........................................... Behaviourist Perspective Definition ............................................................................................................ Assumptions ........................................................................................................ Ivan Pavlov ‘Pavlovian Conditioning’ ................................................................ Watson & Raynor ‘Little Albert’ Experiment ..................................................... B.F. Skinner ‘Operant Conditioning’ ................................................................... Strengths and Weaknesses ................................................................................... Psychodynamic Perspective Definition ............................................................................................................. Freud’s Tripartite Theory of Personality ................................................... Assumptions ......................................................................................................... Freud’s Psychosexual Stages of Development ..................................................... Freud’s Ego Defence Mechanisms ....................................................................... Word Search ............................................................................................... Poster...
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...rely heavily upon four individual schools of thought. This includes the following perspectives: psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). Although the biopsychological approach is not considered as one of the four major schools of thought within psychology, it plays an important role in the foundations of psychology. These perspectives focus on a unique viewpoint or approach toward the field of psychology and each brings new ideas and theories to the table. The Psychodynamic Perspective It can be said that Sigmund Freud was the father of the psychodynamic perspective of psychology. Freud developed this perspective based upon the idea that the unconscious self is responsible for certain “underlying wishes, fears, and patterns of thought from an individual’s conscious, verbalized thought, and behavior” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, p. 13). Essentially, the psychodynamic perspective suggests that people’s actions and thoughts are influenced by unconscious factors that they may not be aware of. The goal of psychodynamic psychologists was to discover how these unconscious factors influence the behavior and mental processes of human beings. Due to the nature of this perspective psychologists relied heavily upon the case study method which permitted observation and analysis of the patient’s dreams, fantasies, and fears. The psychodynamic perspective has been intensely criticized throughout the years because of the nature of the theories...
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...Maslow is considered one of the founders of humanistic psychology, while he wasn’t influential as Carl Rogers, another founder, he was better known to the public by his implementation of psychological principles to areas like behavior in business settings (www.ryerson.ca, 2015). Humanism is considered the third force in psychology, because it is different from behaviorism and psychodynamic. It is considered different because it doesn't focus on behavior or the unconscious, but by looking at how self-individuals perceive and interpret events. Humanism rejects behaviorism and psychodynamic because they both believe that everything is caused by one thing, whether it be the unconscious and the irrational behavior controlling the person or reinforcing of a stimulus-response behavior. The opposing forces are also deemed dehumanizing by humanistic psychology (www.simplypsychology.org,...
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...In psychology there are many different approaches. An approach is a perspective that involves certain beliefs about human behaviour. Such as the way they function, which features of them are worthy of study and what research methods are suitable for undertaking the study. Within an approach, there will be several different theories which share common assumptions. Each perspective has its strengths and weaknesses and has something different to our understanding of human behaviour. There are six perspectives in psychology, which are: Behaviourism Social learning Psychodynamic Humanistic Cognitive Biological The biological approach The biological approach examines thoughts, feelings, and behaviours from a biological and physical point of view. Arnold Gesell (18808-1961) believed that development occurred to a sequences of maturational processes. For example, development in the womb follows a fixed set of stages: the heart begins to form first, along with a rudimentary nervous system. Bones and muscles develop next and over time the organism developed into a fully functioning human being, ready to be born. Through Gesell’s observations and research, Gesell concluded that children go through predictable stages of growth. Gesell’s theory form the basis for just about every other developmental theory. Gesell believed that child development occurs according to a predetermined, naturally unfolding plan of growth. Gesell created a spiral-like pattern...
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...Answer any five of the following questions. 2. What is the General Adaptation Syndrome, explain with an example. Scientist Hans Selye (1907-1982) introduced the General Adaptation Syndrome model in 1936 showing in three phases what the alleged effects of stress has on the body. In his work, Selye - 'the father of stress research,' developed the theory that stress is a major cause of disease because chronic stress causes long-term chemical changes. He observed that the body would respond to any external biological source of stress with a predictable biological pattern in an attempt to restore the body’s internal homeostasis. This initial hormonal reaction is your fight or flight stress response - and its purpose is for handling stress very quickly! The process of the body’s struggle to maintain balance is what Selye termed, the General Adaptation Syndrome. Pressures, tensions, and other stressors can greatly influence your normal metabolism. Selye determined that there is a limited supply of adaptive energy to deal with stress. That amount declines with continuous exposure. Going through a series of steps, your body consistently works to regain stability. With the general adaptation syndrome, a human’s adaptive response to stress has three distinct phases: ALARM STAGE - Your first reaction to stress recognizes there’s a danger and prepares to deal with the threat, a.k.a. the fight or flight response. Activation of the HPA axis, the nervous system (SNS) and the adrenal glands...
