...The two main cities of Vesuvius, Pompeii and Herculaneum have undergone such excavations, enabling historians of today to reveal facts, in particularly, about religion in the cities. Religion was an important part of an individuals life and an active part of everyday life and the worship of offerings were performed in order to keep the God’s satisfied and ensure the prosperity and safety of all aspects of ones life, and ones family. A number of sources both written and archaeological have provided today’s society with facts and evidence of the household Gods and foreign cults in Pompeii and Herculaneum. The home played a vital role in Pompeian religion, as it was “the most sacred..hallowed place on earth” of every citizen in the city. The household gods also known as the guardian spirits of the family, called the Lares were the central factor of household religious practices in Pompeii. Every home incorporated a shrine dedicated to the Lares, the Lararium which was a mini-temple of sorts that housed the statues or painted images of the Lares. These Lararia were usually set in the Atrium, though others have also been found near the kitchens and in the gardens. Source 1 shows a lararium found in The House of the Vetti, this provides an example of what these household shrines were like. In Source 1, there are the Lares surrounding the paterfamilias above a snake. The Lares themselves represent the spirits that guard the family. The paterfamilias, the central figure, is the...
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...Pompeii was an ancient Roman city that remained lost to the world for over sixteen hundred years after a volcanic eruption of nearby Mt. Vesuvius left it blanketed in ash. As the city was unearthed a clearer picture of Roman life began to emerge. The city of Pompeii became one of the most valuable sources of information regarding ancient Roman civilization. Through the use of information gathered, after the excavation of Pompeii, religious beliefs, food production, economic systems, and the social life's of the ancient Roman citizens were revealed. Mt. Vesuvius erupted in August of 79 AD after several days of ominous warning signs. Many of the citizens had not heeded these warnings and continued inhabiting the city. This act led to their demise. The eruption, described by a witness, Pliny the Younger, was said to be proceeded by a “Cloud of unusual size and shape,” (6.16) and later blazed fire and flames that lit the night (6.16). It later buried the city in such a way that would leave it relatively untouched by the elements for nearly two thousand years before its...
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...In 62 AD, a large earthquake struck the Bay of Naples region, severely damaging many buildings in Pompeii and other surrounding towns. Today vulcanologists understand that this was likely an omen of the much greater catastrophe that was to come, with the quake signifying an upwelling of magma through the crust beneath Mount Vesuvius. The Romans had no idea of the threat that the volcano posed as it had been nearly two millennia since the previous eruption. Historians know a great deal about what happened during the destruction of Pompeii because of an eyewitness account composed by Pliny the Younger. On 20 August, 79 AD and four the next four days, new quakes shocked the city and streams near the volcano dried up. Then, at around 1pm on...
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...Good afternoon teachers and fellow classmates. Pompeii and Herculaneum once thriving towns at the Bay of Naples buried by Mt Vesuvius encapsulating them for 1,500 years under the volcanic mud, rubble and ash. Left the cities in a remarkable state of preservation however excavations of the sites have created the issue of deterioration due to the lack of protective measures, exposure and correct restoration methods. This has been further aggravated due to the increased amounts of tourism, lack of funding and overall mismanagement. In recent years there has been a growing acknowledgment of Italian and International groups to the preservation of Pompeii and Herculaneum and this presentation will focus on their contribution to the conservation and preservation of the two sites....
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...Pompeii was destroyed many years ago, therefore how do people today know what really happened? Events like the destruction of Pompeii are known by reading what people, who witnessed or knew about the events, recorded based on their experience of what happened to Pompeii. Pliny the Younger, who wrote letters from his point of view of the eruption of Mount Vesuvius in 79 A.D and how he experienced this terrible disaster. The letters that Pliny wrote changed what people learned about the history of the destruction. Pliny the Younger helped others today understand what happened during, and after the eruption of Mount Vesuvius destroyed Pompeii. Most importantly, he helped people understand how the people were affected, and what happened to them at the eruption. Pliny the Younger was a very important and well known literary figure and lawyer in Rome. His uncle, Pliny the elder, was very influential to him because he took care of Pliny the Younger, making sure that he got the best education and experiences that he could have. Pliny the Younger and Pliny the Elder were...
