...“MOTIVATION IS A CRITICAL FACTOR FOR THR ACHIEVEMENT OF ORGANIZATIONAL AND INDIVIDUAL SUCCESS. HOWEVER IT IS EQUALLY CRITICAL FOR MANAGERS TO KNOW THE DIFFERENT MOTIVATIONAL THEORIES AND APPROACHES AS WELL AS HOW TO USE THEM EFFECTIVELY” Table of Contents 1.0 Introduction 2.1 Background Information 3 2.2 The aim and objective 4 2.3 How to accomplish the aim 5 2.0 Discussion 3.4 Definition of Motivation 6 3.5 Importance of employee motivation 7 3.6 Basic concept of employee motivation 9 3.7 Different theories of motivation 10 3.8 Why managers should have a good understanding about motivation 16 3.0 Conclusion 17 4.0 References 18 1.0 Introduction 1.1 Background information ...
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...Motivation - a reason or reasons for acting or behaving in a particular way. (Oxford Dictionaries, 2013) The role of money as a motivator at work has been widely argued over a number of years. Some people say that money is the prime factor that gets employees motivated at work; some people say there are other more important factors that influence employees. It is necessary to look at various theories in order to answer the question about the role of money as a motivator in the workplace. “Where there is little pleasure in the work itself…many people may appear to be motivated primarily, if not exclusively, by money” (Mullins, 2007). Victor Vroom’s expectancy theory of motivation (1964) develops an idea that the amount of effort and level of performance directly depends on the value of the reward at the end and the overall probability of achieving it and thus, motivates employees (Mullins, 2007). The motivational force is presented as follows: ------------------------------------------------- MOTIVATIONAL FORCE = (EXPECTANCY ×INSTRUMENTALITY) × VALENCE ------------------------------------------------- Source: Hitt, Miller, Colella (2006) A combination of factors such as the sense of manageable, attractive outcomes/rewards (valence) and the overall probability of getting the reward (expectancy), leads to motivation with the help of hard work and effort. Hitt, Miller and Colella (2006) claim that the given theory has got some implications for managers who try to increase...
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... GRADUATE SCHOOL OF MANAGEMENT UNIVERSITY PUTRA MALAYSIA ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR GSM 5101 FIRST TRIMESTER 2011/2012 NAME OF LECTURER: DATO’ DR. ZULKIFLI IDRIS “MOTIVATION IN THE WORKPLACE” NAME OF STUDENT: MOHD HAFIZI BIN ABDUL FATAH MATRIC NO: GM04509 Introduction In today business world, many business managers are not aware of the effects that motivation can have on their business. Therefore, it is very important for the graduating students of University of Putra Malaysia to learn and understand the factors that determine positive motivation in the workplace. Regardless whether the business is MNC (multinational company), or SME (small medium enterprise), every single employee needs some of form of motivation to motivate them as a strategy to attain organizational goals. Later in the following content, we will see the importance and effects of motivation by identifying key factors that determine the rate of motivation in employees of any organization and how these factors are linked directly to their individual needs, behaviour and attitudes. According to the book written by McShane (2010), he said “motivation is the driving force by which humans achieve their goals.” Importance of motivation In the organization, motivation is very important elements in the whole management process. Motivation is use for encouraging employees to make positive contribution for achieving organizational objectives. Motivation is necessary as incentive in order to get...
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...much they can learn, upgrade their skills and contribute more to the company, through it. (Mullins 2007). Bloisi (2003) defines motivation as ‘’a conscious decision - to perform one or more activities with greater effort than other competing activities’’ (W. Bloisi, 2003 Management and Organisational Behaviour, p.172). Which said in plain English will mean that when a manager gives an incentive to his employees to perform a certain activity that will boost up the productivity of the employee and that confirms the theory that people are rational individual who respond to incentives. On the other hand, when the employee doesn’t have any stimulation to perform an activity the overall product of his work won’t be that good and that makes those employees a burden for the industry that they are working in - they no more contribute for the development of the company (Decenzo & Robbins 2005). Often one of the good examples of motivation is the money factor, followed by enjoying the industry and the good social environment. Most of our motives are conclusive of our behaviour. If managers understand the motivations of their employees they can understand in that way their behaviours (Huczynski & Buchanan 2007). Every manager has to know how to motivate and how to support their staff. It takes time for the managers to find the correct approach for motivating the staff and therefore, improving their performance, but managers can choose from many motivations theories and as we...
