...able to respond effectively to environmental issues? Is public policy a more useful concept to understand how the commons is managed in our society? Why or why not? Markets are not able to respond effectively to environmental issues because they cannot determine the value of the environment and its elements. It is not a part of the exchange or transaction and market systems were not designed to factor in environmental costs. Public policy is definitely a useful concept in understanding how the commons are managed in our society. It allows citizens to effectively understand the many different rules and regulations that exist in order to protect as well as conserve the environment. It places value upon what markets cannot determine. 2. Which definition of public policy makes the most sense to you personally? What essential elements are there to your definition? How does public policy differ from business policy? Personally, the definition of public policy that makes the most sense is that “…public policy is a specific course of action taken collectively by society or by a legitimate representative of society addressing a specific problem of public concern that reflects the interests of society or particular segments of society.” The essential element to this definition that rings most true to me is the last portion; that public policy is a representation of the interests of society as either a partial or a whole. Public policy differs from business policy in that it is essentially...
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...issues? Is public policy a more useful concept to understand how the commons is managed in our society? Why or why not? Markets are unable to respond effectively to environmental issues because they are unable to regulate or control the value of the environment and the elements it is made up of. The environment is not apart of the market transaction and market systems were not designed to take environmental costs into consideration. Public policy is a useful concept to understand how the commons is managed in our society because it allows individuals within the communities to effectively understand the various rules and regulations that are in order to protect and conserve our natural environment. Public policy places value upon what markets are unable to determine. 2. Which definition of public policy makes the most sense to you personally? What essential elements are there to your definition? How does public policy differ from business policy? The definition of public policy that makes the most sense to me is, "public policy is a specific course of action taken collectively by society or by a legitimate representative of society addressing a specific problem of public concern that reflects the interests of society or particular segments of society." To me, the definition that public policy is a representation of the interests of society makes the most sense to me because it further explains how the collaborative ideas and input by members of society are represented...
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...each other and they also have their differences in relation to their actual profession. I am going to compare and contrast the different codes of the major associations of professional communications. I am going to discuss one from the Journalist profession: The Society of Professional Journalist (SPJ), Public relations and information: Public Relations Society of America (PRSA) and the business profession: American Advertising Federation (AAF). All three of these have some of the same basic codes for example: respect, truth, accountability, honesty and avoiding conflicts of interest. Any member of The Society of Professional Journalist believe the public has a right to know of any events or issues in the world. They believe that this is the “forerunner of justice and the foundation of democracy” (Unit 4). All journalists look for the truth and then let the public know about it. The Society of Professional Journalist minimizes harm, act independently and be accountable. There is no stereotyping of any kind allowed. Any ethical The Society of Professional Journalist will treat all informants, co-workers or the subject at hand with respect as we are all deserving of it as human beings. Any time a Society of Professional Journalist makes a mistake they are to promptly correct...
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...VALUES AND ETHICS INTRODUCTION Values and ethics are central to any organization; those operating in the national security arena are no exception. What exactly do we mean by values and ethics? Both are extremely broad terms, and we need to focus in on the aspects most relevant for strategic leaders and decision makers. What we will first discuss is the distinctive nature of ethics for public officials; second, the forces which influence the ethical behavior of individuals in organizations; and third, explore the actions strategic leaders can take to build ethical climates in their organizations. THE CHARACTER OF VALUES AND ETHICS Values can be defined as those things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or, collectively, an organization. One place where values are important is in relation to vision. One of the imperatives for organizational vision is that it must be based on and consistent with the organization's core values. In one example of a vision statement we'll look at later, the organization's core values - in this case, integrity, professionalism, caring, teamwork, and stewardship- were deemed important enough to be included with the statement of the organization's vision. Dr. John Johns, in an article entitled "The Ethical Dimensions of National Security," mentions honesty and loyalty as values that are the ingredients of integrity. When values are shared by all members of an organization, they are extraordinarily...
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...the financial statement of listed companies, auditing become more and more important in the society. The people cannot know more the situation about listed companies, so they use auditors’ report to think their investment. However, with more and more scandals about auditing, many people think whether external auditors’ reports provide information to investor that serves the public interest under the current regulatory environment. The public interest First, it is important to know what the public interest is. In order to know the public interest better, we can understand it separately. The public represents social that is abstract concept. It conflicts the private that is specific and certainly. Social is universality and uncertainty. Its function is adjective interest. The International Federation of Accountants (IFAC) defines the public interest as ” The net benefits derived for, and procedural rigor employed on behalf of, all society in relation to any action, decision or policy.” It means that everyone in the society may obtain the interest from all society in relation to any action, decision or policy. The auditing profession is relation to the benefit to the society. The public interest from auditing profession is like the responsibility of this profession. This interest is not direct interest, but the auditors will use their behavior to show their responsibility for society. The responsibility is • To keep the fair and equitable of financial law • To improve...
