...AUTHORITY Meaning : Authority is the right or power assigned to an executive or a manager in order to achieve certain organizational objectives. A manager will not be able to function efficiently without proper authority. Authority is the genesis of organizational framework. Without authority, a manager ceases to be a manager, because he cannot get his policies carried out through others. Authority is one of the founding stones of formal and informal organizations. An Organization cannot survive without authority. It indicates the right and power of making decisions, giving orders and instructions to subordinates. Authority is delegated from above but must be accepted from below i.e. by the subordinates. In other words, authority flows downwards....
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...Romance between Superior and Subordinate St. Petersburg College Saturday 23 February 2013 I. Introduction The overview for this research contains the issues of having any romantic relationship with a co-worker particularly between a superior and his or her subordinate. Included in this paper are some of the assessment key points such as: factors that contribute to the development of romantic feelings, the impacts that romantic relationship create for any organization, the implications of personal interests on professionalism, and probable consequences that resulted from such relationship[s]. This part is both vital and critical in the research since this will indicate any interest of the readers to further get hooked with the said topic presented. II. Key Findings * Factors that contribute to the to the development of romantic feeling According to Charles E. Pierce, Donn Byrne, and Herman Aguinis via their journal titled ‘Attractions in organizations: a model of workplace romance’, the intimate contact between male and female employees has increased due to the sexual integration in the workplace. It was mentioned that having such romantic links or feelings toward a boss and his or her subordinate is not far from happening since it a report, there are more and more people spending increasing amounts of time at work and at the same time, there are more single people in the workplace. In a survey, today, workplace...
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...patterns of management, was written in 1961. Likert talks about the authoritative form of organization which has decision making from the top, and the participative form of organization which has decision making widely throughout the organization. Likert wrote another book in 1967, titled, "The human organization. In this book Likert changed the names of the four styles, --Exploitive authoritative, benevolent authoritative, Consultative, and Participative group - to System 1, System 2, System 3, and System 4. System 4 is the ideal management style, in which Likert wrote a substantial amount to back this up. He believes that the superior/subordinate relationship is extremely crucial. In proving his ideal management style as System 4, he touched upon some of the following topics: (1) The use by the manager of the principle of supportive relationships. (2) His use of group decision-making and group methods of supervision. (3) His high performance goals for the organization. Likert wrote System 1, System 2, and System 3, the other Management styles - in the form of disadvantages. Some managers in Likert's research felt that a manager should move toward System 4 after he has achieved high levels of productivity. "They feel that the way to move from low to high productivity is to use a management system well toward the left (e.g., System 1...
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...that helps and service customer who are forty-nine and a half and older just to name a few. When analyzing organizational communication you must first know and understand what communication is. Communication is a way of getting a message across from one person to another. Through communication individuals can share feelings, emotions, thoughts, ideas, even policies and procedures. Communication plays a dynamic part in the way and organization runs. Organizations have to communicate in order to carry out their daily activities and to make the business run as smoothly as possible. There are different ways to communicate in an organization there is superior-subordinate, peer relationships and internal-external relationships (Cheney, Christensen, Zorn & Ganesh, 2011, p. 152-157). The Hartford uses superior- subordinate forms of communication mainly to get messages across the whole Hartford community. In this form of communication there is an upward and downward communication flows (Cheney et al., 2011, p. 152). The downward communication is usually one sided it is used to give job...
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...teams and identify the types of groups that exist in organizations. * Determine how organizations assign responsibility for tasks and delegate authority. * Compare and contrast some common forms of organizational structure. * Describe how communication occurs in organizations. * Analyze a business's use of teams. Rarely is an organization, or any group of individuals working together, able to achieve common objectives without some form of structure, whether that structure is explicitly defined or only implied. Structure is the arrangement or relationship of positions within an organization. An organization's structure develops when managers assign work tasks and activities to specific individuals and work groups and coordinate the diverse activities required to reach the firm's objectives. Organizational charts are visual displays of organizational structure, chain of command, and other relationships. Growth requires organizing--the structuring of human, physical, and financial resources to achieve objectives efficiently and effectively. SPECIALIZATION An organization must first determine what activities are required to achieve its objectives and then break these activities down into specific tasks that can be handled by individual employees. This division of labor into small, specific tasks and the assignment of employees to do a single task is called specialization. The rationale for specialization is efficiency: It minimizes the time lost when workers...
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...one-man business, all the activities are performed by the owner himself. But when the owner employs someone to assist him, he has to determine the work to be done by the employee and give him the right to use materials, machinery, equipment, etc. This is the point when organising becomes necessary. As more people are appointed, there has to be further division and sub-division of work among them. When an organisation becomes large, separate departments are created to perform different functions. Each department has to be divided into a number of smaller units. Ultimately, the work of the organisation is divided into a number of positions of employees and managers. Relationships are then established among the different positions in the organisation. The outcome of the organising process is a set of formal relationships which is known as organisation structure. In this lesson, we shall study about the process of organising which leads to the setting up of an organisation structure. 13.2 OBJECTIVES After studying lesson, you will be able to : � state the meaning and the process of organising; � enumerate the steps in the organising process; � explain what is done in each step; � state the meaning of...
