...there is no one-to-one correspondence between these polysemous and homonymous lexical verbs, and their equivalents in English, (2) rendering these verbs is affected by the cultural background of the translators, and (3) an effective rendering can be achieved if and only if both transliteration and communicative method are used. 1- Polysemy The term „polysemy‟ has been tackled by many scholars quite differently to the extent that confusion may undoubtedly occur. Any attempt to find a clear-cut definition of the term seems at first to be rather difficult. In this respect, different views will be presented in order to come up with an operational definition. (*) College of Arts / University of Mosul. 45 Problems of Translating Some Polysemous and Homonymous Dr. Misbah M. D. Ullmann (1966: 232) states that polysemy refers to "the use of the same word with two or more distinct meanings"'. Leech (1974: 228) holds the same view and defines polysemy as '"one word having two or more senses". Then, he adds that polysemy is the "existence of more than one semantic specification for the same lexical item. Steiner (1975: 10) describes polysemy as "the capacity...
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...word meaning. Word |5. Change of meaning in English. |№ 6 Polysemy in English. |№ 7 Homonymy in English. Polysemy vs| |linguistics. Lexical units. |English lexicon. |meaning and motivation. |Word-meaning is liable to change in |1. The semantic structure of the |homonymy | |Lexicology (from Gr lexis ‘word’ and|The term “etymology” comes from |Types of word meaning |the course of the historical |word does not present an indivisible|Homonyms are words that sound alike | |logos ‘learning’) is the part of |Greek and it means the study of the |(classifications): |development of language. Causes of |unity, nor does it necessarily stand|but have different semantic | |linguistics dealing with the |earlist forms of the word. Now |According to the aspect relation of |Semantic Change |for one concept. It is generally |structure. The problem of homonymy | |vocabulary of the language and the |etymology studies both: the form and|a word to the components of the |extra-linguistic — various changes |known that most words possess a |is mainly the problem of | |properties of words as the main |the meaning of borrowed and native |situation where it is used: |in the life of the speech community,|number of meanings. Polysemy – |differentiation between two | |units of language...
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...Divergences in the semantic structure of words: Different Valency Content Introduction……………………………………………………………………………………… Chapter 1. The Problem of Polysemantic Words 1. Semantic Structure of Words……………………………………………………………… 2. Ways of analyzing Polysemy……………………………………………………………… Chapter 2. Polysemantic Words 1. Polysemantic and Monosemantic Words…………………………………………………….. 2. Semantic Structure of Polysemantic Words………………………………………………….. 3. Examples of Polysemantic Words……………………………………………………………. Conclusion…………………………………………………………………………………………. References………………………………………………………………………………………….. Introduction The following paper is devoted to the theme “Divergences in the semantic structure of words”. The semantic structure of words presents a complicated problem .The only exceptions are some groups of monosemantic words. Divergences in the semantic structure of words of the Sourse and Target languages are one of the primary cases of lexical transformations. These divergences are connected with certain peculiar features of a word or a group of words. Even words which seem to have the same meaning in the two languages are not semantically identical. The primary meanings of correlated words often coincide while their derivative meanings do not. Thus there is only partial correspondence in the structures of polysemantic words as their lexical semantic variants do not cover one another. Semantic correlation is not to be interpreted as semantic...
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...LEXICAL PROBLEMS OF TRANSLATION The study of the language is arguably the most hotly contested property in the academic realm. It becomes a tangle begetting multiple language discrepancies. That is why linguistics compares languages and explores their histories, in order to find and to account for its development and origins to give the answers to this or that language point. Due to the semantic features of language the meanings of words, their ability to combine with other words, their usage, the “place” they hold in the lexical system of a language do not concur for the most part. All the same “ideas” expressed by words coincide in most cases, though the means of expression differ. The principal types of lexical correspondences between two languages are as follows: 1) Complete correspondences; 2) Partial correspondences; 3) The absence of correspondences Let’s deal with them more exactly. 1) Complete lexical correspondences. Complete correspondence of lexical units of two languages can rarely be found. As a rule they belong to the following lexical groups: - proper names and geographical denominations: - the months and days of the week, numerals. - scientific and technical terms (with the exception of terminological polysemy). 2) Partial lexical correspondences. While translating the lexical units partial correspondences mostly occur. That happens when a word in the language of the original conforms to several...