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...cities might be dangerous; · include analysis of the level of dangers in different cities; · support your answer with evidence from Pompeii, Ostia and Herculaneum. [45] There were few ways in which people could come under harm in ancient Rome as though it was not as developed as the world we live in now, there was still order. The events that would cause people to feel in danger were natural disasters, riots, fires, floods, and rarely an attack by a killer whale. Pompeii and Herculaneum suffered the most from natural disasters. They were struck by two severe events, one of which causing the demise of both cities. The first of which was the earthquake in AD 62, which cause widespread damage. The epicentre of this earthquake was more towards Pompeii but it was felt for miles, even causing damage in Ostia. The damage that the earthquake caused can still be seen in Pompeii as the some findings are still in a state of repair. Because of this earthquake, buildings such as Insula blocks were limited to two stories in their repair. This was so any further earthquakes wouldn’t cause damage to the same extent. The second, and more important natural disaster to strike the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum was the eruption of mount Vesuvius in AD 79. The effects of this disaster were devastating. The ash from this eruption left the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum covered in ash for thousands of years and killed anyone who was still in their homes at the time of the eruption. The...
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...Mount Vesuvius, a sleeping giant and of the only active volcanoes located on the west coast of Italy, erupted on August 24th, 79AD covering the cities of Pompeii and Herculaneum “to a depth of more than 14 to 17 feet of pumice, volcanic ash, and debris. Vesuvius is located above a subduction zone form where the African plate descends beneath Italy. Magma produced from the melting African plate creates the large violently explosive volcanoes of the Italian Peninsula.” (Ball) Due to the fact that seismic activity was so common in the area, people did not pay much attention when several quakes shook the earth beneath Herculaneum and Pompeii and were unprepared for the explosion that took place killing more than 16,000 people. I will be responsible for the atmospheric effects that resulted from the volcano’s eruption. At noon on August 24th, Vesuvius exploded, impelling a 10 mile mushroom cloud of ash and pumice into the stratosphere. For the next 12 hours, volcanic ash and a hail of pumice stones up to 3...
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...town of Pompeii was not destroyed, but merely covered and left hidden in the dust of the Earth for centuries. Mount Vesuvius' mysteries can be unraveled by looking at the volcanoes history, the destruction of Pompeii, and the present danger it poses to the world. Located in Italy, Mount Vesuvius is the only volcano active on Europe's mainland. Vesuvius is just one volcano in a large region of them known as the Campanian Volcanic Arc. This group of volcanoes formed over the subducted area between the African and Eurasian...
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...Almost 7000 years ago, Pompeii was finally transformed into one of the most famous archaeological sites in history. The legendary tragedy of the Roman City of Pompeii in 79 A.D., the volcano eruption of Mount Vesuvius buried the entire city. There were roughly two thousand people whom were killed during the disaster. The eruption was described as a flood of darkness with the amount of ashes. In 1748, the site was discovered for the most part intact, along with the astonishing artifacts and skeletons left behind. The discoveries provided the archaeologist with outstanding details of the culture and lifestyle of the Pompeii. (Butterworth and Laurence)....
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...Coen Ayres Religion in Pompeii and Herculaneum This response seeks to assess the following quote, “the study of Pompeii (P) and Herculaneum (H) provides us with a wealth of sources-however we are faced with issues regarding their limitations, reliability and usefulness”, in regard to four different levels of religion. Those four levels are household, foreign, local and state. In regard to the statement it can be agreed upon that the first half of the quote is true and that there are a wealth of sources, but the second half of the quote which states that there are issues of limitations, reliability and usefulness in these sources is only semi-true as it depends on the type of religion being discussed. Religion will be examined from the least problematic to the most problematic in regard to wealth of sources, reliability, limitations and usefulness; household religion, foreign religion, local religion and state religion. There is a wealth of sources regarding household religion in P and H and there are no issues regarding their reliability and limitations. One could relate this due to the fact that there has been evidence of most households practicing religion in their homes. The focus of household religion was the worship at a shrine called a lararium. These larariums were often depicted in an architectural style, such as the one found in the house of the Vettii (P) and the house of the Black Salon (H) which both resemble a temple in their style. The larariums could have also...
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...Mosaic of Alexander The Alexander Mosaic, dating from circa 100 BC, is a Roman floor mosaic originally from the House of the Faun inPompeii.[1] It depicts a battle between the armies of Alexander the Great and Darius III of Persia and measures 2.72 x 5.13m (8 ft 11in x 16 ft 9in).[2] The original is preserved in the Naples National Archaeological Museum. The mosaic is believed to be a copy of an early 3rd century BC Hellenistic painting,[3] possibly by Philoxenos of Eretria.[4] The mosaic is made of about one and a half million tiny colored tiles called tesserae, arranged in gradual curves called opus vermiculatum, (also known as "worm work," because they seem to replicate the slow motion of a crawling worm). The mosaic is an unusually detailed work for a private residence and was likely commissioned by a wealthy person or family. Battle[edit] The mosaic illustrates a battle in which Alexander faced and attempted to capture or kill Darius. Alexander defeated him at the Battle of Issus and two years later at the Battle of Gaugamela. The work is traditionally believed to show the Battle of Issus.[5] The mosaic is held to be a copy of either a painting by Aristides of Thebes, or of a lost late 4th century BC fresco by the painter Philoxenos of Eretria. The latter is mentioned byPliny the Elder (XXXV, 110) as a commission for the Macedonian king Cassander.[6] Alexander and Darius[edit] Detail showing Alexander 1893 Reconstruction of the mosaic depiction. Despite being damaged...
