...selecting the proper financing sources Knowing the costs of financing is a prerequisite. This assignment is regarding the financing issues of business. it is very necessary to have proper knowledge over the financing terms and methods to obtain requisite financing for the organization. One has to know the costs of financing as a prerequisite before selecting the proper financing sources. In this assignment, several advantages and disadvantages are discussed for different financing methods, cost of finance, financial planning and information and many other issues that help to gain a proper knowledge about the financing in organization. Different books and journals have been used to prepare the assignment. Contents Introduction 3 Requirement 1 3 Task 1.1 : Business needs finance and available sources of finance to a business 3 Equity financing 4 Debt Financing 4 Lease Financing 4 Task 1.2 : Accessing and comparing the implication of the different sources of finance 4 Implication of equity financing 4 Implication of debt financing 4 Implication of lease financing 5 Task 1.3: evaluation of the appropriate sources of finance for the above mention businesses. 5 M1: Critically evaluate each available sources of finance to that particular firm. Evaluation should include the pros and cons, and legal aspects of each source. (Merit M1). 5 Case study 1: An engineering firm 5 Equity financing for this firm 5 Debt financing 5 Lease financing 5 Case study 2:...
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...Sources of finance for entrepreneur Entrepreneurs as pioneering play an important role in achieving business success in today twenty-one century. They serve as agents of change provide creative, innovative ideas for business enterprises and help business grow and become profitable. There are two types of entrepreneurs which are business entrepreneur and social entrepreneur. Business entrepreneur is driven by a profit motive while social entrepreneur is driven by a mission to fill the gap left of the market and public sector. This essay will typically focus on business entrepreneur.（Frederick, H.H&D.F.Kurakto.2010）.The most important part for enterprise doing business is financing .Without money or capital which is extremely hard for entrepreneur starting up a business. However there are many sources of financing for entrepreneur. The essay will be illustrated from some sources of finance via an existing company. Sharetea Australia Pty is a company that specialist in food and beverages. The company has four shops located in different district s in Sydney. As a proprietary company which meant the company is owned by an individual that has limited shares, around fifty employees work in the company. Anthony Mu is the manager of the company which has 10 years working experiences. In this essay, it is necessary to discuss how do Anthony Mu raise funds as an entrepreneur for starting his business, and any source of finance that he used to maintain his company. It said that...
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...financial problems. This article focus on how to obtain effective financial source and dealing with the difficulties in raising finance for Chinese SMEs. Key words: Small and medium-sized Companies (SMEs); Financing. Introduction SMEs are the necessary power for economy growth. As Beck and Demirguc-Kunt (2005, p2932) said that there was robust partial connection between the importance of SMEs in manufacturing and economic development. According to Ayyagari (2007), formal SMEs contribute to 50% of GDP on average in developing countries and World Bank views SMEs as a core element in developing economy and employment. In China, the number of registered SMEs exceeds 40 million, accounting for more than 99 per cent of enterprises. As a private sector, SME has become a driving force since the economy began to recover in 1978 (Fan, 2007). And it makes up more than 70 percept of the GDP. According to Brookfield, SMEs can be regarded as unquoted small businesses and a medium for self-employment of the owners that are organized by few individuals, typically a family group and act as a medium for self-employment of the owners. In China, the government gives a definition about SMEs in the SME Promotion Law. The scale of production and operation belonging to various forms of ownership are small-and medium-sized enterprises. The main body of this paper is structured into two sections. Section one concentrates on source of finance for SMEs. Section two...
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...the results of the other aspects like marketing, technical, legal, tax, among others. This study is done to determine and evaluate the project’s capital requirements, possible sources of financing including the terms and conditions, forecasts of operating revenues, costs and expenses, and effect of inflation on the financial situation and results of operations. In general, there is no specific rule as to the period coverage of the financial study. The period of time to be covered depends on the requirements of the study. Steps in Financial Study Conducting the financial study involves the following steps: a. Determine the specific financing requirements of the project with respect to types and cost of the assets to be acquired. b. Identify the alternative sources of financing including the terms and conditions, the effective cost, and the maximum amount of financing from each source. c. Ascertain the desirable debt-equity ratio, the relationship between the financing that can be obtained from creditors and financing that can be provided by stockholders. d. Establish the project’s financial policy. MAJOR PARTS OF FINANCIAL STUDY The major parts of financial study are (1) statement of assumptions, (2) projected financial statements, (3) possible sources of outside financing, (4) details of various amounts contained in the projected financial statements, and (5) analysis of financial projections. STATEMENT OF ASSUMPTIONS Assumptions are plain...
