...Stages of Development in Children Anthony Hoolehan Purdue University - North Central EDPS - 235 Learning and Motivation Dr. Joseph Schroer May 7, 2013 Abstract Educational psychology is a very important field to study. It does not always tell you what to do as a teacher, but it can give you the principles to use in making a good decision and a language to discuss your experiences and thinking. This paper has knowledge of great thinkers who help me understand how to be an intentional teacher in the classroom. Piaget and Vygotsky's views of cognitive development help me understand how children think differently and see the world differently. I want to be able to take in and build off what the book gives me and relate certain criteria to the way I teach and learn about things through my experiences in the classroom. Teacher Efficacy Teacher efficacy is the belief you have in yourself as a teacher that what you do makes a difference (Henson, 2002; Tschannen-Moran & Woolfolk Hoy, 2001). The successful teachers are the ones that truly care about their students’ academic progress and monitor it daily. Being able to observe the classroom last semester really gave me an understanding of what teaching is really like. Fortunately, I was lucky enough to get a first year teacher that has a true passion for what she does. She was always creating new ideas for the classroom environment and new holiday themes like “spooktacular spiders” during Thanksgiving. Her...
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...Children developmental stages Social This is the child's ability to interact with others, including helping themselves and self-control * They are constantly moving and have boundless energy. * Enjoys movement play. * Outgoing, friendly, overly enthusiastic at times. * Enjoys role-playing. * Establishes close relationships with playmates; beginning to have "best" friends. * Cooperates with others; participates in group activities. * Moods change rapidly and unpredictably; laughing one minute, crying the next. * Often appears selfish; not always able to take turns or to understand taking turns under some conditions; tattles on other children. * Has better self-control over swings of emotions. * Needs comfort and reassurance from adults. * Children need attention like a plant needs sun and water. * Since they are dependent on us, they do everything they can to get the love and nurturance they need. * Initiate a lot of conversations, inventions, explorations. * Ask “why” a lot. * A preschooler is the center of the world. He believes that everything in the world revolves around him. * They are learning to be a good companion or friend to other children their age. Children developmental stages Cognitive This is the child's ability to learn and solve problems * Very good storytellers. * Follows two to three step directions given individually or in a group...
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...From birth up to the age of five, children acquire language at a very fast pace. The stages of language development are widespread among humans. Though, the age and the pace at which a child reaches each breakthrough of language development differ greatly among children. More than any other part of development, language development exposes the growth and development of the brain. Infants are very accustomed to the human voice and desire it to other sounds. In exact, they desire the higher pitch typical of female voices. They also are extremely observant to the human face, mainly when the face is talking. While crying is a child's main means of communication at birth, language nearly begins to develop by repetition and simulation. Between birth and three months of age, most infants attain the following abilities: identify their mother's voice, quiet down or smirk when spoken to, turn near recognizable voices and sounds, make sounds signifying pleasure, cry differently to express special needs like mumbling, giggling, crying and babbling....
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...throughout their growth. Children develop at their own pace however there are different stages developmentally that they experience as they grow. As children grow, they achieve different milestones that determine who they will become as an adult. Learning begins as early as infancy as everything learned during this time contributes to what is learned throughout development. At each stage of growth children learn how to become more socially and morally aware. Their social and moral development becomes stronger at each stage of life. Infancy is during the stages between Birth and two years. In infancy, children become aware of the people that they encounter. Infants began to recognize different faces and sense the difference in different individuals. Through e expressions and actions of others, they can determine what their own reactions should be and learn how to display different emotions. Infants learn early how their actions affect others by the expressions and reactions of others. At the end of this stage, children are aware that their own actions influence others emotions and behavior. As children grow, they begin to play with other children and show different emotions toward other individuals. Early childhood is during the ages of two years to six years of age. Children during this stage begin to describe objects and events without providing details for the listener in order for them to understand. Language skills during this stage begin to develop which...
