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* Sammenlign drikkevand med forskellige lande.
- Vi vil gerne forklare vand forskellene i f.eks. Danmark og Tunesien.
Svar:
- I Danmark er vores vand ikke bare rent, men også billigt, men det er ikke en selvfølge for så mange andre lande. I Mellem – og Sydeuropa er det en nødvendighed at rense vandet fordi at drikkevandet er overfladevand, der f.eks. er fra søer og andre flodsystemer. Rensningsprocessen er en meget kompliceret proces. Den indfatter en biologisk rensning, som renser i aktivt kulfilter, klortilsætning og tilsætning af forskellige smagsstoffer. Selvom at vandet går igennem en så stor proces er deres vand stadig dårligt i forhold til grundvandet.
Smagen er ikke god og man opnår ikke altid at fjerne alle bakterierne fra flodvandet. Derfor er der mange fra de lande der fortrækker at købe vand på flaske. Bare rensningen af 1 m3 flodvand, koster Sydeuropa hvad der svarer til den samlede m3-pris. I 2004 betalte vi danskere op til 50 kr. for 1 m3 vand, dvs. 5 øre for 1 liter som vi danskere skal betale. Andre steder i verden er prisen for vandet meget højere. I f.eks. De Forenede Arabiske Emirater koster det flere 100 kr. pr. m3. I Danmark bruger en dansker i gennemsnit på vand 125 liter om dagen, hvorimod bruger USA 397 liter. Den danske stats mål er at få de danskes forbrug ned på 110 liter om dagen, for at spare på det kostbare og sårbare vandmiljø.

* Hvordan bliver grundvandet forurenet?
- landmænd sprøjter gødning på markerne, som siver ned i grundvandet og forurener.
- vi vil gerne forklare hvad BAM er og hvilken effekt det kan have for grundvandet.
Svar:
-når landmanden høster sine marker bliver noget kvælstof fjernet fra jorden. for at forhindre at høsten bliver dårligere med årene, skal dette stof erstattes, det gør man typisk ved at tilføre jorden kunstgødning der er typisk er en blanding af N=Nitratkvælstof, P=fosfor, og K= kalium, eller så kan man også tilføje husdyrgødning der også bliver kaldt for naturgødning. Planter optagere kvælstof (nitrat/ NO3-). Kunstgødningen indeholder nitrat, så der er direkte tilgængelighed for afgrøderne og optages hurtigt. Husdyrgødning skal nedbrydes af bakterier og derfor er det en langsom proces. Processen er iltkrævende, også kaldet nitrifikation, og den er der så længe der er over 5 grader i jorden. Dette betyder at nitrat dannelsen stadig finder sted efter landmanden har fjernet de planter på markerne som skulle optage stoffet. Der er mange grunde til hvorfor nitrat er uønsket, i vores grundvand. Nitrat omdannes i vores tarmsystem til nitrit der kan ændre vores DNA-molekyler og senere udvikle sig til kræftceller. Nitrat kan også hæmme blodets evne til at transportere ilt, hvilket er meget farligt, især for spædbørn.
-BAM er et giftstof/nedbrydningsprodukt der giver mange problemer for drikkevandet. Det kommer let ned til grundvandet, så mange steder er grænseværdien overskredet. Stoffet blev først forbudt i 1996-97. Denne forurening har haft effekten at mange vandværker måtte lukke ned. Det er meget få vandværker der har midlerne til at rense BAM fra drikkevandet. Hvis grænseværdien er overskredet kan man vælge at lukke vandværket som der er sket mange gange før, eller man kan fjerne nedbrydningsproduktet med et aktivt kul før det sendes ud til forbrugerne. I det tilfælde at BAM siver ned til grundvandet og grænseværdien bliver overskredet, kan det have denne effekt for mennesker; vi bliver meget syge.

* Hvordan ser vandets kredsløb ud?
- forklaring af hvordan kort kredsløb fungere og hvor den ses oftest.
- forklaring af hvordan lang kredsløb fungere og hvor den ses oftest.
- forklaring af hvordan længest kredsløb fungere og hvor den ses oftest.
Svar:
-Vand damp stiger til vejrs ved fordampning. Vandet siver ud igen ved fortætning og falder ned som nedbør/regn. Hvis fortætningen foregår efter fordampningen og nedbøren falder over havet, er der tale om kort kredsløb.
- når vestenvinden fører den overskydende vanddamp ind over Danmark hvor den derefter fortættes og giver nedbør, er der tale om lang kredsløb.
-Den længste kredsløb, foregår de steder hvor sneen falder i stedet for nedbør, og hvor der kun er kortvarigt smeltningsproces, der kan føre vandet tilbage til havet.

