...Personality Paper PSY/211 February 17, 2014 Personality Paper 1. According to Hockenbury and Hockenbury (2014), (Chapter 10 Personality ). There are four perspectives of personality they are humanistic, social cognitive, trait, and psychoanalytic. Humanistic Psychology emphasizes unique characteristics as free will and self-awareness. Fraud had a different perceptive on humanistic psychology. Fraud viewed things with a pessimistic point of view. He believed people to be motivated by unconscious sexual and destructive instincts. Humanistic psychologists saw people as being naturally good. Humanistic psychologists also had a different views from psychoanalytic theorists by their focus on the healthy personality rather than on psychologically troubled people. Social Cognitive is another perspective of personality. The social cognitive perspective is different from the psychoanalytic and humanistic perspectives in many ways. To compare social cognitive with humanistic, trait and psychoanalytic someone could say that instead of basing their view on self-analysis or ideas obtained from psychotherapy, social cognitive personality theorists base their ideas on experimental findings. Social cognitive perspective uses conscious, self-regulated behavior instead of unconscious mental influences and basic instincts. Another component in of the perceptive of personality is trait. Traits are very different from the other perspectives. To compare them someone might say...
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...While several orientations to the study of human behavior will be discussed, the primary emphasis will be put on the scientific study of behavior from an empirical perspective. Course Intended Learning Outcomes (CILOs) On completion of this course, students should be able to |CILO 1 |Describe and distinguish between the major psychological theories of behaviour; | |CILO 2 |Define, generate and identify examples of the basic behavioural principles and concepts as well as how to apply them to their own lives; | | |and | |CILO 3 |Critique the major areas typically considered the domain of psychology such as learning, sensation, memory, personality, developmental | | |psychology, and abnormal behaviour from an empirical perspective. | Teaching and Learning Activities (TLAs) |CILO 1 |Lecture and Class Discussion | | |The lecturer will present the major psychological theories. Students will...
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...Journal of Sociology and Education in Africa – Vol.4 No.2: June 2006 INSTITUTING ACADEMIC INTEGRITY IN NIGERIAN UNIVERSITIES: PSYCHOLOGICAL PERSPECTIVES OF MORALITY AND MOTIVATION Olabisi Olasehinde-Williams Department of EductgionalFoundations University of Ilorin, Nigeria ABSTRACT This paper explores the issue of academic integrity in Nigerian universities from the psychological perspectives of morality and motivation. The need and procedure for confronting the problem of academic dishonesty via academic integrity policy are advocated; and specific obligations and responsibilities of academic staff, students and administration in evolving academic integrity climate in universities are identified. Collaborative efforts among universities in engendering academic integrity climate; and collaborative research work in related areas are considered important and called for in the paper. INTRODUCTION It is no longer news that academic dishonesty remains one of the major challenges of the Nigerian education system (Olasehinde, 2000; Olasehinde-Williams, Abdullahi & Owolabi, 2003). – Literature is also replete with plausible explanations for the ‘culture’ of academic dishonesty (Olasehinde et al. 2003); and researchers have proposed variety of methods of dealing with the same (Crown & Spiller, 1998; Marzean, 2001). Deriving from such proposals for instance, it is new commonplace in most universities, to take such measures as alternate seating arrangements and identity checks in order...
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...Psychoanalytical Paper Monique Smith Psy/250 4/14/14 Dr. Chance Ates Personality Paper Personality is the combination of characteristics that form an individual’s distinctive character. The explanation of the uniqueness of an individual, their similarities and differences is the definition of a personality theory. A personality theory explains everything about a person. It takes more than one personality theory to explain all of the characteristics of an individual. Although there are many personality theories, they are organized under psychoanalytic perspective, humanistic perspective, social cognitive perspective and trait perspective. Psychoanalytic perspective focuses on the influences in the early childhood years on later personality development. Sigmund Freud believed that someone’s personality and behavior played a part between conflicting psychological forces. He also believed that personality is mad up of three psychological processes-the id, the ego and the superego. Humanistic perspective is the satisfaction of one’s potential. Social cognitive perspective emphasizes on learning and focuses on one’s beliefs about self-regulation. The trait perspective focuses on the exact differences in people’s personality. Sigmund Freud discusses that people go through five psychosexual stages of development. From childhood to adolescence, children will go through the oral, anal, phallic, latency and genital stages. Freud expressed that after birth an infant can have sexual...
