he committed these crimes against and apologized. He gave up his life and used it to start the process of reconciliation and forgiveness. I don’t take...
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