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...What makes the public sphere distinct from the private sphere? The public sphere concept was developed since the times of the Aristotle. He sees the public sphere as the social and political space in which citizens come together to discus the issues of public concerns to form civic opinions. However, this concept changed in time and nowadays is seen as the space “where free and equal citizens come together to share information, to debate, to discuss, or to deliberate on common concerns”.[1] Public sphere is made distinct from the private sphere through the existence of public opinion and the fact that is has developed the public use of reason. Through its constitutive elements such as the constitutional civil liberties the access at public information the existence of a free, plural, and independent media system not under the state control make the private sphere indeed peculiar. Also the existence of civil societies which organize and promote the citizen agenda makes the public sphere dissimilar. In order to make a clear distinction between what makes the public sphere distinct from the private sphere I will have a close look at how the principle developed from the feudal system until the democratic system nowadays. A close analysis at the philosophers’ theories and the principles which intervenes with public sphere is helpful. Also its characteristics will be outlined in order to draw a line between the public and the private sphere. One characteristic and a product...
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...occupational standing.” (Piezka & L’Etang, 2006, 270). Discuss this in the light of professionalism in the public relations industry Professionalism in public relations is a multifaceted construct that discusses the ethical standards and skills required for PR practitioners and some of the criteria that are central to the profession are a body of knowledge, ethical practice, certification, importance to society and review by peers (Grunig & Hunt, 1984). The core professional value that serves as the ethos for the whole profession is the foremost among these criteria (Grunig, 2000), however, some practitioners discount it for its lack of pragmatics due to failing to master communication techniques that are known by the average citizen, people today who call themselves public relations practitioners still do not measure up to professional standards and lack of training (J. Grunig & L. Grunig, 1992; Grunig & Hunt, 1984; Dozier, Grunig, & Grunig, 1995). Several issues are identified from this definition for the core professional value that serves as the ethos for professionalism in PR. The issues shall be the discussion of the use of professionalism in the PR industry. As PR is a specialised professional occupation encompassed with its own set of values and beliefs, debates on the role of the professionalism development and education are inevitable among the public. To have a breakthrough in the profession, the profession should not be confined to restrictions of values...
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...Cultural Studies is a discipline that studies society within a sociological interpretation. In sociology, society is not seen as individuals but as a system of principles, activities and exchanges accepted by human beings. This means that social organizations such as family or community are not people, they are organizations, or patterns, of views and actions by people, which are approved by people. (Long 2007) There are three classical sociological perspectives, one very different from the other in order to understand society: Conflict perspective: Analyses the differences between the oligarchy and the working class, stating that society’s changes and interactions are related to numerous conflicts. (Stephen 2007) Functionalist perspective: Looks at behaviours and find their reasons on exterior factors and not on the individual itself, and argues that several features of social conduct add to the living and expanding of society and its organizations. Symbolic Interaction perspective: Positions that to understand society its necessary to understand the connotation of people’s actions and beliefs. At the moment of discussing society and its organizations, despite the sociological perspective used there are interconnected factors to be considered: Technology, politics, economy, values and beliefs. (Ray 2007) In the critical essay The Crisis of Public Values in the Age of the New Media, Henry A. Giroux’s discourse on the control of large corporations over the economy and...
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...case can somehow combine individual preferences into a collective, social preference. Solution for problems mentioned in answer 1 according to arrow theorem can be:- A. Democracies should have a general formula that covers not only the majority rule but every rule that aggregates individual preferences into a collective preferences that means democracies with majority rule should also have minimal Decisive rule. For example :- countries may require 2/3 majority votes. B. Each group can have any numbers of members .They, in particular, do not need to have an equal number of members. C. People can have their individual preferences. 3. Economic regulation is frequently justified by a need to further “social” or “public interest.” For instance, article 40 of the Polish Energy Law states...
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...The Media and Its Responsibilities Student Name: Institution of affiliation: The Media and Its Responsibilities Introduction Ethics is defined as the study of standards of conduct, moral philosophy or moral judgment. It deals with moral values of human behavior as well as the principles and rules that are applied to govern the behavior. Philosophers, worldwide, have developed various theories meant to explain further the concept of philosophy (Thompson, 1985). These theories include: Utilitarianism, deontology and virtue. They have also come up with other theories that explain the behavior of individuals such as emotivism, relativism, and ethical egoism. In this paper, I will put consideration on one of the above theories in relation to the media and its responsibilities; furthermore I will contrast my response of how to resolve ethical issues with perspective brought by ethical egoism with credible and well argued support of view that is closer to mine. Media is a diversified form of communication intended to reach a large number of the audience through the application of media technologies. There are various technologies available through which the communication is made possible, they include: radio in broadcast media; television and films which transmit information electronically; recorded music; use of newspapers, pamphlets, books and comics to convey information in print media (Thompson, 1985). Other type of media communication include...