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...Foundation of Psychology Name PSY/300 Date Instructor Foundation of Psychology There are many ideas regarding why humans think, have the feelings, or behave in the way that they do. According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), psychology is “the scientific investigation of mental processes (thinking, remembering, feeling, ect.) and behavior” (Chapter 1). This paper will work to identify the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. This paper will also work to identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. Psychology first came to be in the 1800’s. Doctors found it interesting that people suffering from severe head trauma were affected by memory and language difficulty. This showed there is a connection between one’s brain and his or her behavior. According to Kowalski and Westen (2009), William Wundt, often described as the "father of psychology" opened the first psychological laboratory in 1879, in Leipzig, Germany (Chapter 1). One of Wundt’s most common methods was introspection. Introspection is “the method in which trained subjects verbally reported everything that went through their minds when presented with a stimulus or task” (Kowalski & Westen, 2009, Chapter 1). Edward Titchener, a student of Wundt, began the first school of thought known as structuralism. Structuralism “attempted to use introspection as a method for uncovering the basic elements of consciousness and the way they combine...
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...Foundations of Psychology Paper PSY/300 November 7, 2009 Foundations of Psychology Paper This paper will discuss the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major underlying assumptions. The paper will also identify the primary biological foundations of psychology linked to behavior. According to our reading in psychology is the scientific investigation of mental processes and behavior. Mental processes include how a person thinks, feels, remembers as well as a person’s behavior. When a doctor needs to understand a person they need to know the person’s biology, psychological experience, and cultural context. What people experience during their life from birth to adulthood is what shapes how they feel and think. Early psychologists established several approaches and schools of thoughts of psychology. They came up with these by research and study which will be discussed throughout this paper. * Biopsychology perspective: Is a school of thought in psychology. Biopsychology is the field that examines the physical basis of psychological phenomena such as motivation, emotion, and stress; also called behavioral neuroscience, (Kowalski & Westen, 2009). In other words, Biopsychology is a form or branch of psychology that analyzes how the brain and neurotransmitters influence how we are motivated, what our emotions are, and how we handle stress or feelings. In this field of psychology it can be considered a...
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...people determine what kind of person you are. We spend a lot of our lives trying to make friends, be a likeable person, and wanting respect from those around us. This paper will discuss four perspectives of personality, showing the different ways of thinking in the psychological community. We will also discuss theories involved in personality development, how personality is assessed, the benefits of those assessments, as well as issues that need to be taken in to account when assessing personality. Personality Paper There are several theories to personality. What makes us who we are and what we will be like, are interesting questions that the psychological community has spent years trying to answer. As with a lot of theories in the psychological community, there are several ways of thinking for personality and how it is developed and trained. The Trait Perspective Common, Secondary Traits are a good defining character of what kind of person someone is. Are they outgoing and calm? Are they reserved and ill tempered? The trait perspective is different from other theories, in that it focuses on the different traits in individuals and not experiences they may have had as children or things they came to on their own. One person’s individual traits are what makes up their personality. The Psychoanalytic Perspective Unconscious Mind Sigmund Freud created this theory and it emphasizes the importance of influence on the unconscious part of the mind. Floyd believed...
