...1. 供应链管理概述 任何一个企业都不能孤立地生存，它需要市场、需要各种企业的支持。这些市场和企业联系到一起，形成了一条长长的供需链。所以，供需链是早已客观存在。当前的市场竞争已经是供应链之间的竞争，是一种“合作竞争”。在市场竞争形势下供应链管理（Supply Chain Management，SCM）的意义就更为突出。 实质上，在供应链上的每一个环节都含有“供”和“需”的双重含义。例如，企业的销售部门是市场的供方，但又是生产部门的需方；而生产部门是销售部门的供方，又是采购部门的需方。“供”与“需”总是相对而言、相伴而生的。所以，也有人称它为供需链。 供应链上有5种“流”在流动。这就是信息流、物流、资金流、价值流和工作流。这些“流”相互关联、相互影响，形成了一个完整的系统。 •信息流分成需求信息和供应信息两种不同流动方向的信息流。 •物流是供需链上最显而易见的物资流动。计划与控制功能主要是针对物流的。 •企业的各项业务活动都会消耗一定的资源，消耗资源会导致资金流出，所以企业中有资金流。对此，提供了各种监控资金流动、分析产品获利性和优化总成本的功能。 •各种物料在供需链上移动，是一个不断增加其技术含量或附加值的增值过程。因此，供需链还有增值链的含义。提供了分析增值作业的功能。 •信息、物料、资金都不会自己流动，物料的价值也不会自动增值。要靠人的劳动来实现，要靠企业的业务活动—工作流，它们才能流动起来。 整个供应链管理框架图如下： 点击放大 结合Intranet／Extranet／Internet等新技术，把供应链进一步扩充，可以得到一个全新的现代企业管理模式，如下图所示： 点击放大 从20世纪60年代起，企业就开始了管理信息化的应用，从MRP到ERP，逐步地实现了对采购、库存、生产、销售、财务和人力资源等业务的管理，使其内部业务流程和处理实现了自动化，为企业内部纵向一体化管理创造了不可磨灭的功绩。但是，在经济全球化蓬勃发展的今天，ERP在供应链的跨企业横向一体化管理方面显得力不从心。以前是企业与企业之间的竞争，以后将是供应链与供应链之间的竞争。因此，全球500强企业在经过若干年的ERP应用后又纷纷引入了SCM（供应链管理）。 供应链管理（Supply Chain Management） 是对供应链所涉及组织的集成和对物流、信息流、资金流的协同，以满足用户的需求和提高供应链整体竞争能力。简言之，供应链管理就是优化和改进供应链活动， 供应链管理的对象是供应链的组织（企业）和它们之间的“流”；应用的方法是集成和协同；目标是满足用户需求，最终是提高供应链的整体竞争能力。 随着新技术和管理模式的不断涌现和应用，供应链管理在企业内的角色和地位在过去三十多年中已经发生了巨大的变化。在20世纪7O年代，供应链管理还被称作"分销"，集中于企业内部的仓储和运输的整合优化。从1980年代起，供应链管理的中心转移到整个供应链中流程和成本结构的再造。HerbertW.Davis&Co.的数字表明，从1982年到1990年间，北美的供应链成本，包括成品运输、仓储、订单处理、客户服务、行政管理和存货成本等，降低了将近三分之一。自20世纪90年代起，供应链管理的中心开始从降低成本转向提高客户服务水平。20世纪90年代后期，战略供应链管理的浪潮开始兴起。战略供应链管理区别于传统理念的关键是从"成本为中心"转变为"以客户为中心"，从最终用户开始分析供应链各环节的可能组合的收益和风险，进行企业的未来战略定位和设计。 ...
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...Selection Criteria and Methods in Supply Chains: A Review Om Pal, Amit Kumar Gupta, R. K. Garg International Science Index Vol:7, No:10, 2013 waset.org/Publication/16944 Abstract—An effective supplier selection process is very important to the success of any manufacturing organization. The main objective of supplier selection process is to reduce purchase risk, maximize overall value to the purchaser, and develop closeness and long-term relationships between buyers and suppliers in today’s competitive industrial scenario. The literature on supplier selection criteria and methods is full of various analytical and heuristic approaches. Some researchers have developed hybrid models by combining more than one type of selection methods. It is felt that supplier selection criteria and method is still a critical issue for the manufacturing industries therefore in the present paper the literature has been thoroughly reviewed and critically analyzed to address the issue. Keywords—Supplier selection, Mathematical Programming. AHP, ANP, TOPSIS, I. INTRODUCTION I N most industries, the cost of raw materials and component parts represents the largest percentage of the total product cost. For instance, in high technology firms, purchased materials and services account for up to 80% of the total product cost. Therefore, selecting the right suppliers is the key to procurement process and represents a major opportunity for companies to reduce costs across its entire supply chain. Choosing the...