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...of Psychology Psychology as defined in the Merriam Webster dictionary is the science of mind and behavior. It has been around for 130 years in the realms of science. In the history of psychology, there are different people who studied different aspects under this topic. One of those people were Plato who was Aristotle’s teacher. He stated that the soul could exist even when away or separated from the body. This concept is known as “dualism”. “In dualism, ‘mind’ is contrasted with ‘body’” (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/win2012/entries/dualism). Another person is René Descartes. He agreed with Plato about the concept of dualism and he believed that the “pineal gland” which is the small organ at the base of the brain involved in sleep was the “seat of the soul” (Saundra K. Ciccarelli, 2012). “The pineal gland played an important role in Descartes' account because it was involved in sensation, imagination, memory, and the causation of bodily movements” (http://plato.stanford.edu/archives/sum2011/entries/pineal-gland/). By this information we can connect the pineal gland being the seat of the soul by it being involved in sensation, imagination, memory, and the cause of bodily movements. It is said to be the seat of the soul because it is where the soul from being “individual”, becomes one with the body. Gustav Fechneris who was a physician and a physicist, often credited with performing some of the first scientific experiments that would form a basis for experimentation...
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...Depression Paper Psy/270 4/3/2011 Depression Paper Unipolar and Bipolar Disorder Many people go through a normal day and have their emotions fluctuate due to some sort of stimuli. It is quite normal for people to feel emotions like depression or elation because of certain situations or circumstances. It is when moods like depression or mania that affect people for a longer than normal period of time or when they constantly fluctuate between depression and mania that one may suffer from something called a mood disorder. Depression is a state of overwhelming sadness and a person’s outlook on general life is dark and foreboding as if nothing is right or will ever be right. Normally people can suffer from just depression which is called unipolar depression. Other people, however, suffer from mania as well. One moment or day they feel the effects of depression the next they feel as if they have loads of energy and are in a constant state of energized motion or activity. People who suffer the effects of both depression and mania have something called bipolar disorder. Unipolar Depression Symptoms The symptoms of unipolar depression span five different aspects of human functioning these are: emotional, motivational, behavioral, cognitive, and physical. Emotional symptoms of depression leave people feeling overwhelmingly sad this may also be accompanied by thoughts of worthlessness, misery, and that they are empty or void of other emotions. People will often...
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...Psychological of Religion, Study Guides Study Guide-Intro chapters 1. List and define the dimensions of religious commitment. Religious belief (the Ideological Dimension)-the belief dimension refers to what is believed as part of religion, how strongly the belief is held, the bases for the intellectual assent, and how salient that the belief is in the person’s life. Religious Practice (the Ritualistic Dimension) the religious practice dimension refers to the set of behaviors that are expected of a person who declares belief in a certain religion. The emphasis is not on the effect the religion may have on the “nonreligious” aspects of the person’s daily life, but on the specific acts that are part of the religion itself. The religious feeling (the experiential dimension) –the religious feeling dimension is concerned with the inner mental and emotional world of the individual. In addition to experiential events that people may label “religious experiences” the feeling dimension includes such things as the desire to believe in some religion, the fear of not being religious, the sense of physical, psychological, and spiritual well-being that derives from belief and like. Religious knowledge (the intellectual dimension) the religious knowledge dimension refers to the information one has about one’s faith, as compared to belief in the faith. Religious effects (the consequential dimension)-the effects dimension refers to behavior, but not behavior that is formal part of religious...
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...setting, and the discrimination against gender in certain cultures and instances. Depression has many brothers and sisters in the medical world, ranging from disorders such as Dysthymia, postnatal depression and in some extreme cases of depression such as Bio polar, and major depression (Unipolar). But no matter what the diagnosis is or how serious the depression is, depression is not trivial and is a real health condition contrary to what some people believe. It is not something that you can just snap out of and more importantly it is not a sign of weakness. For many people depression can affect them in different ways to other people with the same condition but normally the symptoms are similar. These can range from lack of sleep or too much sleep, weight loss or gain, unpredictable mood swings, thoughts of self-harm or suicidal tendencies, low self-worth, and no interest or motivation. These are just a few of the psychological symptoms but the major question in which this essay will try to answer is what is the major cause of depression is. Is it psychological or sociological? This...
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...that are specific enough to all for the possibility tht they theory may be disconfirmed. | | 3. Participants in an experiment on stress management are given a set of stress reduction techniques and then measured for the effect. What is the role of the control group in this experiment? a. | They receive no stress reduction techniques and they are not measured. | b. | They receive a random stress reduction technique. | c. | They receive no stress management techniques, but they are measured. | d. | They receive the same techniques as the experimental group, and they are measured. | 4. The early approach to psychology in which the mind is broken into the smallest elements of mental experience. What is this called? a. | structuralism | c. | behaviorism | b. | functionalism | d. | humanism | 5. What is the early approach to psychology that saw behavior as purposeful and contributing to survival? That is, they asked “What is this human behavior for”? a. | behaviorism | c. | humanism |...
