...system. Among the principal barriers to effective appraisal programmes are: 1. Faulty assumptions, 2. Psychological blocks, and 3. Technical pitfalls. (1) Faulty Assumptions Because of the faulty assumptions of the parties concerned—superior and his subordinate—in appraisal system, it does not work properly or objectively. These assumptions work against an appraisal system in the following manner: (i) The assumption I hat managers naturally wish to make fair and accurate appraisals of subordinates is untenable. McFarland feels that both .superiors and subordinates show tendencies to avoid formal appraisal processes, as well as to heed them in their respective work roles. Their organisational roles, and partly in technical deficiencies and the unwise management of appraisal policies and procedures. (ii) Another faulty assumption is that managers take a particular appraisal system as perfect and feel that once they have launched a programme, that would continue forever. They expect too much from it, and rely too much on it, or blame for their faults. It should be recognised that no system can provide perfect, absolutely defensible appraisals devoid of subjectivity. (iii) Managers sometimes assume that personal opinion is better than formal appraisal, and they find little use of systematic appraisal and review procedures. However, this 'management by instinct' assumption is not valid and leads to bias, subjectivity and distorted decisions based on partial or...
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...Record: 1 Full Text Database: Book Review Digest Plus (H.W. Wilson) Title:|The Nurture Assumption (Book Review). | Authors:|Smith, Peter K.| Source:|Politics & the Life Sciences. Mar2000, Vol. 19 Issue 1, p12. 3p. | Document Type:|Book Review| Subjects:|NURTURE Assumption, The (Book)BOOKS -- ReviewsHARRIS, JudithCHILDRENNONFICTION| Abstract:|Reviews the book 'The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do,' by Judith Rich Harris.| ISSN:|0730-9384| Accession Number:|4986086| || Persistent link to this record (Permalink):|http://search.ebscohost.com/login.aspx?direct=true&db=pbh&AN=4986086&site=ehost-live| || Cut and Paste:|The Nurture Assumption (Book Review).| || Database: |Psychology and Behavioral Sciences Collection| AUTHOR: |Peter K. Smith| TITLE: |The Nurture Assumption| SOURCE: |Politics and the Life Sciences 19 no1 112-14 Mr 2000| The magazine publisher is the copyright holder of this article and it is reproduced with permission. Further reproduction of this article in violation of the copyright is prohibited. The Nurture Assumption: Why Children Turn Out the Way They Do Judith Rich Harris New York: The Free Press, 1998, 462 pp. US$25.50 cloth. ISBN 0-684-84409-5. US$15.00 paper. ISBN 0-684-85707-3. Simon and Schuster, 1230 Avenue of the Americas, New York, NY 10020, USA. Judith Rich Harris's book has generated very considerable controversy and publicity. The bottom line of her argument is that, when we think...
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...tie us in. Hikaru uses many literary elements to develop those themes. Four of those elements are complication, false assumptions, flashbacks, and foreshadowing. Although there are many key themes, the two I noticed the most were the psychological effects of war and family complications due to the loss of a loved-one. Complications are defined as obstacles that increase tension. In the beginning of the book, the complications would be when Manase is faced with his memories of the time he was in the cave with the captain during the war, "He did not want to remember-Manase understood that very well. Even though he could taste his fear, he needed only to remind himself that he was lying on a soft mattress, not a cold bed of rocks."(28) The effects the war had on him were so immense that every night he would have nightmares of it. As this quote states, he didn't want to remember it. He would imagine those times in the war and the dreams seemed as real to him as the day they happened, that's why he needs to constantly remind himself that the war is over. When something is believed to be true; however is not true. An assumption isn't what's said, it is what is behind the words. This is the definition of false assumptions. Though Hikaru Okuizumi doesn't use false assumptions till the middle and end of the book, they are key in his themes. False assumptions are what leads Manase's family to fall apart, "'It's your fault Hiroaki is dead!' she reproached him everyday." (65)...