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...Personality Paper Melissa Hammond PSY/211 September 22, 2014 Jessica King Personality Paper Personality refers to an individuals’ unique psychological makeup and how it consistently influences the way a person responds to his or her environment. Both personality and situational factors play a role in determining each individuals’ behavior. Personality is incorporated in many activities such as: A persons choices of leisure activities, political perspectives, aesthetic tastes, and Lifestyles. Scientists are unsure whether personality is a learned trait or whether it can be genetically passed on from family member to family member; there may be a possibility that both are true. Today, psychologists have identified four perspectives of personality. (Holmes) Understanding Trait perspective, researchers believe they can better comprehend the differences between individuals. Trait personality is determined by a number of set, relatively unchanging traits. Some theorists believe that there are thousands of different traits that make up human personality. Raymond Cattell’s theory identified 16 personality traits that he believed could be utilized to understand and measure individual differences in personality. Where as Robert McCrae and Paul Costa: Introduced the big five theory, which identifies five key dimensions of personality: 1) extraversion, 2) neuroticism, 3) openness to experience, 4) conscientiousness and 5) agreeableness. Socio-cognitive theorists argue that personalities...
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...Psychological Disorder Paper “Subjective experience, idioms of distress, and outcomes of treatment necessary for diagnosis of psychopathological symptoms can be assessed by judgments about at least three types of symptoms: physical, behavioral, and psychological” (2010, p. 223). This paper will examine a psychological disorder and discuss the relationship between human development and socialization of this psychological disorder. People tend to be reluctant or afraid of behaviors that do not look familiar or fit into their cultural norms. Symptoms are reported and diagnostics according what is accepted in that cultural and for people who practice particular religions. Different cultures have their own set of behavioral norms that they follow to maintain structure. Therefore, understanding behavior from other cultures may be significantly difficult to relate too. The text refers to this type of view as the relativist perspective on psychopathology because it gives a comparison to unique cultural perspective of psychological disorders. Another perspective is called the universalist perspective on psychopathology because it suggests the absolute continual of ideas and attitudes that people share despite cultural differences. It is common in some cultures to treat an illness as a disorder and label it as such. It is likely to consider normal behavior as abnormal and vice versa in different cultures. American clinicians use the DSM-IV to diagnose mental disorders. However,...
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...|[pic] |Syllabus | | |College of Social Science | | |PSY/300 Version 5 | | |General Psychology | | |Group MU13BSP04 | | |8/6/13-9/3/13 | | |Louis Battistone M.A., LMFT, RAS | | |909-239-2496 | Copyright © 2013, 2012, 2011, 2010, 2006 by University of Phoenix. All rights reserved. Course Description General Psychology is a survey course which introduces the student to the major topics in scientific psychology as applied to human behavior. Applications of these principles will...
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...Psychological Perspectives of Employee Engagement/Satisfaction Walden University Abstract This paper will provide an integrative summary of the contemporary issue of employee engagement/satisfaction from psychological perspectives studied in this course including developmental, cognitive, motivation, personality, and social psychology. Additionally, I will utilize the critical thinking and scientific reasoning skills learned in this course for this analysis. Psychological Perspectives of Employee Engagement Introduction As a recruiter in Human Resources, one reason I decided to pursue a Master’s Degree in Organizational Psychology and Development is to gain further insight into both individual and organizational behavior. I want to learn what makes an organization and the people working in the organization successful as well what factors hinder this success and how they can be overcome. I selected the contemporary topic of employee engagement/satisfaction for two reasons. First of all, this topic is relevant to my current role as I strive to assist our organization in attracting and retaining the right candidates for the right job. Secondly, this topic is of a personal interest to me as I am currently evaluation my own engagement and satisfaction in my current role. While I thoroughly enjoy my job, I am very interested in growing in my profession and am currently contemplating next steps for my career....
