...can result in the increase of death rate and infant mortality. Rogers and Pilgrim emphasise the correlation between the two models as it can be demonstrated unequivocally that social stress is in correlation with the social class. Relating to the Marxist critique of the bio-medical model as it is a direct consequence of capitalism that a class that is more at risk to contract illness through sue to the cause of economic status. Some sociology theorists may believe that the medical profession is under the educated upper classes who are interested in keeping the lower class content while using the workforce for growth and economy. In conclusion both of these models have some strengths and weaknesses, for example the bio medical model of health tries to ensure there is an absence of ill health and the socio medical models tries to focus on the environment and social factors in order to prevent ill health. However, the bio medical only focuses on the individual and it ignores the environment, which might be a contributing factor towards the individual?s illness. In addition the socio medical model of health does not assess the causes of ill health genetically or research in depth. Moreover, both of these models on there are own are very weak, but together they work really well as they would both be looking at the individual holistically. In addition the models can be seen as two complementary approaches to the study of health and illness. ...read...
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...being models who are “perfect”, and what society see’s as beautiful and what a person should look like. Also, stereotyping is often related to a diagnosis because if one stereotype fits one or more individuals with the same kind of disability, and shares characteristics, experiences, and perceptions they are placed under that category. 5. The biomedical model of disability differs from the environmental model and functional model of disability in a couple ways. For example the bio-medical model of disability is the oldest model and it goes back to earliest human experiences. The bio-medical model focuses more on the two outcomes of normal and pathological, which uses clear and modern measures to define disability. Which focuses to give treatment methods out to change the individual. As to the environment model believes the social and physical environment can amplify disability. The difference between bio-medical and environment model is that the environment model wants to change physical and social environments for the individual. For example attitudes are important, and the physical environment; example: curb cuts. Also, the bio-medical model differs from the functional model because the functional model wants to adapt functions of the individual. The functional model explains how in society if you cannot physically work, people in society view you differently. For example functions of the individual define the disability. Where as in the bio-medical model the characteristics...
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...objects are created from a digital model. Plastic, ceramic, glass, or metal can be combined into successive layers by using additive processes in order to print an object. This process is currently being used by companies such as Boeing, General Electric, and Honeywell to manufacture parts. In the past, three dimensional printing has been used for medical purposes, specifically to make prosthetic limbs, custom hearing aids, and dental fixtures. Due to the extreme success with 3D printing, medical researchers are now using the technology in more complex forms. They are making human tissue. These three dimensional printers, now called bio-printers, form human tissue by using a bio-ink that is made of living cell mixtures. “Basically, the bio-ink is used to build a 3D structure of cells, layer by layer, to form tissue” (Thompson). The goal for this technology is to be able to use the printed tissue to make organs. This will greatly increase the availability of organs needed for organ transplants. Already, a team of bioengineers have used this technology to print “3D patterns of blood vessel networks out of sugar that allow tissue to grow around them and then dissolve, leaving behind a hollowed-out vascular architecture. Once the sugar dissolves, the hollowed-out blood vessel pattern can rapidly be perfused with nutrient-rich fluid and oxygen to stop the tissue cells from dying" (Paddock). This has become one of the first steps to bring the medical community closer to being able to...
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...their parents (Medical model vs social model, 2007). These ideas still remain some power, in different cultures. Before the development of medical science, quasi – religious views of health and illness were dominant, whereby illness was connected with sin, penance and evil spirits. This dominant view had conceived the body and soul as a sacred entity beyond the power of human intervention. The influence of scientific disconnect, linked diseased organs with symptoms observed before death. Pasteur’s germ theory, eventually endorsed a belief in the separation of body and soul. This view came to be known as mind/body dualism, referred to a Cartesian dualism after the philosopher Rene Descartes 1590-1650 which refers to a belief that the mind and body are separate entities, which ignores the psychological and subjective aspects of illness. Descartes suggest that although the mind and body interacted with one another with the say of “I think therefore I am”. He identifies that the brain was part of the physical body, whereas the mind existed in the spiritual realm. Therefore medicine could rightly practise on the body while religion could focus on the soul (Capra, 1982; Porter, 1997). This created their intervention of the biomedical model, as disease was then seen as located in the physical body and the mind was considered unimportant. In the 18th century came a more scientific understanding of the causes of impairment and with it a sense of confidence in medical sciences ability...