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...many people for many reasons, including entertainment and escapism. The mass production of televisions in the 1950’s has led to a phenomenon previously unheard of, with statistics showing that as of 2013, 79% of the world has at least one television set per household (TVTechnology, 2013). It therefore stands to reason that children may have easy access to media that may not be age appropriate. Is it accurate to assume, however, that media can cause aggression in children? The Oxford dictionary defines aggression as: “feelings of anger or antipathy resulting in hostile or violent behaviour”. This definition depicts a narrow view of aggression, with the assumption being it will often manifest physically, this view does not take into account varying types of aggression that can be equally as harmful, such as verbal and psychological abuse (persistent abuse to the point of anxiety or stress). It should also be noted that aggression is a form of anti-social behaviour, a concept that varies culturally, for example one study concludes that Western cultures are far more likely to resort to physical violence, whilst Eastern cultures would more readily resort to verbal abuse (Andreu et al, 1998). The most interesting aspect of aggression, particularly in children, comes from the debate of Nature/Nurture. The debate is the belief that all behaviour can be explained in one of two ways. Nature states that biological factors are the most deterministic and behaviour is predetermined by said factors;...
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...HARVARD BUSINESS REVIEW People Won't Change Ifs a psychological dynamic called a "competing commitment" and until managers understand how it works and the ways to overcome it, they can't do a thing about change-resistant employees. The Real Reason by Robert Kegan and Lisa Laskow Lahey E VERY MANAGER is familiar with the employee who just won't change. Sometimes it's easy to see whythe employee fears a shift in power, the need to learn new skills, the stress of having to join a new team. In other cases, such resistance is far more puzzling. An employee has the skills and smarts to make a change with ease, has shown a deep commitment to the company, genuinely supports the change-and yet, inexplicably, does nothing. What's going on? As organizational psychologists, we have seen this dynamic literally hundreds of times, and our research and analysis have recently led us to a surprising yet deceptively simple conclusion. Resistance to change does not reflect opposition, nor is it merely a result of inertia. Instead, even as they hold a sincere commitment to change, many people are unwittingly applying productive energy toward a hidden cornpeting commitment The resulting dynamic equilibrium stalls the effort in what looks like resistance but is in fact a kind of personal immunity to change. When you, as a manager, uncover an employee's competing commitment, behavior that has seemed irrational and ineffective suddenly becomes stunningly sensible and masterful-but unfortunately...
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...person’s genetics and the different ego states that are all different parts, but are the results of the one whole personality. This research paper will explain and reveal the mystery behind one person being motivated and mature and another person that is not. It contains valuable and revealing information that will explain the different influences on the development of the personality that mold a person’s personality to form one, whole and unique person. View of Personality Development Even after years of research, studies and opinions, all the theorists have not agreed on the definition of how the personality develops. Most of the personality theories, however different they may be in other respects, share the basic assumption that personality is a particular pattern of behavior and thinking that differentiates one person from another. All interesting theory’s, but still unable...
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...On the crisp cool morning of April 8th in Perigeux France, a son was born. Not a first chilld for this deeply religious couple , not even a second to complete a family, but the fourteenth baby out of fifteen. Upon his arrival in 1761 even though hugely devoted to the lord themselves his parents had no idea what an intuitive, compassionate, strong, brave, forward thinker they were to embark on the journey of raising. After watching three of his older brothers become priests, he felt a strong strong calling within himself to serve as well. At the innocent age of 10 he joined a minor seminary in Mussidan, and that is how it all began. William Joseph Chaminade of Perigeux France was ordaned a priest in 1785 for the local diocese. What is a diocese you may ask? A diocese is a district under the supervision of a bishop. The start of the french revolution was in 1790. This is also the year Chaminade moved to Bordeaux. Once there he gained a title as an enemy of the state, as he defied the Civil Constitution of the Clergy. This stated that he must take an oath confirming his support of the Revolutions secular vales and disclaiming the authority of his Roman Catholic Church. Even though strongly against the law he continued to risk death and work as a priest for a secret group of his followers. An allie he held close in his line of work was a woman by the name of Marie- Therese de Lamourous. Marie Therese was born in 1754 and later passed in 1836. Later on in time he assisted her in...
