POSTMODERN APPROACHES
Solution-Focused and Narrative Therapies

Key Terms:
Alternative story- a story that develops in counseling in contradiction to the dominant story that is embedded in a problem.

Co-authoring- a co-joint process where client and counselor share responsibility for developing alternative stories.

Deconstruction- exploring meaning by taking apart/unpacking the taken-for-granted categories and assumptions underlying social practices that are guised as truths.

Dominant story- understanding a situation that is accepted within a culture that appears to represent reality. Dominant stories are developed through conversations in social and cultural contexts and these stories shape how people construct and constitute what people see, feel, and do.

Exception questions- SF counselors inquire about times when the problem(s) have not been problematic. Shows that problems are not ever existing and always overpowering.

Externalizing conversation- a way of speaking about a problem as if it is a distant entity, separate of the person. Based on the premise that people who view themselves as the problem limit themselves to the extent they cannot effectively deal with the problem.

Formula first session task- observation homework given that must be completed between first and second session. They must observe what is happening in their lives that they want to continue to happening.

Mapping-the-influence questions- a series of questions asked about a problem that clients have internalized as a means of understanding the relationship between client and problem.

Miracle question- ST technique that asks clients how their lives would be different if they woke up tomorrow and they no longer had their problem(s). [“You didn’t know the problem went away because you were asleep, so, what would be the first difference you notice as you wake up and get ready for the day?”]

Narrative- social contructionist conceptualization of how people develop and create ‘storied’ meanings in their lives.

Narrative therapy- postmodern approach to counseling that is based on counselor characteristics that create an encouraging climate where clients see their stories from different perspectives. Philosophical framework assists clients in finding new meanings and possibilities in their lives.

Not-knowing position- a therapeutic stance that invites clients to be experts about their own lives. Clients inform counselors about significant narratives in their lives.

Postmodernism- philosophical movement that aims to critically examine assumptions that are a part of the established truths of society. Recognize/Acknowledge complexity, relativity, and intersubjectivity of all human experiences.

Postmodernist- believe that subjective reality cannot exist independently of the observational process. Problems exist when people say that a problem needs to be addressed.

Pretherapy change- SF counselors ask about pre-session improvements, or what clients have done that made any difference since scheduling the session in the first counseling session.

Problem-saturated story- when clients are overwhelmed and fused to problems. NT assist clients to understand they do not have to reduce their identity by totalizing descriptions.

Re-authoring- a process in NT where clients and counselors jointly create an alternative life story.

Scaling questions- a SF technique that asks clients to observe changes in feelings, moods, thoughts, and behaviors. Clients rate changes on a 1-10 scale.

Social constructionism- therapeutic perspective within a postmodern worldview that stresses client reality without disputing the accuracy and validity. Emphasizes the ways people make meaning in social relationships.

Solution-focused brief therapy- a postmodern approach to counseling in which clients recover and create solutions, not talk about problems

Totalizing descriptions- descriptions of people that constrict themselves to a single dimension that reportedly captures their identity.

Unique outcome- lived experiences are outside the realm of dominant stories OR lived experiences are contradiction to the problem story.

Key Figures:
Solution-focused:
Insoo Kim Berg & Steve de Shazer
Narrative:
Michael White & David Epston

Philosophy and Basic Assumptions:
Social Constructionism (Solution-focused and Narrative):
Stories people tell are true and creations of meaning
Realities are socially constructed, there is no absolute reality
Counselors DO NOT impose their reality or values
Clients are the experts of themselves

Solution-focused counselors view people as healthy, competent, resourceful, and able to construct solutions and alternative stories to enhance lives
Help clients recognize competencies
Help focus on what clients are doing [when problem does not occur] to develop strengths, potential, and resources

Narrative counselors avoid making assumptions by valuing each unique story and culture of clients

Key Concepts:
Solution-focused:
Movement from problem to solution-talk Brief therapy Exceptions to problems exist Counselors pay attention to what client’s do that works Change is constant and inevitable; begin with small changes Little attention to pathology (diagnosis) Counselors assume a “not-knowing” position so that client’s are responsible for constructing solutions
Narrative:
Explore how problem has disrupted, dominated, or discouraged clients Separate clients from their problems [externalize the problem] Work with clients to view stories from different perspectives before co-creating an alternative life story Clients have to find evidence to support their new life story (competence) Work with clients to explore what kind of future can be expected from emerging competence

Therapeutic Goals:
Solution-focused:
Clients establish their own goals and preferences Create a climate of mutual respect, dialogue, inquiry, and affirmation [therapeutic process] Miracle question helps clients identify goals and solutions Identify how societal standards and expectations are internalized
Narrative:
Invite clients to describe experiences with new/different/fresh language

Therapeutic Relationship:
Social Constructivist: Collaborative approach where counselor creates understanding and acceptance so clients can tap into their inner resources Counsel WITH clients, not ON clients
Solution-focused & Narrative: Counselors take a naiveté stance (clients are the experts of their lives) Collaboration opens opportunities for present/future changes) Clients interpret their personal experiences Clients are primary interpreters of personal experiences Show clients how they can use their strengths and resources to construct solutions
Narrative:
Counselors seek to understand client experiences Avoid predictions, interpretations, and pathologizing Collaborate with clients to help them experience a heightened sense of agency (acting in society)

Techniques and Procedures:
[Techniques are future-oriented to solve problems; no need to understand cause of problems]
Solution-focused:
Externalize problems Focus on strengths and unused resources Challenge discovery of solutions that might work Pretherapy change (What was done between time set appointment and first appointment?) Exception questions (When did problems not exist?) Miracle question- clients describe life without the problem Scaling questions- enables clients to see their change/progress Homework- clients are to observe what events they would like to see occur more often; implement resources, strengths, and exceptions Summary feedback- genuine affirmations (point out strengths and successes) are given by counselors
Narrative:
Emphasizes the relationship Help clients separate themselves from their problem [the problem is the problem] Process of listening, curious, persistent, and respectful questioning Explore impact of problem and what clients are doing to reduce effects of problem Client and therapist co-construct alternative stories

Applications:
Solution-focused:
Individual & Group Counseling Marriage & Family Counseling Inpatient, School, & Medical settings Diverse clinical problems (substance and child abuse, depression, sexual abuse, child & spousal abuse)
Narrative:
Individual, School & Group Counseling Marriage, Family, & Substance Abuse Counseling Relationship problems Mediation Clinical Supervision Depression Eating disorders Childhood and adolescent-related issues

Contributions:
Optimistic; views people as competent and able to create solutions and life affirming stories
Move from what is WRONG to SOLUTIONS
Problems are not viewed as pathological
Counselors give evidence to support client competence
Future-oriented questioning

Limitations:
Counselor skill level to use techniques
Counselor attitude is critical to success of outcomes in therapy
Counselor should be skilled at brief therapy
Quick assessments, goals, and interventions
No set agenda/formula in Narrative Therapy to assure client outcomes