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...when reinforcement has been an effective motivator for you. Introduction Motivation is forces that initiates, directs, and makes people persist in their efforts to accomplish a goal (J.P. Campbell & R.D. Pritchard, cited in MGMT 2010-2012). Motivation helps individuals to improve themselves, overcome obstacles and also for fulfillment. Motivation can drives virtually every decision and action a person takes and extends to any aspect of one’s life. It is very useful in the workplace to keep the workforce happy, motivated and engaged in the organization and for the organization to be successful. Reinforcement is the process of changing behaviour by changing the consequences that follow behaviour (B.F Skinner, citied in MGMT 2010-2012). Reinforcement theory is a behavioural construct where control is achieved by the consequences of behaviour being manipulated. How people learn to change their behaviour can be explained in reinforcement theory. The purpose of this essay is to explain in detail how reinforcement theory can be used to motivate. Reinforcement theory includes four methods, which is positive reinforcement, negative reinforcement, punishment and extinction. These four methods can be used to motivate individual to construct a better behaviour, as well as to perform better in their assigned work. Discussion Positive reinforcement is to reward a positive response when an individual shows a positive and required behaviour. The reward given has to be durable (long-lasting...
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...Engstrom Auto Mirror Plant: Motivating in Good Times and Bad Milestone 3: Solutions Development Solution The Scanlon Plan can be used as a major catalyst to turnaround the plant by emphasizing more on productivity. The more they work the faster they roll towards their bonuses; this magical spell is a win-win situation for both the employees and the management. The management can cruise steadily over the wave of bonus motivated productivity and the employees can reap the benefits from the high production rate in terms of bonuses. The plan can be redrawn and a slight change can be made by making the entire plan revolve around the concept of productivity. When productivity assumes a prime position in the plan, employees will strive hard to reach the productivity goals set in the plan, as a result the bottom line of the plant improves and sales will expand (Newstrom, 2015). The management should be vigilant in doling out the bonuses as a monthly bonus will again lead to the repetitions of the same problem during turbulent times, instead setting up of checkpoints or target ratios will help the plant. The target ratio should be set up in such a way that when the payroll touches a certain level bonuses can be distributed, thus reducing the liability of the management in terms of bonuses. This will make the design of the plan all the more simpler and understandable by the employees. Further the plan can be made interactive by having an active participation from the employees in...
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...School of Management and Economics December 2006 Motivation to work - differences between managers and workers -Bachelor Thesis- Tutor: Pernilla Nilsson Examiner: Pernilla Nilsson Authors: Elna Hägglund 840912 Sofie Palmqvist 830905 Abstract While studying management we realised that most of the already existing theories discuss motivation to work from a general perspective. Therefore we found it interesting to investigate motivation on a deeper level. “Motivation to work – differences between managers and workers” The research questions for our thesis are, is there a difference in motivation between managers and workers? If so, what is the difference between the two? The purpose is to examine if a manager and a worker have shared understandings and common factors of what motivates them, or if certain characteristics can be distinguished. For our research we have chosen to use three companies operating within the financial sector in Sweden. Moreover, the chosen companies are located nearby which gives us the opportunity to visit them and to accomplish face to face conversations. We have interviewed two persons at each company, whereby one has the position of a manager and the other has the position of a worker. Moreover, the method of our interviews are qualitative, mostly due to the fact that we wanted create a comfortable feeling for the interviewee and to so that we could get deep insight of what motivates that person. We have studied old famous...