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...Motivation & Emotion and Development Psychology Tiffany Hibbler Colorado Technical University Online PSYC120-1104A-09 October 16, 2011 Motivation & Emotion and Development Psychology The three parts of my identity and psychological makeup that I choose to discuss in the nature vs. nurture viewpoints are; personality, motivation, and self-esteem. Nature is more of what you’re born with such as; genetics and nurture is more of the environment. The nature of my personality is that I received some things from both parents. I received from my mother kind heartedness meaning that I will do anything I can to help someone who needs help, especially if I see where they are doing some good for themselves and trying their best. From my dad I have the kind of attitude at times where I tell people exactly what I think and don’t care how it affects their feelings. One of my sayings that I say a lot is “It is what it is”. The nurture part of my personality is that I have dual personalities because I am a Gemini. I consider astrology as the environment portion. My world comes in pairs of good and evil, naughty and nice. No matter how hard I try not to believe in it, it is true. I can be your best friend and happy one day or moment, and then the next I can be your worst enemy. Some days I can be friendly and speak and talk to people, and other days I don’t say nothing or have an attitude like everything irritates me. Everyone who I meet or know me says I’m more mean than nice...
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...capable of both superior and inferior pleasures. The explanation offered in this quote explains the subordination relationship between the two, and how man is capable of avoiding regression into his/hers animalistic instinct without giving up the non-refined pleasure of life. Mill’s hypothesis is that a person is always going to choose the elevated, educated pleasure over the inferior one, because once taste is acquired of the first, the latter becomes unsatisfactory. However, he accepts the possibility that a person can and will revert to her “pig” nature if he/she cannot satisfy (for reasons of access or knowledge of) the need for elevated pleasure. The last part of the quote however, creates a significant deviation from the original assumption that a person prefers the superior pleasures but sometimes will...
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...STAYING ON COURSE Kendra Harvey Pre 100 sect. 7116 October 12, 2013 Kendra Harvey Pre 100 Sect. 7116 12 October 2013 STAYING ON COURSE Enrolling in college at 26 years old was very intimidating to me. Although I graduated from high school, I have a real problem with self confidence. Keeping up with my classmates from high school on social media sites, I became discouraged and depressed from seeing how successful some of them had become. I often wondered why I haven’t become successful. Why was I made to be a failure? Then it dawned on me that I, myself was my own problem. At different points in my life I’ve often given up when I was faced with a challenge. I always took interest in the healthcare field, and I pursued and completed a certification in nursing. When certain circumstances caused for me to have to go back to school to recertify, instead of pressing on I choose defeat. My greatest obstacles now are my children, for I don’t have a strong support system and because of this I have allowed myself to be defeated by other obstacles in life. When I got into college, my biggest challenge was staying focused and motivated. I continued to stay out late, I would put off assignments until the last minute, I did cram study sessions, I was lazy all the time and couldn’t concentrate, and I missed classes and fell behind on home assignments. This caused a major problem for me like receiving failing grades. I blamed everything and...
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...Carrie C. Professor Debbie J. ENG122 May 1, 2011 Development of a Child’s Temperament Temperament is a set of in-born traits that organize the approach of a child to different situations in life and governs the personality of the individual. Temperaments appear quite stable from birth and are characteristics that are neither good nor bad but how the child receives them determines whether the child perceives them as such. It is very important that parents and caregivers understand the temperament of a child so that they may devise a way to manage the traits of the child and avoid blaming themselves or the child for natural occurrences which they have no control. This knowledge may also be important for parents to understand how their children may respond to certain situations or anticipate activities that may pose great difficulties for their children to handle, thus the ability to design a method of assisting the child who attempt those activities. It is worth noting that early development may determine the future personality of an individual although it may not be necessarily the main determinant. Thomas and Chess first brought about the theory of temperament by identifying nine traits which have so far been classified to form three groups of temperament which are: difficult to easy, slow to warm, or cautious (Oliver, 2002). This research paper aims to explore the different factors that influence the development of temperaments in a child. Carrie 2 It is known that...