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...FACULTY OF SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY SEPTEMBER 2014 CBFC 1103 INTRODUCTION TO COMMUNICATION MATRICULATION NO : RF151840001 IDENTITY CARD NO. : RF151840 TELEPHONE NO. : 014-9034796 E-MAIL : RSIVAS90@YAHOO.COM LEARNING CENTRE : SHAH ALAM TABLE OF CONTENTS 1.0 INTRODUCTION 3 2.0 TYPE OF ORGANIZATIONAL COMMUNICATION 5 3.0 OPINION 12 4.0 CONCLUSION 14 5.0 REFERENCE 15 1.0 INTRODUCTION Communication is central of our life. Effective communication can help the peoples to solve many problems in professional life and improve relationships in personal life. Many communication expert belief that poor communication is at the root of many problems and that effective communication is one solution to these problems. 1.1 WHAT IS COMMUNICATION? Communication is a process of Giving, receiving, or exchanging information, opinions or ideas from one person to others so that what is communicated is completely understood. Communication also a process of create a understanding about the message delivered. Communication is a fundamental way of exchanging information. When a communication happen, it give impact to the receiver and sender. 1.2 METHODS OF COMMUNICATION 1. Written word a. Letters, memos, fax messages, email, reports, notices, leaflets, agendas, minutes, advertisements, factsheets, leaflets, newsletters, invitations, forms, questionnaires, press releases. b. Benefits- permanent record, authority...
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...Interpersonal Relations Positive relationships may lead to better communication and wider interaction between group members. In a group composed of friends, it would be expected that communication channels would be more open and numerous. This in turn, would be expected to exert facilitative effects on problem solving because it may lead to greater interchange of viewpoints and information and to more widespread contribution to problem solutions. And the sense of mutual support and the active cooperation created by friendly relations will enable the group to deal more confidently with its tasks and with the environment, including the leader. In all groups, however, personal differences occur. In the give-and-take of group work, differences can occur that serve useful functions—while others can be highly destructive. One problem for the leader of a group is to identify those feelings that are destructive to unity and to cope with them in such manner that their negative effects will be dissipated. Whether differences are concerned with genuine issues or with personal conflict, it serves no purpose to bury them or ignore their existence. A more effective approach is to try to develop a climate where differences on issues are welcomed as part of the problem solving process and where personal hostility can be recognized and dealt with as seems most appropriate. LEADING OPERATING GROUPS The most important single factor affecting group functioning...
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...degree of trust in subordinates, subordinates will have a higher degree of job satisfaction" is made. This assumption is based on the theory of leadership and motivation. According to different level of trust in his subordinates, superiors will apply different types of course in leading and this difference will cause divergence in the subordinates' return. If the returns are intrinsic factors, job satisfaction will be created. If the returns are extrinsic factors, job satisfaction will not change. Job satisfaction has different but similar definitions. Locke (1976) stated that" job satisfaction is a pleasurable emotional state resulting from the appraisal of one job." Latham (1990) believed it is "a pleasing or optimistic psychological state ensuring from the appraisal of an individual's job or job acquaintance." Edwin (1990) defined that is an outcome of stuff member's opinion of how well their job delivers those things that are viewed as important." In the paper, job satisfaction will be simply defined as a sense of happiness or content of an individual towards his job. In this paper, the relationship between leadership and trust will be discussed by Behavioral Theory(both University of Iowa studies and Ohio State studies) and Path-Goal Model first and then the impact of the job satisfaction because of different returns will be discussed by Two factors theory, Maslow's Hierarchy of Need Theory and Job Characteristics Model. Degree of trust in subordinates affects leadership ...
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...business in general. Limitations or disadvantages create barriers that reduce the popularity of upward communication. One disadvantage is Resistance from Employees - Employees rarely initiate upward communication as they are afraid of being ignored. Such communication often meets with improper recognition, so they hesitate to initiate it again. Fear of Incompetence - The subordinates communicating with the superiors fear that their colleagues or work may be regarded by their superior as a reflection on their own competence. Indecisive Superiors –when superiors do not make any decision in the light of upward communication, the employees would more than likely lose confidence in them. Messages Not Heard - often messages do not travel upwards; they merely rest with the inactive or indifferent superior. Some managers are poor listeners; some simply 'hear' messages without taking any action. Unwillingness to Admit Failure - Many employees in lower hierarchy are insecure about their jobs and uncertain about their future prospects. Therefore they feel unwilling to discuss their on the job problems with their superiors. There are also many...