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...Perspectives Paper Anthony Alcala University of Phoenix October 27, 2011 Perspectives Paper Throughout the history of psychology there has been many figures and different ideas that have made an impact on our world today. Among the many figures in psychology are John B. Watson, B.F. Skinner and Edward C. Tolman. In this essay we will compare and contrast the perspectives of each figure and how each of their ideas relate to the field of modern day psychology. John B. Watson grew up in Travelers Rest, South Carolina and attended Furman University in Greenville, South Carolina. (Grandiosity.org) Known as the father of behaviorism. Watson believed that psychology should be the science of observable behavior. (2001 About.com) Watson created his theory based on the works of two (2) Russian psychologist Pavlov and Bekhterev. Watsons theory of behaviorism states that behavior is observable and can be correlated with other observable events (2009 Sunny Cooper) The goal of behaviorisms is to explain relationships between stimuli, behavior and consequences. B.F. Skinner was born March 20, 1904 in Susquehanna, PA and was known as a radical behaviorist. He developed the theory of operant conditioning. Operant conditioning is the idea that behavior is determined by its consequences, good or bad, which makes it more or less likely for the behavior to happen again (2001 Soylent communications) B.F. Skinner believed that the only scientific approach to psychology was that...
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...Foundations of Psychology This paper will identify the major schools of thought in psychology and examine their major assumptions. The two beginning schools of thought were structuralism and functionalism. The major schools of thought in psychology are the psychodynamic, behaviorist, cognitive, and evolutionary perspective. This paper will also identify the primary biological foundation of psychology linked to behavior. These primary biological foundations are the central nervous system and the behavioral genetics. Psychodynamic Perspective The Psychodynamic perspective is a school of thought that was initially developed by Sigmund Freud. This perspective focuses on three main points. The first point is that an individual’s actions are determined by the way thoughts and emotions are connected in the individuals mind. The second point is that most of the mental events happen outside of conscious awareness. The third point is that the mental events that happen tend to conflict with each other. Many psychologists disagree with this theory because there is nothing that relates scientifically. The psychologists that agree with this theory are working on incorporating the concepts into scientific psychology (Kowalski & Weston, 2011). Behaviorist Perspective The behaviorist perspective focuses on what is common between the environmental events and the actual observable behaviors. “According to behaviorist, scientific knowledge comes from using experimental methods to study...
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...been discussed in widely for years, many scholars have conducted a large number of study on this regard. From various journal articles, this paper will define and discuss the benefit of the concept of empowerment on the organisation in three different aspects, first, the individual empowerment which personal perception on the workplace. Second, empowerment climate which is directly related to firm’s code of conducts as well as structures. Lastly, the relationship across two level or multi-level empowerment will be explained and discussed. The question that is the empowerment a valuable tool for increasing organisation’s efficiency and effectiveness will also be answered There are arguments on the definition of empowerment since this concept is complex and can be explained on multiple dimensions, levels, and disciplines. Definition of empowerment in general was explicitly given by Conger and Kanungo (1988) as “ a process of enhancing feeling of self-efficacy among organisational members through the identification of conditions that foster powerlessness and through their removal my both formal organisational practices and informal techniques providing efficacy information”. Nevertheless, Thomas and Velthouse (1990) argues that empowerment cannot be explained by single perspective. Literatures on empowerment have developed on two perspectives of empowerments(Liden and...
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...Abstract This paper focuses on the motivational concerns that underlie the management of relations. In linguistics, the management of relations has been discussed extensively within politeness theory, and so the paper starts by identifying four key issues of controversy in politeness theory: a) should „polite‟ language use be explained in terms of face (e.g. Brown and Levinson, 1987), conversational maxims (e.g. Leech, 1983), and/or conversational rights (e.g. Fraser, 1990); b) why are speech acts such as orders interpersonally sensitive – is it because they are a threat to our autonomy (Brown and Levinson, 1987), or because of cost–benefit concerns (Leech, 1983); c) is Brown and Levinson‟s concept of negative face too individually focused, and should a social identity component be included (Matsumoto, 1988); and d) is face just a personal/individual concern or can it be a group concern (Gao, 1996)? The paper then uses reports of authentic rapport sensitive incidents to throw light on these controversial issues and to find out the relational management concerns that people perceive in their everyday lives. It maintains that such data is important to politeness theory, because linguistic politeness needs to be studied within the situated social psychological context in which it occurs. The paper ends by presenting and arguing for a conceptual framework that draws a fundamental distinction between face and sociality rights, and that incorporates an independent/interdependent...
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