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...certified… you can’t be 100% certified when you can’t be certified on a number of products. We’re working with MSC to encourage them to build these other certifications standards.” While Walmart is making the necessary changes on the back end to improve the sustainability in their supply chains, they have not truly begun advertising the value of sustainable seafood to their customers. As a result, customers are less likely to pay the higher costs for these “sustainable” alternatives, when they do not recognize the value. In the article outlining Walmart’s Sustainability Strategy specific to inventory management within their seafood supply chain, The Fishin’ Company is one supplier that has embraced Walmart’s asks, spending more time, effort and money to adhere to their sustainability standards. One of the main issues that Walmart faces is the length of time in which it takes for a fishery or supply-company to become MSC certified; the process can take up to two years. Given the increased demand, Walmart cannot afford this lapse in time. Walmart needs to work with the MSC to expedite the process. In order to meet demand, Walmart must also utilize more suppliers who have adopted sustainable methods of catching and processing seafood. The cost to become MSC certified can be up to $500,000. For smaller fisheries, this cost is not necessarily attainable. One recommendation would be for Walmart to invest in some of their best and most loyal suppliers, helping them on their way to...
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...Greening the Supply Chain at Danaher Companies across the globe are seeking energy-efficiency, new environmental programs, and related methods to protect the fragile business environment. Danaher is among one of the companies leading environmental initiatives and identifying opportunities to “Green” their supply chain. Greening a supply chain can be achieved by implementing a process of using environmentally friendly agents and transforming them into byproducts that can be improved or recycled within the existing environment. This process develops outputs that can be reclaimed and re-used at the end of their life-cycle thus, creating a sustainable supply chain where companies can reduce costs while helping the environment. At Danaher, many times these initiatives are the result of federal regulatory initiatives or are customer driven. In an interview with John Dion, Vice President of Global Services for Danaher, he gave an example of the latest request from some of their top customers relating to consumable waste streams. One area that the company is exploring is expanding their use of water based solvents and reducing the amount of solvent based chemicals in their supply chain. He stated that customers are seeking medical devices containing green alternative components as part of their own “green” strategy. Since Danaher is highly focused on meeting the needs of its customer, it has taken the steps needed to use the “environmentally friendly” solvent as much as possible...
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...and the manufacturing costs are increasing. This change reduced the profits of manufacturing industry, which means that the business environment for our manufacturing has been becoming more deteriorative. From government’s perspective, China need industrial transformation and upgrade industries. On enterprises’ viewpoint, the significant method for this situation is innovate the business model. This essay will demonstrate the gap between Chinese business model and the international advanced business model. The control power to industry chain determined the merchant mode. In modern business, controlling the upstream section of the industry chain means that the enterprises make profits and economize the resource and cost furthest. For instance, China only control the one part of industry chain. That is manufacture which is a low-income and high cost part. However, the upstream section of the industry chain was controlled by American companies. The most famous example may be the Apple Inc. that never produce even one element of electronic products. Apple Inc. masters the design and research section which is high yield and the crux of the whole chain. Then, Apple utilize this superiority to attract other manufacturer such as Foxconn. Apple will lower the price per unit to make more profits, which depress the Foxconn to only survive. Foxconn have to overburden workers to work for almost 12 hours per day. As a result, 11...
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...POMS Abstract Number: 011-0371 Title: Managing Global Food Supply Chain Risks: A Scenario Planning Perspective A. Deep Business School, Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK Email: a.deep@lboro.ac.uk || Phone: +44.1509 223176 S. Dani Business School, Loughborough University Loughborough LE11 3TU, UK Email: s.dani@lboro.ac.uk || Phone: +44.1509228830 POMS 20th Annual Conference Orlando, Florida U.S.A. May 1 to May 4, 2009 Introduction Food is a fundamental requisite for human existence. An agrarian society shows the simplistic form of existence where agriculture forms the core of the society and is the prime means of support and sustenance. That, however, no longer remains the foundation of most of today’s developed economies where food chains are increasingly becoming complex and multi tiered. The chains start with agriculture and ends ultimately, with household consumption. But the numbers of entities between these ends encompass geographical, economic, political and social extremes. This compounded over uncertainty occurring from natural disasters, climate changes, epidemics and terrorist threats place the food supply chain in a particularly vulnerable position. The recent Chinese milk scare which left thousands of Chinese babies ill after consuming melamine tainted milk powder produced by the Chinese Sanlu Group required urgent action by New Zealand, United States and the European Union to issue product warnings to contain the spread of melamine related...