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...Describe and evaluate Piaget’s theory of cognitive development Cognitive development is looking at the way children learn and process information. Jean Piaget (1896-1980) was a psychologist looking into the development of cognitive processes; his research is still highly influential today for studies carried out on cognitive development in children. Piaget believed intelligence is the balance which a person achieves between themselves and the environment and that this was achieved by the actions on the world of a young person who is developing. Piaget constructed several concepts to define the stages of child development; he was fascinated by the way that all children seemed to go through the same stages of discovering the world at the same time. Piaget’s research suggested a stage theory on each stage the children had a distinct type of thinking. The first stage of four which Piaget defines is the sensorimotor stage (0-2 years). The baby is able to understand the world by using its senses and motor actions. They are able to pretend to play and use single words towards the end of its sensorimotor stage. An important feature of the sensory motor stage is object permanence and the development of this. Learning that objects do not disappear when they are out of sight. However there are problems with Piaget’s research on this stage of development, this has been discovered by other researchers carrying out studies using heart-rate, rate of sucking and habituation technique...
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...developmental psychologist and philosopher, was born in Neuchatel, Switzerland on August 9, 1896. After working with Alfred Binet in his children’s intelligence tests, Piaget developed an interest in the development of children He is widely known for his epistemological studies regarding children and formulating the Cognitive Theory of Development. Piaget self-identifies as a genetic epistemologist; “What the genetic epistemology proposes is discovering the roots of the different varieties of knowledge, since its elementary forms, following to the next levels, including also the scientific knowledge”. Jean Piaget was the first to believe that children were no less smarter than adults, they just think differently. Piaget refers to children as “little scientists” because they actively try to explore and make sense of the world around them The model Piaget designed was a model that sought to explain how humans made sense of the world around them through collecting and organizing information from experiences with people, applied to children specifically. The model itself has four main stages in children: the sensorimotor stage (birth to two years), the pre-operational period (two to seven years), the concrete operations stage (seven to 11 years), and the formal operations stage (11 to 15 years). These age categorizations are a general approximation, as each child develops differently, and at their own pace. This pace is partly due to innate intelligence, and partly due to four pre-defined...
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...STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood 1-6 years old Katherine Wright STAGES OF DEVELOPMENT Influences on Physical and Cognitive Development Early Childhood 1-6 years old There are eight stages of development. The first stage is infancy age 0-1 year old, the second stage is toddler stage ages 1-2 years old, the third stage is early childhood ages 2-6 years old, the fourth stage is elementary and middle school stage ages 6-12 years old, the adolescence stage ages 12-18 years is the fifth stage, the sixth stage is the young adult stage age 19-40, the seventh stage is the middle adulthood stage age 40-65, and the eighth stage is the late adulthood stage age 65 to death. The eight stages are called Erikson’s stages of psychosocial development. These stages describe how a human should develop as they pass through life .Each stage that is conquered successfully means that a person conquers new challenges. Each stage builds as you successfully complete earlier stages. If the stages aren’t successfully completed, they can resurface as problems in the future. In the second stage, which is early childhood the development process is Crisis: Initiative vs. Guilt Description: Children have newfound power at this stage as they have developed motor skills and become more and more engaged in social interaction with people around them. They now must learn to achieve a balance between eagerness for more adventure and more responsibility...
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... reflect on your own development as a learner in relation to the theory; • Developmental Stages – Piaget – Erikson – Kohlberg The way in which teachers are educated and supported to meet the challenges of the 21st century has huge influence on their ability to manage their classroom dynamics. Thus teachers need to engage with resources that enable them to provide substantial attention to learners, learning, and human development. Knowledge of the domain of educational psychology is a central resource to the teaching enterprise and to the preparation of teachers. Teacher who have knowledge of the psychology of learning, development, and instruction are better able to facilitate the learning and development of each individual student as they possess a broad and deep understanding of children, the subjects they teach, the nature of learning and schooling, and the world around them. As a student teacher specializing in the foundation phase of learning I have decided to investigate several aspects of Childhood Development and Educational Psychology. Erikson, Piaget, and Kohlberg are well known educational psychology theorists that have significantly influenced today’s educational thought systems. Each of these theorists identifies several different Developmental Stages of personal growth. I have decided to draw on these theories in order better understand...