* Hvordan dannes grundvand?
-forklaring af hvad jordvandszone og grundvandszonen er og hvordan den fungere.
Svar:
-jordvandszonen inddeles i rodzonen, den intermediære jordvandszone og kapillarzonen.
Regnvandet vil derfor pga. tyngdekraften trænge igennem lodret ned til jordvandszone. Lerlagene kan stoppe den lodrette nedadgående vandproces. Når vandet når ned til grundvandet, vil bevægelsen blive mere og mere vandret, når det kommer ned til de steder hvor grundvandsspejlet, denne proces er grundvandszonen. Altså når hulrummene er fyldt er man nået ned til grundvandszonen.
Kemi til midtvejs. (Josefine) * Hvad er en ion? – og hvordan dannes den?
En ion er et atom som har mistet eller optaget en eller flere elektroner, og derved har fået en elektronisk ladning.
*Når man skal skrive en ionforbindelse skal der være lige mange minusser som plusser Fx Zn+++S—som bliver til ZnS.
*For at dannelsen af ioner er, at grundstofferne gerne vil opfylde ædelgas reglen og have 8 elektroner i yderste skal.

* Hvilke forureninger sker der når nitrat kommer i vandmiljø/ Hvilke forureninger sker der når fosfat kommer i vandmiljø?
* Det er en ion. Hvordan nitrat i søer. Det virker som næringsstof for alger som opblomstrende. Når alger dør og nedbrydes af bakterier og dyr, kan der opstå mangel på ilt. Dette sker især i søer og fjorde hvor vandet opholder sig i længere tid.
Der kan fx se på denne her figur nummer 186 fra biologi bogen. Hvor på billede a: I den næringsfattige sø vil manglen på næringsstoffer betyde færre alger i overfaldevandet. Det betyder at vandet er, klarer, så lyset trænger længere ned og der kan derfor også vokse bundplanter på dybere vand.
På billede b: I den næringsrige sø skygger de mange alger som er vokset fordi der er kommet nitrat i vandet. Og det er et gødningsstof så det giver vækst til planter også vokser mængden af alger. Og de skygger så meget for bundplanterne så vandet er uklart og rovfiskene har svært ved se deres bytte. Det kan fører til fiskedød fordi, der ikke kommer nok lys ind så fiskene kan se deres bytte plus når algerne falder til bunds så skal det nedbrydes af nedbryder og det sker ved en respiration og det bruger meget ilt. Så tager de alt ilt fra søen og til sidst har fiskene ikke mere ilt også død de.
Konsekvenserne for nitrat er at, det kan omdannes i vores tramkanalerne til nitrit og det kan senere hen give kræft.
Hvilke kemiske forbindelser sker der i rensningsanlæg?
Oftest er det fosfor man ønsker at fjerne i den kemiske rensning. Fosfor findes i små mængder i organiske stoffer da det findes i bl.a. DNA. Dog kommer det meste fosfor fra industriproduktion, bl.a. tilsatte man tidligere fosfater som blødgøringsmiddel i vaskepulver, dette er dog blevet forbudt i dag.

Det kemiske:
For tanken bliver fosfat, det sker ved at tilsætte jernklorid. Jernklorid opløses i jern ioner og klorid ioner. Jern ionerne tilslutter sig til fosfat og falder til bunden.
Det er den kemiske forbindelse: Fe3+ (aq) + PO43- (aq) → FePO4 (s)

Biologisk:
Spildevandet indeholder stadig mere organisk stof. For at få det organisk stof væk blæser man i proces tanken, luft og ilt op. Derfor kan bakterierne nedbryde det organiske stof. Kuldioxid er en gas, der bobler op i vand.
Den kemiske forbindelse: C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + E
Biologi (Lasse del 1)
Hvordan påvirker forurening mennesker og dyr? (grundvand)
-Forklaring af hvilken skade det kan have for mennesker.
Mange bruger pesticider i jorden til at bekæmpe Insekter svampe og ukrudt. Men det er ikke kun til det at pesticider bliver brugt, de bliver også anvendt i private haver langs veje og jernbaner. Meget regn og naturlige sprækker i jorden gør så pesticiderne kan kommer hurtigere ned i jorden, som kan resultere i at hvis de ikke nedbrydes kan det føre til forurening i grundvandet. Dyr bliver ikke påvirket i samme grad af pesticider forurening som mennesker gør og det skyldes at dyr har et stærkere immunforsvar, men tilstrækkelig forurening kan gå ind og påvirkede dyrende, men man ved ikke endnu hvor mange mængder af pesticider forurening mennesker kan tåle før det bliver skadeligt.