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...Contemporary English Language. Semantics Course tutor: Associate Professor Mariana Neagu Galați 2011 Contents 1. Introduction 1.1. Definitions and the beginnings of semantics 1.2. An overview of semantic studies 1.3. Study questions and exercises 5 5 5 10 2. The relationship between language, thought and reality 11 2.1. Extension and intension 2.2. Sign – sense – referent 2.3. Types of signs 2.4. Models of meaning 2.5 Study questions 11 12 13 14 16 3. Types and dimensions of meaning 3.1 Descriptive meaning 3.2 Non-descriptive meaning 3.3 Social meaning 3.4 Evoked meaning 3.5 Study questions and exercises 17 18 19 20 21 23 4. Sense relations(I):polysemy and homonymy 4.1. Semasiology and onomasiology- two basic approaches to the study of words and their senses 4.2. From word to concept: polysemy and Homonymy 4.3 Study questions and exercises 25 25 26 27 5. Sense relations (II): synonymy and antonymy 5.1. From concept to word: synonymy and antonymy 5.2. Study questions and exercises 31 31 34 6. Hierarchical sense relations: hyponymy and meronymy 6.1 Hyponymy 6.2 Meronymy 6.3 Study questions and exercises 39 39 40 42 7. Semantic organization 7.1. The lexicon 7.2. Semantic fields 7.3. Study questions and exercises 43 43 44 49 8. Semantic decomposition 8.1 Componential analysis 8.2 Universal semantic categories 8.3 Semantic primitives 8.4 Study questions and exercises 51 51 53 54 54 Revision exercises Contemporary English...
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...THINKING ARABIC TRANSLATION _______________________________ A Course in Translation Method: Arabic to English Supplement James Dickins Contents: Supplement Introduction 1 1 Preliminaries to translation as a process 3 1.3.1 3 Annotation: gist, exegesis and rephrasing Practical 1.3 Gist translation: ﳑﺎ ﻫﻮ ﺟﺪﻳﺮ ﺑﺎﻟﺬﻛﺮ 8 2 Preliminaries to translation as a product 9 2.1.1 2.1.5 2.2.2.1 2.2.2.2 Interlinear translation From interlinear to free translation Translation by omission Translation by addition 9 10 11 11 Practical 2.3 Literal vs. free translation: ﻣﻌﻠﻘﺔ ﻟﺒﻴﺪ 11 3 Cultural transposition 14 3.1 3.3 14 14 Basic principles Calque Practical 3.2 (extension) Cultural transposition: وﻟﻴﺲ ﻫﻨﺎك إﺧﺼﺎﺋﻲ Practical 3.3 Cultural transposition: وﻗﺎدﺗﻪ ﺧﻄﻮاﺗﻪ 15 15 4 Compensation 17 4.1 4.2 17 17 Basic principles Categories of compensation Practical 4.1 Compensation: ﻗﺪ ﳝﺮ وﻗﺖ ﻃﻮﻳﻞ 18 ii Contents: Supplement 5 Denotative meaning and translation issues 19 5.1 5.1.2 5.1.3 5.1.4 5.2 5.2.2 19 20 20 22 23 23 Denotative meaning Hyperonymy-hyponymy Particularizing translation and generalizing translation Partially overlapping translation Semantic repetition in Arabic List restructuring Practical 5.3 Semantic repetition, parallelism and list restructuring: إن اﻟﺮﺳﻮل اﻟﻜﺮﱘ 26 6 Connotative meaning and translation issues 28 ...
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...intend to copy all grammar and communication function, except for pronunciation and spelling. From the linguistics aspect, learner can hardly find a precise substitute in their mother language. Therefore, how to master the use of SP efficiently becomes a challenge for English learners. In the view of traditional schools of linguists, the mean of words are arbitrary (Saussure,**), that is to say, the various meanings of SP and their various collocations with other classes of words are ruleless and idiomatic. Thus, English classroom teachers merely regard SP as a class of polysemous words and list the meanings for students to memorize. With no doubt, students cannot master the usage of SP effectively and the traditional teaching method, translation method, cannot be suitable any more. As the human cognition of the...