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...CHAPTER 18 Working-Capital Management and Short-Term Financing CHAPTER ORIENTATION In this chapter we introduce working-capital management in terms of managing the firm's liquidity. Specifically, net working capital is defined as the difference in current assets and current liabilities. The hedging principle is offered as one approach to addressing the firm's liquidity problems. In addition, this chapter deals with the sources of short-term financing that must be repaid within 1 year. CHAPTER OUTLINE I. Managing current assets A. Like fixed assets, the firm's investment in current assets is determined by the marginal benefits derived from investing in them compared with their acquisition cost. B. However, the mix of current and fixed assets of the firm's investment in total assets is an important determinant of the firm's liquidity. That is, the greater the firm's investment in current assets, other things remaining the same, the greater the firm's liquidity. This is generally true since current assets are usually more easily converted into cash. C. The firm can invest in marketable securities to increase its liquidity. However, such a policy involves committing the firm's funds to a relatively low-yielding (in comparison to fixed assets) investment. II. Managing the firm's use of current liabilities A. The greater the firm's use of current liabilities, other things being the same, the less will be the firm's...
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...Project Financing Meaning of Project Financing ✓ This is a form of asset-based financing in which a firm finances a discrete set of assets on a stand-alone basis. ✓ A mode of financing the project where the repayment is based on the cash flows after the completion of the project and the fixed assets involved in the project are kept as collateral. ✓ It is a way to raise nonrecourse financing for a specific project characterized by the following: (1) The project is a separate legal entity and relies heavily on debt financing (2) The debt is contractually linked to the cash flow generated by the project. Five Basic Steps to Finance Step 1: Identify the Project If a project is being started from scratch with no leads, while there are resources it can query to help identify potential projects. Step 2: Determine the Feasibility of the Project When a promising project has been identified, the next and most important step is to determine the feasibility of launching the venture. This step involves drafting a carefully detailed plan of action which reflects the venture partners' understanding of: • the markets in which the products will be sold, including industry trends, tariffs and other barriers to entry; • domestic and international competition in the chosen industry; • the costs of human resources, technology, and other components of the venture; • the expected revenue that the project can generate, as well as sources of capital...
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...(IPFA) as the following: The financing of long-term infrastructure, industrial projects and public services based upon a non-recourse or limited recourse financial structure where project debt and equity used to finance the project are paid back from the cash flow generated by the project. Q. 02. Discuss long-term & short-term source of project financing? Sources of financing a business are classified based on the time period for which the money is required. Time period are commonly classified into following three: * Long Term Sources of Finance: Long term financing means capital requirements for a period of more than 5 years to 10, 15, 20 years or may be more depending on other factors. Capital expenditures in fixed assets like plant and machinery, land and building etc. of a business are funded using long term sources of finance.. Long term financing sources can be in form of any of them: * Share Capital or Equity Shares * Preference Capital or Preference Shares * Retained Earnings or Internal Accruals * Debenture / Bonds * Term Loans from Financial Institutes, Government, and Commercial Banks * Venture Funding * Asset Securitization * International Financing by way of Euro Issue, Foreign Currency Loans, ADR, GDR etc. * Preference Capital or Preference Shares * Debenture / Bonds * Lease Finance * Hire Purchase Finance * Short Term Sources of Finance: Short term financing means financing for period of less than 1 year...