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...influential and recognized names in the field of psychology. Freud was one of the founding fathers of psychology and had many contributions such as the Oedipus complex, Freudian Slips and Dream Analysis to name a few. His study of the psychology on the mind and repressed feelings all attribute to his contributions to psychology. One of Freud’s most interesting was on Dream Analysis which encompasses the symbolism in the mind during the dreaming stage of the sleep cycle. Sigmund Freud was born in Austria in 1856 and studied as a neurologist and psychiatrist at the University of Vienna. While at the university he presented his studies on psychodynamics in Ernest Wilhelm von Brucke’s Lectures of Physiology. Later in 1879, Freud completed his studies and obtained his Dr. Med with his thesis on the spinal cord of lower fish species. Freud opened his own practice in 1886 focusing on Neurology. At his practice, Freud started initially used hypnosis to help his neurotic patients, but then stopped in favor of the psychotherapeutic approach. Patients would relay their feelings through speech, also coined as the “talking cure” by Anna O, one of Freud’s patients. As Freud continued his studies, he believed that sexual interaction hindered ones accomplishments in life and so he ceased sexual relations with his wife. According to Freud’s biographer, Ernest Jones, Freud was absolutely celibate “in order to sublimate the libido for creative purposes.” During the year of 1896, there were rumors that...
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...Contributions to Society For each of the 5 approaches from AS you must know 2 ways in which it has contributed (been useful) to society. For Child, Criminology and Clinical you must know one contribution from each. For many of the approaches this can be therapies that are used for treating different behaviours. Social 1. Understanding Prejudice · Social approach helps us to understand why prejudice occurs. · SIT explains that prejudice occurs by simply belonging to a group– we belong to an in group and those not part of this are considered the out group. We categorise into these groups and identify with in group members by the beliefs we have and what we wear. In order to make our in group look good we display in group favouritism and show a preference for our in group and seeing their behaviours in a positive light. The behaviour of the out group we put down, and this boosts the in group self-esteem. · Realistic conflict theory suggests prejudice between groups occurs when there is competition for resources, and that it is not simply belonging to a group. This can explain why many groups can live alongside each other in harmony, which SIT cannot explain. · An example of SIT in action is football fans as they categorise themselves into teams e.g. either Man U or Chelsea and wear team colours e.g. red or blue. When these teams play they will call the fans of the rival team names to raise their own teams self-esteem. · Prejudice can account for a...
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...Depression Paper Jennifer Ridgeway Herrick PSY/270 August 18, 2013 Tanya Harrell Depression Paper Most people’s moods will come and go without incident. Their feelings of elation or sadness are understandable reactions to daily events and do not affect their lives greatly or the lives of people around them. The moods of people with mood disorders, in contrast, tend to last a long time. Their mood colors all of their interactions with the world and interferes with normal functioning of their daily lives. (Comer, 2011) According to the American Journal of Psychiatry, Patients with bipolar disorder differ from patients with unipolar depression by having family histories of mania with an earlier onset and by having more episodes over a lifetime. Their study was designed to determine whether additional aspects of course of illness, the presence of medical diseases, childhood traits, and other familial illnesses separate the two groups. The group of bipolar patients had an earlier onset, a more acute onset, more total episodes, andmore familial mania and were more likely to be male. These differences were relatively independent of each other. The bipolar patients were also more likely to be hyperactive as children. The unipolar patients had a significantly greater number of lifetime medical/surgical interventions than the bipolar patients, even when age was controlled. Alcoholism was more prevelant in the families of the bipolar patiens, even when alcoholism in the probands...
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...is a real illness and carries with it a high cost in terms of relationship problems, family suffering and lost work productivity. Yet, depression is a highly treatable illness. There are many types of effective therapy available. Three of the more common methods used in depression treatment include cognitive behavioral therapy, interpersonal therapy, and psychodynamic therapy. Often, a blended approach is used. Life style changes can prevent and treat depression with proper exercise, nutrition, sleep, social support and stress reduction. Once depression takes hold there are common measures used to combat it, psychotherapy and medications. Having said that, medications without psychotherapy, is as useless as a screen door on a submarine. Psychotropic Drugs Aren’t the Answer Medications can be harmful. Medication is an important part of the therapy process for some individuals, however, psychotropic medications (like all drugs), do not come without potential risks or side effects. Physical side effects from medication may include, but are not limited to, dizziness, drowsiness, changes in appetite, sleep disturbance, and/or weight gain. Side effects can also be emotional/psychological in presentation, including mood swings, loss of interest, or emotional numbness. Use of certain psychotropic medication(s) can also cause permanent damage, such as Tardive Dyskinesia or Parkinsonism, and may even result in death. One should always discuss the risks of medication...
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...Well lack of sleep can lead to feeling of sadness, worthless and having a depressed mood all the time. In the article sleep and depression “Having a sleep disorder does not in itself cause depression, but lack of sleep does play a role. Lack of sleep caused by another medical illness or by personal problems can make depression worse. An inability to sleep that lasts over a long period of time is also an important clue that someone may be depressed. Clinical depression is a mood disorder. It causes you to feel sad, hopeless, worthless, and helpless. Sure, we all feel sad or blue from time to time. But when you feel sad for long periods and the feelings become intense, the depressed mood and its associated physical symptoms can keep you from living a normal life.” This shows that lack of sleep can cause depression by changing a person's mood and lifestyle, which can go on for a long period...
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