-Forklaring af hvilke fisk der mest tager skade af forurening, med fokus på fisk.

for at en fisk skal kunne trives, kræver det for det første lys fra solen, planter og alger udgiver derfor Co2 som udgiver næringsstoffer og ilt til fiskene. Hvis der kommer for meget forurening i en sø, f.eks. husspildevand, industri spildevand gylle og gødning fra landbruget kan medfører at respiration processen skal bruge ekstra ressourcerne på at udskille de giftige stoffer som til sidst ender med at der kan komme ilt mangel i vandet. Fiskene vil derfor søge efter andre steder at bosætte sig i et stabilt miljø men mange gange havner fiskene oppe på bredden.

Hvordan er leveforholdene for fisk i vandlige miljøer?
-Vi kommer ind på hvordan fiskenes forhold i vandlige miljøet er.

Fisk er dyr, der lever i vand, har finner og ånder med gæller. For at en fisk skal kunne leve i vand kræver det at vandbalancen er i orden og at ilt udgivelsen fra planter og alger udgiver nok ilt til fisken.

Hvordan fiskene tager imod forurening.

At kunne bosætte sig i vandet kræver meget af naturens struktur. Temperaturen er en vigtig faktor. Hvis temperaturen er for høj vil mange dyr mangle ilt og dø. For at en fisk skal kunne trives i åer eller søer kræver det planter som udgiver NO3 eller PO4-3, før de udgiver så sker der en proces, nogle bakterier kan binde luftens kvælstof og omdanne det til kvælstofforbindelser som efter kan optages og udnyttes af planter som udgiver ilt til fisk og andre levende organismer. Et farligt stof er bly som er et metal. Stoffets giftighed har haft alvorlige konsekvenser for både mennesker, dyr og planter hvor blyet blev udsmeltet. Hvis man bliver udsat for, for meget bly, er det almindeligt hos ældre mennesker at få forhøjet blodtryk, nedsat nyrefunktion og nedsat hjernefunktion, men generelt påvirker det alle mennesker det kommer an på alderen, og især børn og ældre er ekstra udsat for bly forgiftning

Silles * Hvordan foregår fotosyntese og respiration?
-forklaring af fotosyntese som foregår om dagen og hvad der sker.
Fotosyntesen: 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + lysenergi → C6H12O6 + 6 O2

Fotosyntesen er grundlaget for livet på jorden, da den skaber lys, luft og vand. Den foregår i plantecellernes grønkorn, og for at fotosyntesen skal kunne foregå, skal der bruges lys (lyset fra solen osv.), kuldioxid (det luft vi udånder) og vand (som mennesket og dyr udskiller) (lys, CO2 og H2O). Jo flere grønkorn planten har, jo større fotosyntese kan der komme.
Lysenergien gør at kuldioxid og vand bygges sammen, og bliver til glukose og ilt. Det er denne glukose der videre bliver brugt til respiration og/eller vækst.
Mennesket forbrænder sukker og ilt for at få energi, og udskiller kuldioxid og vand. http://www.skoven-i-skolen.dk/default.asp?m=10&a=1495 -forklaring af respiration som foregår om natten og hvad der sker.
Respiration er den proces der sker, når mennesker og dyr trækker vejret. Respiration er den metode vi bruger, for at udvinde energi fra fødevarer. Processen sker ved, at mennesket eller dyret indtager føde og ilt, og udånder CO2, vanddamp og energi. Respiration foregår i organcellerne og mitokondrierne, der finder sted i dyreceller, og forbrænder den fødevarer vi har indtaget, for at udnytte fødens energi. * Formlen for respiration er:
C6H12O6 + 6 O2 → 6 CO2 + 6 H2O + energi
• Hvilken konsekvens sker der hvis der ingen ilt er i vandet, for dyr?
Den samlede ilt der er i vandet (rent ferskenvand el. Havvand) er ikke større end 5% af den ilt vi mennesker render rundt i, derfor er ilten under vandet meget begrænset. Iltforsyningen bliver samtidig mindre, da ilt fungere 10.000 langsommere under vand, end i luften. Kun de færreste og mindste organismer kan nøjes med diffusion alene, imens andre organismer er meget afhængige af andre mekanismer, der kan tilføje dem ilt. Nogle fisk kan gå i dvale hvis der er iltmangel.

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