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...cover the cost of unforeseen events such as accidents or natural disasters. The difficulties in obtaining these funds constitute one of the major challenges in running a business. The two major sources of business finance are internal and external funding. This paper examines the differences between internal and external sources of finance. It will also examine the advantages and disadvantages of each source. Internal sources of Finance Internal source of finance refers to funding generated within the business as opposed to financing obtained from outside sources. Internal funding can be obtained from retained earnings, sale of assets, depreciation, reduction or control of capital. Retained earnings: These are profits left over after a firm has settled its debts and paid out dividends to shareholders. The leftover funds can then be ploughed back into the business. The advantage of this method is that there is no borrowing cost associated with it. The firm has total control over the decision to use the funds and is not subjected to any vetting by lenders. The disadvantage of using retained profits as a source of funding is that the company may not have cash readily available in times of urgent need (Timimi, 2010). Sale of asset: The sale of assets is another source of internal financing. A business may choose to sell some of its assets to generate cash to finance its business needs. These assets could be in the form of patents, real estate, art work, equipment, or machinery...
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...FINANCING OPTIONS FOR SMALL AND MEDIUM SCALE ENTERPRISES IN NIGERIA BY SAS ARUWA BY SAS ARUWA Department of Economics and Management Sciences, Nigerian Defence Academy, Kaduna Abstract Government has identified the need for the development of Small and Medium Scale Enterprises (SME). One of such sectoral strategies is the introduction and pursuit of policies such as concessionary financing to encourage and strengthen the growth of SMEs in Nigeria. In this paper, a random sample of 10 formal/ informal finance sources and 20 SMEs in 6 selected Small and Medium industries in Kaduna and Abuja have been studied. We found that financing options for SMEs are numerous but access to these funds has been difficult inspite of several government initiatives. We also found that the Small and Medium Industries Equity Investments Scheme (SMIEIS) fund lacks standard guideline for fund disbursement, the unregulated informal finance institutions finance the SMEs much more than the formal sources and the informal sources make up more than half of the SMEs’ mix of funds. It is recommended that the informal source of financing is a potentially important source of micro financing. Savings in them should be further encouraged through regulation, government intervention by way of active participation of community and development banks in local business associations. SMEs should consider all financing options that maximize the value of the business enterprise. 1.1 INTRODUCTION The significant...
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...involves committing the firm’s funds to a relatively low-yielding (in comparison to fixed assets) investment. II. Managing the firm’s use of current liabilities A. The greater the firm’s use of current liabilities, other things being the same, the less will be the firm’s liquidity. B. There are a number of advantages associated with the use of current liabilities for financing the firm’s asset investments. 1. Flexibility. Current liabilities can be used to match the timing of a firm’s short-term financing needs exactly. 2. Interest cost. Historically, the interest cost on short-term debt has been lower than that on long-term debt. C. Following are the disadvantages commonly associated with the use of short-term debt: 1. Short-term debt exposes the firm to an increased risk of illiquidity because short-term debt matures sooner and in greater frequency, by definition, than does long-term debt. 2. Since short-term debt agreements must be renegotiated from year to year, the interest cost of each year’s financing is uncertain. III. Determining the appropriate level of...
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...Factors to Consider When Choosing a Method of Financing a Business By Derek Dowell, eHow Contributor Banks may want to lend you money if you present a well-prepared business plan. Whether you're starting a new business from scratch or operating a successful business already, securing financing first requires you to think about the best method to go about it. There are many factors to take into account, though some may vary according to an entrepreneur's personal situation. Poor management is the most frequent cause of small-business failure, according to the Small Business Notes website, but it is closely followed by insufficient financing. Other People Are Reading * The Disadvantages of External Equity * Financing Methods for Capital Purchases 1. Funding Availability * The first thing to do when choosing a method of financing your business is to determine what your range of options are. Small Business Notes lists the most common sources of finding money to start a business: personal savings (72 percent), banks (45 percent), friends/relatives (28 percent), individual investors (10 percent), government-guaranteed loans (7 percent) and venture capital firms (1 percent). Most people will not be able to rely on a single source, since banks expect the business owner to put some of his own money at risk in the venture. Spend some time thinking about what sources you can access. Personal Savings * Choosing to risk personal savings on a business venture...