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...proposes that a child’s understanding of gender comprises of three stages. He believes that it is only when the child has developed a full understanding of gender at about 6-7 years of age that they will begin to display gender appropriate behaviour. The first stage of the Gender Constancy theory is the gender labelling stage (2-3 years of age). At this stage, a child will be able to judge themselves or others based on their appearance only. For instance, they will judge that a man with long hair is a woman. In the later stages of this period, children will not only be able to label others, but also themselves. Evidence for the age of the children in this stage comes from Thompson (1975). He found that 76% of 2 years olds could correctly identify their own sex, and this rose to 90% of 3 year olds. This shows that an increasing number of children can identify their gender at the ages of 2-3, as outlined by Kohlberg’s Gender Constancy Theory. At stage 2 (3-5 years of age) , and around the age of about 4, children realise that gender is also consistent over time, boys become men and girls become women. Therefore, their concept of gender is one of stability but consistency is not yet recognised, hence the reason why this stage is called the gender stability stage. Kohlberg also suggests that children cannot yet realise that gender is constant across all situations as well as across time. For instance, some children may believe that if a girl plays more traditionally masculine...
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...gThai Food Fair and Chiang Mai Trip Orientation Meetings Intercultural Communication Seminar B Project L146034 KawaleePattamavichai In the Intercultural Communication seminar, I learned about cultural values, communication styles, stages of intercultural sensitivity, and stages of intercultural prejudice.We had to make a project. So,I decided to do two projects. I did the first project last year in October. The first project was a Thai food fair. The second project was Chiang Mai trip orientation meetings. In this report, I’ll explain my experiences and what I have learned about Thai food fair project, the stages of intercultural sensitivity, the stages of intercultural prejudice, prejudice game, Chiang Mai trip orientation meetings, and conclusion. Thai food fair First of all, I decided to cook six kinds of Thai food: First kind is “two different taste of Tom Yum Goong”, which is a spicy shrimp soup, second is “Poo Pad Pong Karee” which is Thai crab curry, third kind is lab Gaiis the kind of spicy and sour dish, fourth kind isKai Jiew Moo Saap which is Thai pork omelet, and the last is gaengsom which is Thai sour curry. I thought that they never tried six menu before. So, I hoped they would surprise and love it. I went to supermarket and bought some ingredients. In Thai food fair day, I went to the university early to prepare for food. It was very impressed to me that everyone helped me prepare all ingredient. They learned Thai food’s name and how to cook Thai food....
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...Stage one is called trust versus mistrust and ranges in ages from 0 to 2. Erikson believed that this stage is centered around the following question; “ is the world safe and predictable or dangerous and chaotic?”. Erikson believed that during the first couple years of an infant's life it is important for the infant to learn that caregivers can be trusted to provide what the infant needs. This helps the child to develop a sense that the world is trustworthy. If there was a scenario where the child was not properly taken care of in the first couple years then the child may develop a form of mistrust and the world may seem unpredictable and the people who are supposed to love and care for the child may be undependable. When this stage is completed successfully the child will develop hope. This will make the child feel that even when a challenge emerges they can still turn to loved ones for support and care. A positive example of stage one would be like on The Pacifier, the baby's trust everyone and anyone because he is well taken care of. And negative example of stage one would be like on Family Guy, Stewie is taken care of horribly and in conclusion to that he doesn't trust anyone in his family or the world. He believes the world is not a good place whatsoever. Stage 2 is autonomy versus shame and doubt which ranges from ages 2 to 4. Children often become independent as they go through this toddler stage. The question that is major with this stage is as follows “can I...