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...devices. Moreover, different cultures may have different expectations with regard to stylistic choices, language use and other preferences in the same genre. Hence the aim of the article is to analyze the language of advertising in English and Lithuanian in order to estimate the specificities of the advertising genre in the two different cultural and linguistic systems. The approach employed in the study draws on the ideas of the functionalist interpretation of text typology and source text analysis as proposed by Nord (1997) and Reiss (2000). The functionalist approach provides an in-depth understanding of the source and target text conventions and functions which are prerequisites for successful intercultural communication and translation. The means to accomplish the task of the present article is the analysis of a comparable corpus of data consisting of 100 English and 100 Lithuanian advertising texts. For the analysis, only the textual part of advertisements is considered; it is viewed as one of the most important elements of the overall advertising message. The corpus is analyzed through the parameters of linguistic devices, syntactic features and language-use in English and Lithuanian advertising texts. Key words: English advertisements,...
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...mentioned that a saying, according to the national definition, a floret, and a proverb - a berry. Proverbs being the integral attribute of national folklore are the reflection of life of that nation they belong. The correct and pertinent use of proverbs gives unique originality and special expressiveness. Proverbs, being phraseological units with a sentence structure, represent special complexity while being translated from one language on another. In each language there are phrases and expressions which can not be taken literally even if meaning of each word is known and the grammatical design is clear. The sense of such phrase remains unclear and strange. Attempts of a literal translation of proverbs can lead to unexpected, often ridiculous results. That is the reason why the right way of proverbs translation is a big point. Therefore, on the basis of literature analysis, we realized that brightness and appeal of such genre of folklore as proverbs promoted that there is a great number of literatures devoted to the very topic. However, we chose the comparative analysis of English and Russian proverbs. We are also interested in the comparison of English and Russian proverbs in gender aspect, precisely devoted to women. It causes an indisputable urgency and expediency of the presented work. Consequently, the object of the research is devoted to the study of lexicology. The subject of the research is devoted to the English and Russian...
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...to avoid it; in Czech – had to defend its position to German, Linguists tried to set certain rules for using words=re-establishion of Czech lg English changes pronunciation of borrowed words (E. is simply a germanic lg, but more Romans lg in vocabulary) the basic vocabulary=core vocabulary (be, have, do) is Anglo-Saxon, surrounding periphery of v. maybe borrowed (count a word each time that occurs) wave of new adoptions: swift adotion - in some periods in lg more words than usual are adopted, in the 13. century after the Norman conquest, natural mechanism!! self-regulated – if there are too many foreign words, number of them drops (závisí na lgs) King Jame´s Bibel: team of scholars of Oxford University used Anglo-Saxon´s words in translation (typical feature:words are usually monosyllabic) Conditions on which are words from other lgs (220 lgs – diff. number of the loan words; Czech: robot, pistol, dollar, howitzer je houfnice=husitská střelná zbraň) are borrowed: -...
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...This page intentionally left blank The Study of Language This best-selling textbook provides an engaging and user-friendly introduction to the study of language. Assuming no prior knowledge of the subject, Yule presents information in short, bite-sized sections, introducing the major concepts in language study – from how children learn language to why men and women speak differently, through all the key elements of language. This fourth edition has been revised and updated with twenty new sections, covering new accounts of language origins, the key properties of language, text messaging, kinship terms and more than twenty new word etymologies. To increase student engagement with the text, Yule has also included more than fifty new tasks, including thirty involving data analysis, enabling students to apply what they have learned. The online study guide offers students further resources when working on the tasks, while encouraging lively and proactive learning. This is the most fundamental and easy-to-use introduction to the study of language. George Yule has taught Linguistics at the Universities of Edinburgh, Hawai’i, Louisiana State and Minnesota. He is the author of a number of books, including Discourse Analysis (with Gillian Brown, 1983) and Pragmatics (1996). “A genuinely introductory linguistics text, well suited for undergraduates who have little prior experience thinking descriptively about language. Yule’s crisp and thought-provoking presentation of key issues works...
