...this essay, I will be exploring the role of social experiences in child development. It is important to consider and define what social experience is when taking it into account in the terms of social development. For the purpose of exploring the ideas in Book 1, Chapter 2; social experiences is physical and mental interaction between other children and adults either directly or through observation by watching social interaction and feeling socially involved. So, with that in mind, for a child’s environment to not contain some sort of social experience, they would have to be socially isolated by either being alone or by ignoring their surroundings. Throughout this essay I will be assessing the role of social experience in each theory and evaluating the extent it has played in a child’s development. ‘Behavourism’ is a conditioning theory, which involves consequences for behaviour. Depending on the desired behaviour, the child is either rewarded or punished for how they behave according to the particular behaviour. The ‘Constructivism’ theory is a school of though that children build their own learning depending and through their own experiences and activities. In the ‘constructivism’ theory, children follow a set of stages in development. The ‘Social Learning Theory’ teaches that children learn by example, by observing others they understand and learn how to behave. The last theory I will be exploring is ‘Social Constructivism’ theory believes that children build their development...
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...are the Macro-level Theories and the Micro-level Theories. “The Macro-level Theories focus on families as a social institution” (Strong & Cohen, 2014, p. 39). “A social institution is the organized pattern of statuses and structures, roles and rules by which a society attempts to meet certain of its basic needs “(Strong & Cohen, 2014, p. 39). Macro-level theories examine the how the family is influenced by society. Family ecology theory, structural functionalism theory, conflict theory, and feminist perspective are all example of Macro-level theories. Micro-level Theories emphasize what happens within families. The theories take into account everyday behavior, interaction between family members, and patterns of communication. Symbolic interaction theory, social exchange theory, and family systems theory are examples of Micro-level theories. This reaction report will discuss two of the “Theoretical Perspectives on Families:” the structural functionalism theory and the social exchange theory and provide modern day examples of these theories. Structural Functionalism Theory “The structural functionalism theory is a framework for building a theory that sees society as a complex system whose parts work together to promote solidarity and stability” ("Structural," 2015, p. 1). This means that the family consists of several members that performs different tasks and must be functioning properly for the well- being of the whole family. The theory further states that...
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...EXAMINING THEORY PAPER INDIVIDUAL ASSIGNMENT Neil Holmes CJA/314 Criminology 06/05/14 Chris DeRicco In this paper, I hope to explain the reasons why people commit crimes and the many theories in the field of criminology. Social process theory is one such assumption and argues that criminal behavior is learned through interactions with others. There are four types of social process theories including: social learning theory, social control theory, social labeling theory, and dramaturgical perspective. This paper will analyze two of the theories and will discuss social process theory and the history of its development, also the theory’s importance to criminology, examples of the theory and any negatives or positives associated with the theory. Social learning theory is the process that occurs through observing the consequences of others and by determining if such behavior is worth replicating (Wallace, n.d.). To put in a nut shell, basically this theory advises that humans learn by watching other commit crimes. This theory was developed in the 1930s by theorists Edwin Sutherland, Robert Burgess, Ronald L. Akers...
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... View Cart / Checkout Differences in Macro and Micro Level Theories Rate This Paper: 1 2 3 4 5 Submit Length: 317 words (0.9 double-spaced pages) Rating: Red (FREE) - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - - There are many differences between macro and micro-level theories. Micro-level focuses on individuals and their interactions. For example the relationship between adult children and their parents, or the effect of negative attitudes on older people. Some criticize on micro-level theories becuase they focus on what older people do rather than on social conditionsand policies that cuase them to act the way they do. Macro-level focuses more upon social structure, social processes and problems, and their interrelationships. For example the effects of industrialization on older people's status, or how gender and income affect older people's well being. This approach tends to minimize people's ability to act and overcome the limits of social structures. Both micro and macro-leve theories can take one of three perspectives which include: interpretive perspective, normative, and conflict. Normative perspective says rules and status exist in society to provide socail control or social order. Social order is necessary for survival. This perspective focuses upon macro-level. For example structural-functionalism, role theory, modernization theory, and age-stratification. Interpretive...
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...minuets on this question. • Q.3 is a theories essay for 33 marks. THIS QUESTION IS SYNOPTIC! You should spend 45 minuets on this question. Below is a list of all the areas and studies you need to know for each section of the exam. Don’t worry if you don’t know all the studies, each college/school are likely to teach slightly different ones, just make sure you know about that amount for each section. Q.1 For the first two pure crime parts you need to know: Functionalist theories of crime and deviance Durkheim – Social control, social regulation including suicide Merton-Strain theory, blocked aspirations Cohen – Status frustration Cloward and Ohlin – Deviant subcultures New Right/Right Realism James Wilson – Strict law enforcement needed Wilson and Kelling – Broken windows, zero tolerance Murray – Cultural deprivation, single parents and ineffective, the underclass Erdos – Families without fathers Subcultural theories Cohen – Delinquent subcultures Cloward and Ohlin – Delinquency and opportunity, criminal, conflict and retreatist subcultures Willis – pupil subcultures (learning to labour) Patrick – Gang culture (Glasgow gangs) Humphreys – Gay subcultures and covert participant observation Miller – Focal concerns, lower working class male subculture Matza – Delnquency and drift, techniques of neutralisation, subterranean values Marxist theories of crime and deviance Gordon – Criminogenic...