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...discussion is mainly based on literature review and points that employee motivation is necessary for improved work performance. The paper has explored the important contributing played by work-life balance and financial incentives in improving employee motivation. The research indicates that the two factors foster loyalty by employees, increased performance and commitment, which are essential indications of motivation. The concept of Employee Motivation and Rewards Most discussions of motivation begin with the concept of individual needs – the unfulfilled physiological or psychological desires of an individual. Content theories of motivation use individual needs to explain the behaviours and attitudes of people at work. The basic logic is straightforward. People have needs. They engage in behaviours to obtain extrinsic and intrinsic regards rewards to satisfy needs (Schermerhorn et al, 2011). According to Jenkins, Mitra, Gupta and Shaw (2001) employee motivation is an intrinsic drive and enthusiasm to successfully accomplish tasks related to work. Greene (2001) has defined it as an internal drive which causes individuals to take initiatives in the workplace. In their article, Rynes, Schwab and Heneman...
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...Work Motivation 1.2.1. Its Definition and Importance Motivation, in its broadest sense, is the force that drives behaviour. It is the act of stimulating someone or oneself to get desired course of action, push the right button to attain desired goals. Motivation is the reason for people to do a specific behaviour or make a decision. Each decision or choice has its own set of determinants, only employee motivation in the work context and its impacts will be elaborated in this paper. Motivation is always a goal-oriented process. It is a crucial factor in the accomplishment of company goals; by work motivation, employees are induced and energized towards company goals through a specific way. As Craig Pinder stated in his book “Work motivation in organizational behaviour” in 1998, work motivation is a set of energetic forces that originate both within as well as beyond an individual’s being, to initiate work-related behaviour and to determine its form, direction, intensity, and duration. Motivation at work is a crucial determinant of work performance. In general, productivity depends on 3 things: resources utilized, employee's ability to perform, and employee's willingness or motivation to perform. Without motivation, resources and ability will not be adequate to get desirable results or may even result in undesirable behaviour. Work motivation is also key for work performance since performance is considered as a function of ability and motivation...
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...look at in the analysis of employee behaviour is motivation. Motivation is a key element in organizational behavior because employee needs to be motivated in order to exhibit an attitude or behavior that will help achieve the goals and objectives of the organization and thereby improve performance over time. This paper will attempt to examine motivation, its definition, theories and how it improves employee performance as a determinant for achieving organizational performance. MOTIVATION DEFINED Motivation is a psychological feature that arouses an organism to act towards a desired goal and elicits, controls, and sustains certain goal-directed behaviors. It can be considered a driving force; a psychological one that compels or reinforces an action toward a desired goal. For example, hunger is a motivation that elicits a desire to eat. Motivation is the purpose or psychological cause of an action (Schater 2011 as cited in Wikipedia). This is the process by which a person wants and chooses to act in a particular way (Maund, 2001:440) as cited in (Opu, 2008 pp. 32). According to (Slocum and Hellriegel 2007), motivation represents the forces acting on or within a person that cause the person to behave in a specific, goal-directed manner. From the above definition, we could infer that because motives of employees affect their productivity, one of management’s jobs is to channel employee motivation effectively toward achieving organizational...
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...Organizational Behaviour Book Notes Chapter 1 Learning Objectives: 1. Define organizations and describe their basic characteristics. Organization – social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group effort. * Social inventions – coordinated presence of people or a group of people * Goal accomplishment * Group effort – organizations depend on interaction and coordination among people to accomplish their goals. * Organizations are social inventions for accomplishing common goals through group efforts. 2. Explain the concept of organizational behaviour and describe the goals of the field. Organizational Behaviour – the attitudes and behaviours of individuals and groups in organizations. * The field of organizational behaviour is about understanding people and managing them to work effectively. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how organizations can survive and adapt to change. i. Certain behaviours are necessary for survival and adaptation: 1. they have to be motivated to join and remain in the organization; 2. carry out their basic work reliably, in terms of productivity, quality, and service; 3. be flexible to continuously learn and upgrade their knowledge and skills; and 4. be flexible and innovative. * The field of organizational behaviour is concerned with how to get people to practice...