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...Values can be defined as those things that are important to or valued by someone. That someone can be an individual or, collectively, an organization. One place where values are important is in relation to vision. One of the imperatives for organizational vision is that it must be based on and consistent with the organization's core values. In one example of a vision statement we'll look at later, the organization's core values - in this case, integrity, professionalism, caring, teamwork, and stewardship- were deemed important enough to be included with the statement of the organization's vision. Dr. John Johns, in an article entitled "The Ethical Dimensions of National Security," mentions honesty and loyalty as values that are the ingredients of integrity. When values are shared by all members of an organization, they are extraordinarily important tools for making judgments, assessing probable outcomes of contemplated actions, and choosing among alternatives. Perhaps more important, they put all members "on the same sheet of music" with regard to what all members as a body consider important. The Army, in 1986, had as the theme for the year "values," and listed four organizational values-loyalty, duty, selfless service, and integrity-and four individual values- commitment, competence, candor, and courage. A Department of the Army pamphlet entitled Values: The Bedrock of Our Profession spent some time talking about the importance of values, and included this definition: ...
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...Introduction The political system of society in the most general view can be determined as a system of the state bodies and non-state social institutes performing certain political functions. As the phenomenon of self-control of society, stabilisation of the social processes proceeding in it, a modern political system provides effective carrying out a domestic and foreign policy of the state, creates, expresses interests of various social groups. It represents a fundamental line item and is the base of maintenance of the legitimate power existing in the country. Literature Review The essence of political system most brightly comes to light through a prism of implementable functions in society. In the most simplified type they can be characterized...
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...on behalf of the citizen against both state and other interests is a widespread ideal, the reality of most media worldwide is complex, rapidly changing and extraordinarily diverse. Media can consist of everything from national newspapers to student magazines, global broadcasters to community radio, websites and blogs to social networks and virtual communities, citizen journalists to government mouthpieces. This briefing focuses principally on media – and to a lesser extent on linked information and technologies - at a national level within developing countries. The term media refers to several different forms of communication required to educate and make a socially aware nation. The communication forms can be radio, television, cinema, magazines, newspapers, and/or Internet-based web sites. These forms often play a varied and vital role in our society. GOVERNANCE Recently the terms "governance" and "good governance" are being increasingly used in development literature. Bad governance is being increasingly regarded as one of the root causes of all evil within our societies. Major donors and international financial institutions are increasingly basing their aid and loans on the condition that reforms that ensure "good governance" are undertaken. GOOD GOVERNANCE Good governance is an indeterminate term used in international development literature to describe how public institutions conduct public affairs and manage public resources. The concept of "good...
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...measuring of how well a public policy really works. Efficiency takes into consideration several factors such as cost, results, impact, feedback and puts it all together to measure the overall success of a public policy under an efficient point of view. While it is true that efficiency more often than not is represented by a ratio between results and costs, it could be argued that other factors play a role in it. Ultimately, high efficiency is very hard to achieve even when measuring some of the best policies, but what is even harder is determining a cost for a specific policy. Therefore, efficiency is often measured by analyzing procedural efficiency instead which compares what is produced to its cost. Implementation: Implementation is a term that refers to putting public policies into effect in order to achieve goals set for those policies. However, in reality implementation is hard to achieve as there are so many different ways to stop a public policy from being adopted or carried out. In fact, one thing is to have a public policy approved by law, but even then its implementation is not guaranteed which means administrators who have their public policies implemented should consider themselves lucky. An example of implementation would be the actual actions required to get a public policy started, whatever those may be. Coming up with public programs is one thing, but its implementation is what makes the program/policy work and have any impact on society. Iron Triangle: Iron Triangle...
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...2011-12-13 United States Government Political parties & interests groups Political Parties * American political parties do not have clear programs, regular members, annual meetings, party leaders don’t decide who will run for election, etc. – the ideology of American parties is not very distinctive – they are electoral machines – they help people get elected to Congress and help us organize our thinking. * Political parties have existed since the first decade of the new government’s existence. Americans have always had ambivalent feelings about them. * Parties are necessary, and they perform vital functions, they are crucial institutions when it comes to organizing competition when it comes to elections, structuring the thinking of the society. If they help us distinguish various political sides, we can start identifying with them (liberal, conservative) * Ad-hoc coalitions – built in order to pass a specific bill. Party functions: * Organize the competition * Unify the electorate * Inspire and inform voters * Translate preferences into policy * Provide loyal opposition * Organize Government * Help Govern * Act as Watchdogs * Nominate Candidates * Ensure Candidate Quality * Winner takes all election system – if you have to be big to win, it makes no sense for small parties to function. * Party systems – Multiparty and Two Party System. * Minor parties: Persistence and Frustration * American parties...
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