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...Social work Theory Essay Introduction This essay will explain how Social work is about dealing with various problems within society and how Social work theories provide a framework which enable Social work practice find an effective solution to the issue at hand. It will explain how Social work theory draws on linking those theories and putting it into practice and that the relationship between the two aspects are imperative. The interrelationships between Theory and Practice. Social work is about dealing with society and the issues they have in their daily life. Society is complex and therefore having theories to work with can empower the Social worker as much as a client. The theories shape the course of action taken or the practice. Theories are described in Payne (2014) as generalized ideas that can describe our knowledge of situations and the world in which we live in an organised manner (p.3). Specifically in relation to social work theory, Payne (p.5) simply states it helps us do or understand social work. Nash, Munford & O’Donoghue describe how theory informs practice which in turn informs theory in action and describes it as a ‘map’ (p.15). Without being able to understand Social work, let alone do it in practice you would not assist the client and therefore is a key piece within the jigsaw of Social work. According to Payne (p.9) there are four different ways to approach theory; Perspectives which allows you to look at situations from different points...
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...Social Influence of Crime Stu Dent CJA/384 28 October 2012 T. Cher Social Influence of Crime Organized crime has been a research topic in criminal justice for many reasons. It appeals to researchers because of the variables that are involved in defining why organized crime exists and how it has been as successful as it has been. With all of this research comes a series of theories on how organized crime works and how society can benefit from understanding these concepts. Reviewing and defining a few of these theories will assist in understanding theories of organized crime. Among the foundation of organized crime is the idea that it is a social institution. Common examples of a social institution include schools, churches, sporting leagues and the work place. These are institutions that allow for social gathering and influence. However, a social institution can be defined as more than that. It does not have to be an actual building or infrastructure to physically gather in. Instead, a social institution is a set of social norms that establish the collective value of the society. It is not just the place to be social, but also the ideas that bond the group together and create that environment (Walker, 2011). In keeping with this idea, social institution has had a large impact on organized crime. In some ways, this social institution has created the environment for organized crime to grow and be successful. For example, the prohibition of alcohol in the early 1900s is...
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...Social Learning Theory (Week 2: Assignment) The Social Learning Theory (Week 2 Assignment) There are several theories that have been developed in order for man to explain social development and the social concepts created by these developments. The many different theories that “explain how people become socialized, including the psychoanalytic theory, the functionalism theory, the conflict theory, and the symbolic interaction theory look at the individual learning process of man” (Vissing, 2011). They dive into the formation of one’s self, and they explain how the influence of society within socialization affects individuals. The social learning theory is one of these theories that attempt to explain the details of socialization and the effects of one’s own development. The social learning theory has been noted and acknowledged within the psychology community for some time now and was greatly shaped by psychologist, Albert Bandura. Overall, the social learning theory has several aspects and elements that make it a formidable and studied theory by many psychologists and it is used by many while attempting to explain how exactly people become socialized. To begin with, the social learning theory takes in to account the formation of one’s identity. The identity is considered to be a learned response to social encounters. The theory “emphasizes the societal context of socialization rather than the individual mind” (Anderson, 2009) and it “postulates that an individual’s identity...
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...[pic] BTEC Level 3 Subsidiary/Diploma in HEALTH & SOCIAL CARE UNIT 4 DEVELOPMENT THROUGH THE LIFE STAGES Name : …………………….. Target Grade ………………. Current Grade ……………… January – April 2014 |Pass |Merit |Distinction |Attempted |Complete | |P1 – Produce a series of posters that|M1 : Write a report that discusses |D1 : As a conclusion to your report, |P1 | | |describe physical, intellectual, |the nature – nurture debate in |evaluate how nature and nurture may | | | |emotional and social development for |relation to the development of the |affect the physical, intellectual, |M1 | | |each of the life stages of an |individual |emotional and social development of 2| | | |individual | |stages of the development on an |D1 | | | | |individual | | | |P2 – Using examples from someone’s | | |P2 | | |life, explain the potential...
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...First Scene The first scene I chose to analyze was Juror 10’s “These people” speech. 2a – Social Identity Theory The main character in this scene is an elderly white male. As such, one of his ingroups are other elderly while males. Most of the other jurors fit the while male portion of his ingroup. Juror 10 is relatively old, so he has had a lot of time to develop a connection with the white male ingroup. Social Identity theory says that this will make his connection to that ingroup stronger. Thus, his disdain for the out group will also be stronger. The first outgroup for Juror 10 is the young man on trial. The elderly white man does not share many similarities with the poor young criminal. Juror 10 tries to make his ingroup appear comparatively...