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...Archaeologists and the methods Archaeologist | Time working at Pompeii/Herculaneum | Archaeological method used/developed | Contribution | Karl Weber | 1750 at Herculaneum | Introduced systematic excavation and recording practices | Excavation of Villa of the Papyri, plans drawn | Giuseppe Fiorelli | 1863 – Pompeii1865 – Herculaneum | In charge of excavations, introduces systematic excavation Further excavations under Fiorelli | Developed the numbering of buildings. Plaster casts | August Mau | 1882- Pompeii | Developed the chronological typology, providing an approximate date for each one. | Categorises painting styles | Amedeo Maiuri | 1924 – Pompeii | In charge of site. | Excavates amphitheatre, palaestra, and city walls. | Pietro Giovanni Guzzo | 1994 | Confronted many financial and management problems | Planned the finishing of excavations and the complete restoration of the buildings. | Salvatore Ciro Nappo | Pompeii: 1952 – 1953 | | | Andrew Wallace-Hadrill | Pompeii: 1952 – 1953 | | | Impact of Tourism 1. Define tourism The commercial organization and operation of vacations and visits to places of interest 2. How many tourist visit Pompeii each year? 2.5 million tourists visit Pompeii each year 3. List the advantages of tourism to the sites of Pompeii & Herculaneum * The presence of tourist allows for education on the conservation issues on the site * The money raised from these tourists to be directly channelled...
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...Unit 3 Title: The Dog of Pompeii Suggested Time: 7 days (45 minutes per day) Common Core ELA Standards: RL.6.1, RL.6.2, RL.6.3, RL.6.4, RL.6.9; W.6.2, W.6.4, W.6.9; SL.6.1; L.6.1, L.6.2, L.6.4, L.6.5 Teacher Instructions. Preparing for Teaching 1. Read the Big Ideas and Key Understandings and the Synopsis. Please do not read this to the students. This is a description for teachers about the big ideas and key understanding that students should take away after completing this task. Big Ideas and Key Understandings Companionship demonstrates great loyalty and risk for a true friend. Synopsis The Dog of Pompeii centers on a blind boy, Tito, and his dog, Bimbo, his life-long devoted companion during A.D. 79 in the city of Pompeii. Bimbo is crucial to Tito’s survival because he brings him along the city, provides food for him, and keeps him safe from harm. During the course of the story, a volcano erupts and causes mass panic and death. Bimbo risks and loses his life to save his beloved companion. 2. Read the entire selection, keeping in mind the Big Ideas and Key Understandings. 3. Re-read the text while noting the stopping points for the Text Dependent Questions and teaching Tier II/academic vocabulary. During Teaching 1. Students read the entire selection independently. 2. Teacher reads the text aloud while students follow along or students take turns reading aloud to each other. Depending on the text length and student need, the teacher...
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...Although there no physical evidence, it is an assumption that numerous portable paintings portrayed themes similar to those observed on painted walls on Roman Villas. Also, it is rational enough to assume that Roman panel paintings, which constituted both authentic makings and adaptations of the famous Hellenistic works, were the images of the myths shown in fresco (Ling 13). Those Roman artists based on fresco paintings can be prospected to have been travelling with copybooks that reproduced famous paintings and also decorative patterns. Many of the Roman frescoes were seen in Campania within the region around the Bay of Naples. It is in this location that an eruption of Mount Vesuvius on August 24, 79 A.D buried much of the metropolitans of Pompeii and Herculaneum, the countryside and private residences that were located nearby. Just like archaeology suggests, this moment was frozen in the past, and this prompted archaeological excavators to delve into the life of these early residents. Frescoes found from the villas of Boscotrecase and Boscoreale give undisputable evidence of the affluent life o Romans during this period. The development of Roman paintings is depicted in four styles by Art historians and archaeologists. The first style (ca....
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...The Tragedy of Pompeii It was a crisp summer morning. Merchants were lining up on the cobblestone streets1, selling freshly caught fish, beautifully decorated pottery, and spices of all different kinds2. The shops and cafes were as busy as ever, and the ships were beginning to come into the port with their regular stock of goods3. The sound of birds chirping and distant waves of the ocean meant that it was daybreak here in my hometown of Pompeii. I was on my way to the marketplace, taking the shortcut through the city courtyard as I do every week on my commute. Though, this morning was different. It was the morning of my sixteenth birthday. When I finally arrived at the marketplace, my friends Irene and Clara were gathered underneath the...
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