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...7 What do Internet metaphors reveal about the perception of the Internet? 1 Denis L. Jamet, University of Lyon (Jean Moulin – Lyon 3) (denis.jamet@univ-lyon3.fr) Abstract The objective of this article is to throw light on what Internet metaphors – i.e. the metaphors used every day by English and French native speakers – reveal about their perception of the Internet. Within the framework of cognitive linguists such as Lakoff & Johnson, Sweetser, Turner, etc., I will analyze Internet metaphors to bring out the conceptual metaphors generating the various Internet metaphors, in English and in French. The main aim of this paper is to examine Internet linguistic metaphors a.k.a. Internet metaphorical expressions used to conceptualize the Internet, and try and see what conceptual metaphor(s) structure(s) the everyday metaphors we use to refer to the Internet, as well as the changing perception we have of it. Dieser Artikel untersucht Metaphern, mit denen die Technologie des Internet durch englische und französische Muttersprachler konzeptualisiert wird. Theoretischer Ausgangspunkt ist die kognitive Metapherntheorie, die von Lakoff & Johnson entwickelt sowie von Sweetser und Turner weiterentwickelt wurde. Ziel der Untersuchung ist es, die unterschiedlichen sprachlichen und konzeptuellen Metaphern aufzudecken und zu analysieren sowie Überlegungen dahingehend anzustellen, inwiefern ein konzeptuell metaphorischer Wandel im Zusammenhang mit einem Wahrnehmungswandel...
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...This page intentionally left blank This practical coursebook introduces all the basics of semantics in a simple, step-bystep fashion. Each unit includes short sections of explanation with examples, followed by stimulating practice exercises to complete the book. Feedback and comment sections follow each exercise to enable students to monitor their progress. No previous background in semantics is assumed, as students begin by discovering the value and fascination of the subject and then move through all key topics in the field, including sense and reference, simple logic, word meaning, and interpersonal meaning. New study guides and exercises have been added to the end of each unit (with online answer key) to help reinforce and test learning. A completely new unit on non-literal language and metaphor, plus updates throughout the text, significantly expand the scope of the original edition to bring it up-to-date with the modern teaching of semantics for introductory courses in linguistics as well as intermediate students. JAMES R. HURFORD is Professor of General Linguistics, University of Edinburgh. BRENDAN HEASLEY is Consultant (Postgraduate Training), Sharjah Women’s College, United Arab Emirates. MICHAEL B. SMITH is Associate Professor of Linguistics, Oakland University. Semantics A Coursebook SECOND EDITION JAMES R. HURFORD Professor of General Linguistics, University of Edinburgh BRENDAN HEASLEY Consultant (Postgraduate Training), Sharjah Women’s College...
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...v (первый семестр) STYLISTICS Expressive means of the language Language can be neutral and expressive. Expressiveness can be distinguished at all levels of the language. The expressive means of the language are phonetic, morphological, word-building, lexical, phraseological and syntactical forms that exist in the language as a system for the purpose of logical and emotional intensification of the utterance. expressive means exist on all the levels of the language. The most powerful are phonetic expressive means including stress, whispering, high/fall alliteration. Morphological expressive means include the use of second and third persons. Word-building expressive means - the use of deminuative suffixes, such as -y (frequently used). On the lexical level we distinguish neutral vocabulary and exressive vocabulary. [to die - to go West, to work - to labour, fear - horror]. Proverbs also belong to the expressive vocabulary. On the syntactical level we distinguish between the inversion and repetition. A stylistic device is a conscious and intentional intencification of some typical structural or semantic property of a language unit (word, word combination or sentence) promoted to a generalised stater and thus become a generative model. stylistic devices are built according to a fixed model [a nice table, a tasty table, an angry table; a tasty table - a case of metonomy, an angry table - a transfered epithet]. Expressive means are trite and frequently employed. Stylistic...
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...heories about how young children acquire and develop language Young children become amazingly proficient communicators during the first three years of life. As the Birth to Three Matters framework points out, they use 'the hundred languages of children' - body language (including facial expressions and dance); sign language (their own and family inventions as well as an officially recognised sign language); painting, drawing and mark-making; and oral expression. They have been acutely active listeners since their days in the womb, where they learned to recognise the speech patterns, tunes and tones of the languages used in their home contexts. Language theory research informs us that young children's language development is influenced by many factors, including having sensitive adults and older children around them who will listen and attend to their expressions and who will use and model appropriate language themselves. This has been called 'Motherese' by researchers led by Cathy Snow. Children's babbling during their first year includes the sounds of every world language and 'crib talk' demonstrates their intense interest in the sounds they hear around them. Although children with a hearing loss will stop babbling, if they grow up in a home with parents who can sign, they will follow the same patterns of development using their first language - signing - and will sign their first word at around the same age that hearing children speak theirs. Between two and three years...
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