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...Sociology and Family Family is the most important social institution in sociology today, as it helps to identify all human societies. Families are developed in different genre of society and can be defined as “a basic social unit consisting of parent(s) and their children, considered as a group of people living together or not. A typical family consists of a mother, father and their unmarried child or children. Today, families are separated into categories such as a single-parent families, stepfamilies, adopted families, grandparents or uncles or aunts raising another sibling child or children, and parents raising adult kids due to them moving back home or in need of the help to remain home; not to mention gay/lesbian couples are now allowed to have a family. Due to the uniqueness of every family, there will be some kind of similarities among the other. Whichever family type it is, one will find different perspectives as it relates to a family institution. In this paper, you will read about how the three society theories: functionalism, conflict and social interaction affect and the effect it has on families. You will also gain knowledge to find that social institutions are the results of social actions and also the causes of social actions. Families can be seen as a norm in a social relationship. This tradition is conducted and reinforced by religion, politicians, mass media and other indoctrinated natives. The diversity of a family structure has changed over the...
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...Ecosystems Theory Chris Smith Western Kentucky University SWRK 331 –610: Human Behavior in the Social Environment II Western Kentucky University – Owensboro March 19, 2013 Ecosystems Theory Defined The ecosystems theory as utilized in social work is an adaptation in and of itself. The ecosystems theory is a combination of ecology and general systems theory. According to the American Heritage Dictionary, ecology is “The science of the relationship between organisms and their environments [ (Bantam Dell, 2007, p. 272) ]. An ecological systems approach only tells us organisms will adapt to environmental changes and does not tell us specifically what steps the organism takes in order to adapt to change, this is where general systems theory, the second contributor to ecosystems theory, comes to play a part [ (Greif, 1986) ]. General systems theory shows how an organism’s interaction with another cannot only instigate change within itself but can also instigate change in others as well. According to Wakefield (1996), Systems are sets of interacting elements; systems can be open or closed to interaction with the outside world; systems are linked hierarchically; systems can possess states of homeostasis and equilibrium or can be in disequilibrium; systems are regulated through positive and negative feedback; and, again, causal influences are circular, in that changes in one system have consequences for other linked systems that, in turn, through feedback, have consequences...
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...understanding of society. Being an interpretivist theory, interactionism is “sensitive to the self conscience”, and contrasts dramatically with earlier structural theories such as functionalism and Marxism. Unlike these theories, interactionists believe that individuals are socially self conscious, and construct their social world through meaningful interaction and interpretation, rather than being the passive recipients of external social structures. As such, interactionist theory provides a refreshing explanation of society which overcomes many of the problems of earlier theories. It has made a massive contribution to sociology both on a theoretical and methodological level, although it is important to remember that “interactionism” is not a unified perspective, and actually has many different intellectual strands. Phenomenology for example, is a branch of interactionism which proposes that “things” have no intrinsic meaning in themselves, and mean only what they are taken to mean by social actors. Extending on this, ethnomethodologists believe that social order is extremely fragile, and only exists because people share “commonsense assumptions” about social life. When these assumptions are challenged however, stability can be undermined, as demonstrated by Garfinkel’s “breaching experiments”, where he got students to behave like lodgers in their own homes, which resulted in responses of confusion and anger. Such theories have been heavily criticised however, as if they are...
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...Religious Social Institution SOC 101 26 November 2012 Religious social institutions consist of groups of individuals who share common views about the nature of God and the creation of the universe, which incorporates their beliefs, writings, behaviors, and rituals. They are led by their own faith or personal belief rather than science. Social, economic, political, and spiritual beliefs are all influenced if not dominated by religion. Christianity, Islamic, Judaism, Hinduism, and Roman Catholic’s all bring people together for some form of social interactions with one another, whether it be in a worship service, belief or ritual, or any other religious act that may require interaction. This paper will discuss the impact that the three sociological theories, the functionalism, conflict, and interactionism theories have on the religious institution along with the similarities and differences of these theories in respect to society’s view of religion. People have very different ways of viewing religion, which creates conflict throughout the world. The differences in beliefs and ideologies vary from person to person within any given society. The functionalists believe that religion “is essential for all societies because it helps unite people in a shared belief and behavior system, resulting in social cohesion.” (Vissing, 2011, sec. 4.6) Religion gives people answers, explains the unexplainable, and a purpose for life. Religious teaching...
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...text, Learning and Behavior. Pay particular attention to the sections titled, "Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory" and "Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory. “Think of times in your life where you learned something through observational learning. Select an example of observational learning to use for this Discussion. It may be one that you experienced personally or one experienced by someone you know well and can provide you with information about his or her experience. Reflect on the Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory and how it might explain the example you selected. Consider Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory and how it would explain the same behavior. Reflect on the two theories and think about what is different between them in terms of accounting for learning, ultimately selecting one such difference to use in this Discussion. With these thoughts in mind: 1page an example of observational learning. Explain how the Miller-Dollard Reinforcement Theory would account for the experience. Then explain how Bandura's Social Cognitive Theory would explain your behavior. Explain one major difference between the two theories. Application: Processes of Observational Learning Albert Bandura is the leading proponent of social cognitive theory, which you explored in this week's Discussion. Your textbook describes social cognitive theory as a theory of observational learning. Bandura suggests that four processes are necessary in order...
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