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...ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR Is a multidisciplinary field of stduy that investigate show indidividuals behave within formal organizations. OB AS AN INTERDISCIPLINARY FIELD (Campo) * Psychology: individuals, motivation, personality, attitudes, learning, goals, expectation, perceptions, cognition. * Sociology: groups, status, hierarchy, influence, trust, reciprocity, social identity, social networks. * Economics: perfromance, efficency, effectiveness, incentives, monitoring, coordination. * Political science: power, governance, negotation, politics. INDIVIDUAL BEHAVIOR Managers achieve results by working with and through others. The abilitiy to undestand, predicit and control individual behaviour in the absence of direct monitoring is one of the most important- but also difficult managerial skill to master. FORMAL ORGANIZATIONS A formal organization is a social system with specific goals and usually consisting of several interrelated groups of subunits. Formal organizations are governed by clearly stated and enforced norms that typically survive the churning (mescolare) of organizational members. PURPOSE OF ORGANIZATIONAL BEHAVIOR The purpose of organizational behaviour is to inform the optimal design(progettare) of the organizational strcture and processes to promote improvement in the satisfaction and productivity of oganizational members while increasing the efficency and effectiveness of the organization as a whole ( nel suo complesso). SATISFACTION...
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...Question: How influential is Scientific Management in 21st Century? Please note: The referencing system used in this essay is NOT the Harvard System and therefore INCORRECT practice. Please ignore this style of referencing, the essay is shown as a model of good practice only re structure and analysis. How influential is scientific management in the 21st century? 1. Scientific management was originally developed in the 1800s by an economist, Adam Smith. He was interested in a factory that operated and produced pins, and through the breaking down of tasks e.g. division of labour he increased output from 20 pins per employee per day to 4,800 pins. However the greatest break through in scientific management came in the 1900s during the peak of the industrial revolution, and due to the emergence of the factory system more attention was being given to methods or factors that could contribute towards increasing output levels. It was here that Frederick Taylor began his studies into this field and his ideas were later furthered by individuals such as Gilbreth and Gantt. Despite each individual having a significant input into the study of scientific management Taylor was widely regarded as the ‘Father of Scientific Management’ and hence the term ‘Taylorism’ being introduced. 2. Technically Scientific Management is the “management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker”[1]. However George Ritzer defined Scientific Management...
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...Question: How influential is Scientific Management in 21st Century? Please note: The referencing system used in this essay is NOT the Harvard System and therefore INCORRECT practice. Please ignore this style of referencing, the essay is shown as a model of good practice only re structure and analysis. How influential is scientific management in the 21st century? 1. Scientific management was originally developed in the 1800s by an economist, Adam Smith. He was interested in a factory that operated and produced pins, and through the breaking down of tasks e.g. division of labour he increased output from 20 pins per employee per day to 4,800 pins. However the greatest break through in scientific management came in the 1900s during the peak of the industrial revolution, and due to the emergence of the factory system more attention was being given to methods or factors that could contribute towards increasing output levels. It was here that Frederick Taylor began his studies into this field and his ideas were later furthered by individuals such as Gilbreth and Gantt. Despite each individual having a significant input into the study of scientific management Taylor was widely regarded as the ‘Father of Scientific Management’ and hence the term ‘Taylorism’ being introduced. 2. Technically Scientific Management is the “management thought concerned primarily with the physical efficiency of an individual worker”[1]. However George Ritzer defined Scientific Management...
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...Effort, Reward & Dissatisfaction MGT1000 - Organisational Behaviour Essay 1 There are certain choices in life that dictate all future pathways and opportunities, that will shape a life of bliss or misery; job choice is one such decision. The thought processes and factors considered in such a process are complex and varied; however there have been studies that attempt to explain and quantify this decision process. This essay will apply two of these models, namely Herzberg’s Two Factor Theory and Vroom’s Expectancy Theory to the decision process of Michael Stirling and the choice he must make between a Deputy Principal position at his current school, or leaving to take up the prestigious position of principal at the International School of Melbourne. Through application of these theories, focusing primarily on motivation and job satisfaction variables, it will be clear that Sandra, Michael’s wife, opinion that the ISM position is a better fit for Michael is a reasonable statement. Although the role of Deputy Principal Head of IT is a closer match for Michaels expertise and passion, it will be proposed that this role will have to overcome greater factors of potential dissatisfaction and that the Principal postion contains motivators that will sustain for a longer period. This analysis will provide an insight into the internal thought processes and relationship to the discussed theories which will be summarized into a conclusive judgement. ‘Motivation can broadly be...
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