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...political unrest sluggish the industrial growth as well as economic growth of the country. Inspite of all these hindrance the growth of leasing companies is a significant indication of our bright prospects. The traditional sources of funds of our country in the financial market are – the Commercial Banks, DFIs and the stock exchange. But these sources are not enough to effectively meet the growing demand of capital investments for industrialization of the country. And the backdrop of such scenario, leasing companies came forward in the 80s to serving as an alternative source of financing. Leasing is now a growing industry in many developing countries as well as Bangladesh. In spite of sluggish economic activities the growth of the leasing industry is significant. Lease is a contract between the owner and the user of assets for a certain time period during which the second party uses an asset in exchange of making periodic rental payments to the first party without purchasing it. Under lease financing, the lessee regularly pays the fixed lease rent over a period of time at the beginning or at the end of a month, 3 months, 6 months or a year. At the end of the lease contract the asset reverts to the real owner. Leasing is an important new method of financing. Non-Bank Financial Institutions (NBFIs) play a significant role in meeting the diverse lease financial need of various sectors of an economy and thus contribute to the economic development of the country as well as to the deepening...
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...CHAPTER: SHORT TERM FINANCING Topics to be Covered: 1. Meaning and nature of short-term financing. 2. Sources of Short Term Financing. 3. Advantages of Short-Term Financing. 4. Disadvantages of Short Term financing. 5. Purpose of Short-Term Financing. 6. “Ideal Concept” of Short-Term Financing. 7. What is Trade Credit? 8. Reasons for the use of Trade Credit. 9. Factors determining the amount of Trade Credit used 10. Cost of Trade Credit 11. Who bears the cost of Trade Credit? 12. What is Bank Credit? 13. Distinction between Bank Credit and Short Term credit. 14. Characteristics of Short Term financing Meaning and nature of short-term financing: Short Term financing is that from of financing which embraces borrowing or lending of funds for a short period of time. It refers to the finance obtained on short term basis, usually one year or less in duration. Short term finance is secured for financing the current assets, for example, inventories. Short term finance is also known as working capital which is the excess of current assets over current liabilities. Current liabilities become due within one year and indicate the amount of short-term credit being utilized by the business. Practically all enterprises use the short-term credit as sources of finance. We find in the balance sheets of almost all the companies some kinds of current liabilities which are the indicator of...
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... Introduction 2. Statement of the Problems 3. Methodology of the Study * Sources of data * Sampling * Data collection * Analysis of data 4. Justification of the study 5. Scope and Limitation of the study 6. Budget * Time frame * Cost budget 7. Bibliography Introduction Bangladesh is a developing country, but the national calamity and political unrest sluggish the industrial growth as well as economic growth of the country. Inspite of all these hindrance the growth of leasing companies is a significant indication of our bright prospects. The traditional sources of funds of our country in the financial market are – the Commercial Banks, DFIs and the stock exchange. But these sources are not enough to effectively meet the growing demand of capital investments for industrialization of the country. And the backdrop of such scenario, leasing companies came forward in the 80s to serving as an alternative source of financing. Leasing is now a growing industry in many developing countries as well as Bangladesh. In spite of sluggish economic activities the growth of the leasing industry is significant. Lease is a contract between the owner and the user of assets for a certain time period during which the second party uses an asset in exchange of making periodic rental payments to the first party without purchasing it. Under lease financing, the lessee regularly pays the fixed lease rent over a period of time at the beginning...
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...Working Capital Structure and Financing Pattern of Mauritian SMEs Kesseven Padachi*; C. Howorth[1]; M. S. Narasimhan[2] and R. Durbarry3 *School of Business, Management and Finance University of Technology, Mauritius La Tour Koenig, Pointe – aux – Sables, Mauritius kpadachi@utm.intnet.mu ABSTRACT The competitive nature of the business environment requires firms to adjust their strategies and adopt good financial policies to survive and sustain growth. Most firms have an important amount of cash invested in current assets, as well as substantial amounts of current liabilities as a source of financing. This paper therefore analyses the working capital structure and financing pattern of small to medium-sized Mauritian manufacturing firms, using primarily secondary data. Structural differences in working capital and the financing pattern of the sample firms are analysed and the results showed significant structural changes over the study period. The research finding revealed disproportionate increase in current asset investment in relation to sales resulting in sharp decline in working capital turnover. The analysis also revealed an increasing trend in the short-term component of working capital financing; in particular trade credit and other payables have financed the major part of working capital. This over-concentration on short-term funds is a reality of the SMEs as they often faced difficulties in raising finance and they are viewed to be informationally opaque....
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