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...verbal and non-verbal messages. Verbal messages refer to encoding of messages into words either written or spoken while non-verbal messages involve encoding of messages by means of facial expressions, body language and styles of dress. Organization is a social unit of people that is working together to achieve individual or collective goals. Organization communication lays the keystone to every organization for upbringing and grooming the environment of that particular organization. Communication can flow in four different ways in an organization as follow, Upward communication is the flow of information from the lowest level to the highest level in an organization. An example of upward communication includes reports of progress from subordinates to management, Complains/grievances, Suggestions. Downward communication is the flow of information from the highest level to lowest level in an organization. Examples when your boss shares information with you, its downward communication, because your boss, as your supervisor, is communicating with you as an employee. Horizontal communication is a flow of information between the same level employees in an organization, example sharing of ideas between employees of the same level or department. Diagonal communication is a flow of information between a manager and employee of another workgroup. Communication is very important in our daily activities, the importance is being seen on how people in the organization...
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...perform. Thus, organizational leadership plays an influential role in shaping culture and culture in return forms administration. As a leadership perception, corporate culture has been acknowledged as one of the various elements that leaders can utilize to enhance a dynamic business. The process of establishing the cultural foundation of a company begins with the appointed leadership of organizations. They do so by enforcing their assumptions and expectations of organizational culture onto their followers. High-level superiors are the major sources for communicating norms and core values in organizations. Therefore, it is imperative that leaders convey the organization leadership and cultural principles to their followers for utilizing their leadership powers to support and preserve an organizational culture that is ethical and healthy. With the attentiveness to culture in today’s business entities, and its resilient influence on the behavior of subordinates, leaders in company’s can produce a culture that supports high moral and ethical behavior. The subsequent analysis of leadership and organizational culture will attempt to discuss several mechanisms of leadership, and the role leadership plays in shaping the culture of an organization. Leadership and Organizational Culture Defined To ensure that members of the organization are appropriately equipped with pertinent knowledge to aid in the success of an organization, it is necessary for them to know and comprehend...
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...Assignment 3: Organizational ControlsOver the past year, Company XYZ has experienced a lull in growth. Although their target growth rate was five percent last year, their profits actually decreased by three percent. Executive management has begun to look at the financial area of the business and has determined that the following has occurred: * There are more defects occurring in their product line. * There is excessive company debt and inconsistent cash flow and borrowing requirements. * There was a loss of key leaders in the executive management level. Prepare a detailed report in APA format (minimum of two pages, excluding the cover sheet and reference page, double spaced) that answers the following questions. Be sure to justify your responses using your weekly reading material (and other outside sources if you wish). Submit your report to the W3: Assignment 3 Dropbox by Tuesday, September 11, 2012. * Although there are likely issues in all areas of the business, what are some of the issues that may be contributing to the financial areas mentioned above? * What are some control measures that need to be put into place in the finance department of the organization? * What results will these controls have on the issues posed? Assignment 3 Grading Criteria | Maximum Points | Outlined the types of controls that could remedy each problem occurring at Company XYZ. | 15 | Specifically described what each control methods will do to help the current growth decline...
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...(ii) Symbols or Words with Different Meanings: A symbol or a word can have different meanings. If the receiver misunderstands the communication, it becomes meaningless. For example, the word ‘value’ can have different meanings in the following sentences: (a) What is the value of computer education these days? (b) What is the value of this mobile set? (c) Value our friendship. (iii) Faulty Translation: A manager receives much information from his superiors and subordinates and he translates it for all the employees according to their level of understanding. Hence, the information has to be moulded according to the understanding or environment of the receiver. If there is a little carelessness in this process, the faulty translation can be a barrier in the communication. (iv) Unclarified Assumptions: It has been observed that sometimes a sender takes it for granted that the receiver knows some basic things and, therefore, it is enough to tell him about the major subject matter. This point of view of the sender is correct to some extent with reference to the daily communication, but it is absolutely wrong in case of some special message, (v) Technical Jargon: Generally, it has been seen that the people working in an enterprise are connected with some special technical group who have their separate technical language. Their communication is not so simple as to be understood by everybody. Hence, technical language can be a barrier in communication....
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...Becoming the B The earliest test of leadership comes with that first assignment to manage others. Most new managers initially fail this test because of a set of common misconceptions about what it means to be in charge. by Linda A. Hill E Paul Blow the process of becoming a leader is an arduous, albeit rewarding, journey of continuous learning and self-development. The initial test along the path is so fundamental that we often overlook it: becoming a boss for the first time. That’s a shame, because the trials involved in this rite of passage have serious consequences for both the individual and the organization. Executives are shaped irrevocably by their first management positions. Decades later, they recall those first months as transformational experiences that forged their leadership philosophies and styles in ways that may continue to haunt and hobble them throughout their careers. Organizations suffer considerable human and financial costs when a person who has been promoted because of strong individual performance and qualifications fails to adjust successfully to management responsibilities. VEN FOR THE MOST GIFTED INDIVIDUALS, O S S hbr.org | January 2007 | Harvard Business Review 49 THE TESTS OF A LEADER | Becoming the Boss The failures aren’t surprising, given the difficulty of the transition. Ask any new manager about the early days of being a boss – indeed, ask any senior executive to recall how he or she felt as a new manager...
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