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...basically the study of how people think and process information all the time. It is the concept that as children grow they expand their mental processes and develop many new ways to adapt and accept knowledge and interact in their environment and with others around them. It is defined as being about Human mental (cognitive) development. The first theorist to establish the concept was Dr. Jean Piaget. Another contemporary of his was Dr. Lev Vygotsky. Both men offered new insights into a nascent field of study of how children develop and learn as they grow. B1. Similarities on the Nature or Development of Intelligence Piaget believed that childhood played a vital part in a child's development. Children increase their intelligence through active learning and exploring of their world. The child is the center of his or her learning through self discovery. Vygotsky also believed that children actively participate in their own learning and are curious to know more and they do so through social interactions with adults and peers. Both Piaget and Vygotsky agreed that children needed to be in groups with peers and should work together cooperatively. Piaget held to the constructivist view that teaching needs to take into account the stage the child is at and teach to children at their level, but it should be challenging enough to hold their interest. Vygotsky similarly held that children should be taught in groups of mixed ability to allow for the social interaction of apprentice learning...
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...Piaget’s Stages of Cognitive Development Jean Piaget is a Swiss developmental psychologist and philosopher known for his epistemological studies with children. Piaget believed that children play an active role in the growth of intelligence. He regarded children as philosophers who perceive the world as he or she experiences it (ICELS). Therefore in Piaget’s most prominent work, his theory on the four stages of cognitive development, much of his inspiration came from observations of children. The theory of cognitive development focuses on mental processes such as perceiving, remembering, believing, and reasoning. Through his work, Piaget showed that children think in considerably different ways than adults do and as such he saw cognitive development as a progressive reorganization of mental processes resulting from maturation and experience (1973). To explain this theory, Piaget used the concept of stages to describe his development as a sequence of the four following stages: sensory – motor, preoperational, concrete operations, and formal operations. There are three elements however to understanding his theory of cognitive development. They are schema, the fours process that enable transition from on stage to another, and finally the four stages themselves. He began his studies by making naturalistic observations. Piaget made careful, detailed observations of children, typically his own children or their friends, from these he wrote diary descriptions charting their development...
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...both psychology and education. Through his work with Alfred Binet, Piaget developed an interest in the intellectual development of children. Based upon his observations, he concluded that children are not less intelligent than adults, they simply think differently. Albert Einstein called Piaget's discovery "so simple only a genius could have thought of it."Piaget created a theory of cognitive development that described the basic stages that children go through as they mentally mature. He believed that children are like "little scientists," actively trying to make sense of the world rather than simply soaking up information passively. Schemas One of the key concepts in Piaget's theory is the use of schemas. According to Piaget,schemas are cognitive frameworks or concepts that help people organize and interpret information. As experiences happen, this new information is used to modify, add to or completely change previously existing schemas. For example, a young girl may have a schema about a type of animal, such as a cat. According to her schema, cat's are furry and have four legs. When she first encounters a dog, she might initially believe that the animal is a cat. Once the she learns that this is actually a dog, she will revise her schema for cats and create a new category for dogs. Stages of Cognitive Development * The Sensorimotor Stage: A...
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...psychosexual development theory focuses on psychosexual stages, with each focused on a particular part of the body capable of producing pleasant or pleasurable feelings, and each playing a role in the development of sexual instinct. Freud asserted that sexual instinct was the most important influence on personality. He claimed this instinct was present when a child was born and continued to develop through the psychosexual stages. * The oral stage occurs in an infant’s life from birth to 18 months. During this time, an infant is focused with receiving oral pleasure. It is believed that these people may focus on activities that involve the mouth such as over eating, biting the fingernails, smoking, or drinking. The theory states that these people may develop personality traits such as becoming extremely gullible or naive, always following others and never taking the lead, and becoming extremely dependent upon others. * The anal stage is directly related to a child’s awareness of bowel control and gaining pleasure through the act of eliminating or retaining feces between 18 months and three years. It is believed that when a child becomes fixated on receiving pleasure through controlling and eliminating feces, a child can become obsessed with control, perfection, and cleanliness. * The phallic stage or the Oedipus or Electra complexes occurs during a child is three to six years of age. The belief is that male children harbor unconscious, sexual attraction to...
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