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...Patil, Yash Robert Tanner 5/11/2014 BIP: Final Paper Time to do the Laundry At 9am on the 24th of April, a textile manufacturing building in Dhaka, Bangladesh collapsed due to oversight from supervisors. 1129 people were killed and an additional 2515 were injured as a result. Many of the higher floors didn’t have permits to be legally constructed[1]. The workers were making 52 dollars a month in wages and lived below the poverty line. The clothes manufactured here would be exported and sold in stores like Walmart. Situations like these exist around the world, but only get recognized when disaster occurs. Businesses are some of the biggest entities in the world. Some companies are even bigger than nations; 50 of the largest economies in the world are run by multinational companies; like General Electrics and British Petroleum which are bigger than UAE and Vietnam respectively[2]. The United States Government does provide 21 billion dollars in non-military aid to foreign countries, but this is nothing compared to the impact businesses can have. The textile industry in America alone generates 248 billion dollars in revenue and employs 75 million people globally. Businesses have the capability to empower workers and improve their mission while creating shared value[3]. What is shared value? CSV or Creating Shared Value is the process of aligning economic interests with societal interests to create value for stakeholders and shareholders. Corporations have taken on CSR or...
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...Introduction Computer Sciences Corporation (CSC) is one of the leading information technology (IT) and professional services companies in the world. The company offers IT and business process outsourcing (BPO); and IT and professional services to clients in the commercial and government markets. It is one of the major federal government contractors serving various departments. CSC also licenses sophisticated software systems for the financial services and other industry-specific markets. The company's significant market position in the IT and professional services industry provides a base for its future growth, and also provides a competitive advantage. However, intense competition may lead to pricing pressures, thereby adversely affecting the operating margins and market share of the company. Best Practices for CSC for conducting market research The following are the five best practices in case of CSC in order to conduct market research- * Practice 1 CSC needs to conduct a primary research in order to understand the customer likings. The research process may be in the form of a questionnaire based survey which can be prepared by experts in the field and in consultation with the thought leaders in the event center industry. The main objectives of the primary research should be to know the demographics of its customer and their frequency in the availing the products/services. Moreover the company should also find out the ways (through this research) of attracting the...
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...FEDEX TOWARDS PALM OIL INDUSTRY Core competency identified to be implemented in palm oil industry is Fedex supply chain management and its tracking device CORE COMPETENCY its infrastructure which is hard to imitate- a world wide network of planes trucks ships and hubs need a huge amount of capital. its dedication to innovation and embracing new technologies. – eg, them being the first logistic company to embrace the www as a tool to reach out to customers {attitude}. Like their wireless solution for faster shipping time, allowing customers to track their packages while travelling etc. Plus supply chain management and tracking capabilities. TARGET: GREEN INDUSTRY Solar+ biodiesel = substitutes for fossil burning Why green energy industry? In this presentation we will be focusing on 2 alternatives. Solar and bio-diesel. In support to the relevance of green energy, according to Eye For Transport, surveying 250 north American supply chain executives. The green transportation &logistics report revealed financial(ROI) and public relations are the driving force. 75% of a company‟s carbon print come from logistic and transportation. 6% respondents designate green issues as unimportant While 69% agree that green issues are important to their transport and logistics processes 9% find it as their No.1 priority. Total of 78% find relevance towards green transportation and logistics. Now. It is found greening their T&L process is fundamentally...
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...sDell Case Study 1. Taking the case of computer products, identify the supply chain for the distribution of these products and explain the channel service needs of customers. To what extent are store- and non-store-based distribution channels alike or different in terms of the channel functions they perform? Many computers are brought through three different supply chain methods: Although Dell is different as they sell straight to the direct customer. Store and non store based distribution are different because of the better personal service received in store. Distribution is all to do with the placement of the product, being online to product is available to a mass market therefore no matter where in the world the customer is they can order a pc. Whereas when the product is in store it is only available to those near the store, and they may have a much limited stock than what an online distributor is. 2. What are the advantages and disadvantages of the ‘Dell model’ of sales, manufacturing and distribution? Dell distinguish themselves to other computer manufacturers, as Dell sell direct to the final customer. Dell decided to do this as they believed they were providing a better service to the customer and they will grow rapport with that customer who will come directly back to them. This is an advantage as the are getting great service and Dell can rely on repeat service. Another advantage of the Dell model is that they allow customers to build to order...
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...problem facing Dell Computers is to ensure that consumer demand is being met and that their competitive advantage and value chain are being maintained. Having multiple manufacturing plants is an example how their competitive advantage is maintained and the value chain is operating successfully. Maintaining a lean production practice and providing a high level of Internet based sales in the personal and business sector are two sources of pride for Dell Computers. Knowing their customer needs and thoughts enables Dell to be on the cutting edge of product design and innovations; delivering their products quickly to their customers and at high level of mass customization. Dell Computers has established a strong relationship with all suppliers, which allows the company to maintain only the needed supplies. Having such a strong relationship with its suppliers, allows the company to focus their research budget on the best way to reach the consumer. The desktop, notebook and other production items are not produced until the order is received from the consumer. Corporations have access to a website that has been tailored specifically to their needs and that allows them complete access to all previous orders with ease. The streamlined production process also has significant accounting benefits. The materials are received as needed but the payment for the supplies is not due to the suppliers for up to 90 days later. The most significant disadvantage to the production system is the extra...
