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Platinum

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PENGENDALIAN TINDAKAN, PERSONEL,
DAN BUDAYA

PENGENDALIAN TINDAKAN

Pengendalian tindakan merupakan bentuk pengendalian yang paling langsung berusaha mempengaruhi perilaku karyawan dengan cara memastikan karyawan bertindak sesuai yang diinginkan organisasi. Pengendalian tindakan terdiri dari 4 bentuk dasar, yaitu : 1. Pembatasan perilaku adalah bentuk negatif dari pengendalian tindakan. Organisasi melakukan pembatasan bagi karyawan untuk melakukan hal yang tidak seharusnya. Pembatasan ini dapat berupa administratif maupun fisik. Contoh pembatasan fisik : penggunaan kunci, password dan pembatasan akses. Pembatasan administratif contohnya pembatasan kewenangan pengambilan keputusan tertentu dan pembagian tugas(segregation of duties). 2. Review pratindakan ini dilakukan saat proses perencanaan dan penganggaran, dengan review atas rencana tindakan kemudian menyetujui/tidak rencana tersebut, memodifikasi rencana atau meminta mengubah rencana, sebelum melakukan persetujuan. 3. Akuntabilitas tindakan implementasi akuntabilitas tindakan memerlukan: 1. Medefinisikan tindakan yang dapat diterima/tidak 2. Mengkomunikasikan kepada karyawan 3. Mengamati dan melacak apa yang terjadi 4. Memberi penghargaan atas tindakan yang baik dan memberi hukuman atas tindakan yang salah.
Akuntabilitas tindakan biasanya diimplementasikan dengan negative reinforcement, yaitu tindakan lebih sering dihubungkan dengan hukuman daripada reward. 4. Redundansi dilakukan dengan menugaskan lebih banyak karyawan/mesin untuk mengerjakan tugas melebihi yang dibutuhkan, atau paling tidak menyediakan karyawan cadangan dengan tujuan meningkatkan kemungkinan tugas dikerjakan secara memuaskan.
Pengendalian tindakan dan masalah pengendalian
Pengendalian tindakan berguna, karena seperti jenis pengendalian lain, dapat mengatasi satu atau lebih dari tiga permasalahan dasar pengendalian

| Masalah pengendalian | Jenis pengendalian tindakan | Kurangnya pengarahan | Masalah motivasi | Keterbatasan individu | Pembatasan perilaku | | X | | Review pratindakan | X | X | X | Akuntabilitas tindakan | X | X | X | Redundansi | | X | X |

Pencegahan vs Deteksi
Pengendalian tindakan dapat diklasifikasikan berdasar tujuannya sebagai pencegahan atau deteksi perilaku yang tidak diinginkan. Pembedaan ini penting karena pengendalian yang dapat mencegah hal yang tidak diinginkan, apabila efektif, akan menjadi bentuk pengendalian terkuat karena biaya atas perilaku yang tidak diinginkan tidak akan terjadi. Pengendalian jenis deteksi berbeda dengan jenis pencegahan karena diaplikasikan setelah perilaku yang tidak diinginkan terjadi. Pengendalian ini dapat efektif jika deteksi tepat waktu sehingga dapat menghentikan perilaku yang tidak diiinginkan dan koreksi atas efek dari perilaku tersebut.

| Tujuan | Jenis pengendalian tindakan | Pencegahan | Deteksi | Pembatasan perilaku | Kunci pada aset berharga
Pemisahan tugas | - | Review pratindakan | Persetujuan biaya
Review anggaran | - | Akuntabilitas tindakan | Spesifikasi kebijakan dihubungkan ke reward and punishment | Internal audit berorientasi pada kepatuhan
Peer Review | Redundansi | Menugaskan beebrapa orang pada 1 tugas penting | - |

Kondisi yang menentukan efektivitas pengendalian tindakan

1. Organisasi dapat menentukan tindakan yang diinginkan atau tidak pengetahuan mengenai tindakan yang diingkan dapat diperoleh dengan dua cara dasar 1. Analisis pola tindakan/hasil pada situasi tertentu untuk mempelajari tindakan apa yang menghasilkan hasil yang terbaik 2. Mendapat informasi dari orang lain mengenai tindakan mana yang diinginkan, terutama untuk keputusan strategis (misal : menggunakan konsultan)