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...Satire Commentary: One satirical device used to describe the Prioress is mock-heroic - the Host’s description of the prioress in the general prologue places her on a high pedestal - She’s neat and tidy – wouldn’t let a crumb fall from her mouth - She’s devoted to the Virgin Mary – wears all sorts of rosary - She’s kind to those less fortunate – wouldn’t harm a mouse But all of these descriptions were used purely for the purpose of revealing her flaws especially during the telling of her tale and during the introduction he gives to her tale in which he is highly sarcastic, and overtly polite. The difference in his manner of introduction to the Prioress’s tale compared with the Nun’s Priest’s Tale and the Monk’s tale, in which he ridicules their tales by saying “Your tales are boring all of us to death, and all this talk is a waste of breath”. Chaucer is in a more subtle way attacking the Prioress’s over-exaggerated sentimentality and sensibility. This can be prominently seen by his use of diction: “ politely as a girl” , “excuse me please” , “my dearest lady” etc. In the prologue to her tale the Prioress offers a hymn of praise to the Virgin Mary. She extols Mary, the mother of Jesus and the "whitest Lily-flower." This hymn acts as a preview of the tale to follow as not only does the prologue aptly fit the Prioress’ character and position, but the story itself is centered on another hymn “O Alma Redemptoris” which gives praise to the Virgin Mary as...
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...have been a number of studies done on individuals in order for researchers to find whether individual’s traits are brought about due to nature or nurture. With all of the studies that have been performed, it is still hard for researchers and scientist to pen-point if certain trails and characteristics are due to nature (the genetic aspect of an individual) or nurture (the environmental aspect of an individual). In 1979 a study began at the University of Minnesota, in Minneapolis. This study is best known as the Minnesota Twins Study. This study was to see if twins that are reared apart, still have the same traits as if they were reared together. Over the years of this study, it has been proven that there are psychological traits that appear in twins that are reared apart. (Bouchard, Jr., 1990) This study showed that there are natural traits between the twins, however they have also found that these sets of twins share some of the same traits when it comes to the nurture aspects of their raisings. When it comes to really know how one comes about having certain traits, this is something that scientist and researchers will continue to do future studies on. This is because an individual’s dispositional trails and other characteristics are created due to both nature and nurture. I say this because there is still not enough sufficient evidence that proves what trait or characteristic is created by nature or nurture. That is why the studies of...
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...Outline Introduction Main Body What it means to me Relationship between personal responsibility and college success Preliminary plan to practice personal responsibility Conclusion References Introduction The enthusiasm to admit the significance of values that the society sets for personal behavior is referred to as personal responsibility. It entails making active personal determinations to live by the values. It also means that when any person fails to meet the anticipated values, he/she does not search around for some reasons outside themselves to point out fingers. The loss of personal responsibility happens when one person point fingers at the relatives, friends, financial situations, or the community for failing to maintain the standards. In this essay, I will address personal responsibility about education. I will explore the relationship between personal responsibility and college success. Consequently, I will develop an introductory plan to exercise personal responsibility in my education. Main Body What it means to me Personal responsibility, when it relates to education, concerns taking control of individual’s learning. It concerns completion of coursework on time and revising for assessments. It also means accepting learning errors and failures as well as accomplishment of learning obligations to the finest of the learner’s capabilities. It acknowledges the significance of parents and teachers as stakeholders. However, the student is in charge...
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...of the land ..the landmark and the people. * Invites us visualise the typical railway town with such description as “there is some times a small obilong weather bill..” “...” * Stereotypical images * The bush is described in generic terms “draw a wired fence...” which establishes the predictability and the monotony of the bush. * Lawson depict the people of the town through the personification the their clothes. “old fasion ....fat brim hat...begin to drop into the train” * ^by inverting the focus it stereotype or typify the particular character types and groups quote “sundowners, sheers......” * Lawson personification of the land is is not just the bush but the people who drawn to live in the bush * The assumption made on the sundowner “thought he was made ...but he was only killing a snake” reflects upon his general view that living in the bush...
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