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...made and they can either be beneficial to a respective industry or have adverse consequences. Kudler Foods is currently in the position to acquire a company which can have both positive and negative effects. In pursuing a vertical merger Kudler Foods will be in position where they will have an increased market share that places them in a position of reduced competition. Current consumers may not necessarily be attracted to this format, however, through new marketing tactics they can attract new consumers and target a broad demographic and also drive in more profits. If Kudler Foods proceeds with this merger it will allow this establishment to put in to play a new strategic direction. One of the benefits of using this strategic business method according to "More-For-Small Business.com" (2002), “it provides you with efficiencies related to economies of scale (from production, inventory, purchasing, sales and marketing, administration perspectives and more)” (vertical merger). Kudler Foods can benefit and exceed in this merger and in this industry by promoting competitive prices, they will be able to add a new dynamic to their stores by having trained personnel in new products and merchandise, and offer equipment to their employees that will allow them to conduct their work in an expedient manner therefore allowing savings and synergies. If Kudler Foods decides that they will like to expand internationally a merger of this caliber can aid them with the threats of multinationals...
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...The growing popularity of downloading music from the internet definitely gives rise to a new music industry value chain that differs from the traditional value chain. With the invention of the iPod and other portable mp3 players, there has been a considerable increase in music downloads. Instead of buying the whole CD, consumers prefer to buy the song they want online. Having the ability to purchase just the songs you want compared to paying the full price of the CD is what causes the consumers to lean more toward downloading. Another reason is that with the more gadgets being invented, it is easier to place all your music on one device to listen to, instead of carrying around a bunch of bulky CDs which basically would cause a lot of inconvenience. The process of downloading music versus selling from brick-and-mortar businesses alters all the parts of the value chain including supplier-related value chains, the company’s own value chain and forward channel value chains. However, the most affected link, I think, is the company’s own value chain. With the music being available and downloadable online, production cost is expected to decrease for costs associated with pressing and packaging of CDs would be eliminated. If the recording studios begin to sell the downloadable files themselves, the production cost is substantially reduced since the cost for pressing and packaging of CDs would be eliminated from it. Also, manufacturing cost would be completely eliminated since they...
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...This paper described the methods of SWOT analysis and Value Chain Analysis. SWOT analysis was presented as a technique for assessing the fit of a business within its operational environment by looking at the strengths, weaknesses, opportunities and threats. Comparing a competitor’s SWOT analysis with one’s own can reveal insight into where competitors are stronger and weaker and guide strategic decisions. The Value Chain Analysis was presented as a technique to identify which activities can create or improve economic advantage for a company. Using the value chain analysis within a competitive intelligence framework, a company can get insight into competitors’ cost structure and differentiation strategy as well as changes to these strategies. One can then compare the competitor’s value chain analysis with its own to discover opportunities for acquisition or where improvements within the value chain can be completed. Finally, both methods were used within an intelligence project to analyze RIM and provide recommendations to Alpha. Add real value Dedication, determination and attention to detail are hallmarks of RIM Global Manufacturing. It is comprised of a number of teams, ultimately responsible for the effective and timely manufacture, assembly, repair and delivery of the company’s products, supporting our customers around the world. Using cutting-edge technology and equipment, our state-of-the-art manufacturing facility is located in Waterloo, Canada, and is fully carpeted and...
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...Crocs: Revolutionizing an Industry’s Supply Chain Model for Competitive Advantage Q 1) What are Crocs core competencies? Ans: I think that some of the core competencies of Crocs are as follows: a. Well co-ordinated supply chain: This is one thing that sets apart Crocs from the other show manufacturers. After acquiring Foam Creations, they actively opened more production stores in different parts of the world and currently have a capacity which is much larger than the demand expected. This helps them fulfill the orders which are generated very fast. Also, because of this, they have the capability to manage their supply more efficiently depending on the demand of the market. For example, if a particular type of product if very well received, they can ramp up the production of that particular product and supply it within six weeks. Thus, minimizing stockouts and over production wastes. b. Globalized Market Demand and First Mover Advantage: Immediately after Snyder took over as the CEO of Crocs, they aggresively expanded themselves into new territories and were a significant market player in the Asian and European markets. This has enabled them to get the advantage of the first mover and establish crucial relationships with the retailers and the consumers in those markets. This has substantially decreased the threat of new entrants and is a core strategic asset for Crocs. c. Raw Materials Used, Croslite: The raw materials which are used by Crocs in the manufacture of the shoes...
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