2. Organisasi dapat memastikan bahwa tindakan yang (tidak) diinginkan itu (tidak) terjadi 3. efektivitas pembatasan perilaku dan review pratindakan tergantung pada keandalan alat-alat atau prosedur administratif yang dipasang oleh perusahaan untuk memastikan tindakan yang (tidak) diinginkan itu (tidak) terjadi 4. efektifitas akuntabilitas tindakan memerlukan action tracking yang tepat. Untuk mengetahui action tracking sudah tepat ada beberapa kriteria : 1. precision; jumlah kesalahan pada indikator yang digunakan untuk memberitahu tindakan apa yang telah terjadi. 2. Objectivity; laporan atas tindakan yang telah terjadi bebas dari bias. 3. Timeliness ; action tracking dilakukan tepat waktu sehingga intervensi dapat dilakukan sebelum hal yang tidak diinginkan terjadi. 4. Understandibility; tindakan yang diperhatikan atas individu dapat dipahami

PENGENDALIAN PERSONEL
Pengendalian personel berusaha untuk membangun kecenderungan karyawan untuk mengendalikan/memotivasi dirinya sendiri.
Tujuan pengendalian personel : 1. Memastikan karyawan mengetahui apa yang diinginkan organisasi 2. Memastikan tiap karyawan dapat bekerja dengan baik, dan memiliki kemampuan (pengalaman, pengetahuan) dan sumberdaya(informasi, waktu) yang cukup untuk melaksanakan pekerjaan mereka dengan baik. 3. Meningkatkan kemungkinan tiap karyawan melaksanakan pengawasan pada dirinya sendri (self monitoring)
Pengendalian personel dapat diimplementasikan melalui : 1. Seleksi dan penempatan preditor of success : pendidikan, pengalaman, kesuksesan di masa lampau dan kepribadian serta kemampuan sosial seringkali juga termasuk mengecek referensi kryawan baru 2. Pelatihan menyediakan informasi yang berguna mengenai tindakan atau hasil apa yang diekpektasikan dan bagaimana tugas harus dikerjakan. 3. Desain pekerjaan dan menyediakan sumber daya yang diperlukan desain pekerjaan harus sesuai dengan spesifikasi karyawan yang telah direkrut. Sumberdaya kepada jenis pekerjaan tertentu harus tersedia, contohnya informasi, peralatan, persediaan, dukungan staff, bantukan pembuatan keputusan, atau kebebasan dari interupsi.

PENGENDALIAN BUDAYA

Pengendalian budaya dirancang untuk mendukung adanya pemantauan bersama; bentuk yang kuat dari tekanan kelompok terhadap individu yang melenceng dari nilai dan norma kelompok. Pengendalian budaya akan sangat efektif bila anggota kelompok memiliki ikatan emosial yang kuat.
Perusahaan dapat membentuk budaya perusahaan dalam beberapa cara yaitu : 1. Kode etik 2. Imbalan kelompok yaitu memberi imbalan atas pencapaian kelompok/divisi. Imbalan kelompok dapat menciptakan teamwork, pelatihan terhadap pegawai baru oleh senior, dan adanya tekanan dari rekan kerja kepada individu untuk bekerja keras demi kepentingan kelompok. 3. Pendekatan lain : 1. Mutasi intraorganisasi/rotasi karyawan membantu menyebarkan budaya denga meningkatkan sosialisasi antar pegawai , memberi mereka pemahaman atas maslah yang ditemui bagian lain dalam organisasi, dan menghambat terciptanya tujuan dan pandangan yang tidak sesuai. Rotasi karyawan juga dapat mencega karyawan menjadi terlalu familiar dengan entitas, aktivitas, rekan kerja dan/atau transaksi sebagai mitigasi risiko fraud. 2. Pengaturan fisik kantor contohnya penataan kantor, arsitektur dan dekorasi interior serta pengaturan sosial seperti dresscode dan kosakata, dapat membantu membentuk budaya dalam organisasi. 3. Tone at the top (manajemen puncak menjadi panutan) manajer menjadi panutan dalam membentuk budaya yang diinginkan
Pengendalian personel dan budaya dan masalah pengendalian | Masalah pengendalian | Jenis pengendalian | Kurangnya pengarahan | Masalah motivasi | Keterbatasan individu | Personel control | | | | Seleksi dan penempatan | X | X | X | Pelatihan | X | | X | Rancangan pekerjaan dan menyediakan SD yang diperlukan | | | X | Cultural Control | | | | Kode etik | X | | X | Imbalan kelompok | X | X | X | Mutasi intraorganisasi/rotasi | X | | X | Pengaturan fisik | | | X | Tone at the top | X | | |
Efektivitas pengendalian personel dan budaya
Pengendalian personel/budaya memiliki beebrapa kelebihan dibandingkan pengendalian hasil dan tindakan. Pengendalian ini dapat digunakan di hampir semua kondisi sampai batas tertentu; biayanya seringkali lebih rendah dibandingkan pengendalian lain yang lebih menonjol dan menimbulkan efek samping yang biasanya lebih sedikit. "it pays to be nice to employees".

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