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...Biomedical and Socio medical model of health Biomedical and Socio medical model of health The main purpose of the biomedical model of health is to cure diseases in which health professionals will use scientifically tested methods to address a diagnosed illness. The biomedical model of health focuses on purely biological factors, and excludes psychological, environmental, and social influences. This model relates to the functionalist approach of health as it specifies that health is the absences of disease and it’s regarded as dysfunctional for the society as individuals cannot make a positive contribution to the running of society. According to the perspective of Marxists, he argued that doctors encourage the production rate of the society by explaining health as the potential to work, he also disseminated that "working is better than idleness"(Waitzkin, 1989).It was emphasized that the health professionals are blamed of medicalization if they consider the societal influence of patient and if they ignore, the accusation still holds (Nettleton, 1995). On the other hand, the socio medical model focuses on the social factors that contribute to health and wellbeing in our society. From analysing the functionalist theory it shows that the socio medical model would explain and discuss the high rates of ill health and the short life expectancy among those who are poor relating to the inequalities in society and life circumstances of those whom may be disadvantaged. Secondly, Relating...
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...P2 Explain different sociological approaches to health and ill health There are different approaches to health and ill health in sociology, and these include Functionalism, Marxism, Feminism and Interactionism. The World Health Organisation (WHO) in 1974 defines positive health as a state of complete physical mental, social, spiritual and well-being not merely the absence of disease. The holistic approach is based on addressing the individual’s physical, social, emotional and spiritual health needs. The functionalist approach to health and ill health In the functionalist model, Parsons argued that illness is a form of deviance that disturbs the social function of a society; within the functionalist approach to health it studies the relationship between a sick individual and the society as a whole. Parsons stated that for the society to function efficiently the members of the society must be free from illness and must be of well health. Functionalists argued that stability and cooperation are very crucial for a society to function efficiently; functionalists explain that through the process of socialisation we learn our society’s general norms, values and social roles. An example of this is, saying “thank you or please” these are some of the values that are treasured within societies, and an example of a social role would be a grandmother fulfilling the role as a grandmother. For the grandmother to fulfil her role, the individual has to look after the grandchildren so...
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...15: 3 Understand alternative approaches to health. Alternative approach to health is use of treatments which are not included in the main stream traditional biomedical model of health, these type of treatments are referred to as Complimentary Alternative Medicines (CAM). In recent years the number of health practitioners acknowledging these treatments has increased, these therapies, include acupuncture and osteopathy. The major domains of complimentary and alternative medicine are; (i). Mind and body – these are various techniques used to help the mind to stimulate the performance and expressions of the body, using cognitive behavioural approaches has become popular in the medical mainstream. Dancing, meditation, hypnosis, and prayer...
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...Christopher Epps Professor Mauldin Bio-politics, Medicine, and Bodies January 26 2013 Bio-politics, Bio-citizenship, Bio-citizenship: A Big Mixture As a society, we throw around the word “Politics” freely and often. Its a polarizing concept and evokes both excitement and disdain in American citizens. However, to many the idea of politics seems very abstract. Sure, there are visible institutions of government and tangible evidence of certain political machines at work. But people struggle with seeing deeper into how government affects not only their day to day lives, but their very bodies. I'm talking about the intersection of private science and government-”bio politics”. To engage in a such discussion of Bio-politics and how political power is exerted over life, one needs a firm knowledge of medicalization. In a broad sense, medicalization is simply the expansion of medicine in our society. However, the term is interpreted differently depending on who you ask. Sociologist Peter Conrad describes medicalization as a “process by which medical problems become more defined and treated as medical problems, usually in terms of illness and disorders.” He sees the power in language and how the ever expanding categories that come from medicalization are actually a form of social control. Disability activist Irving Zola validates this idea but adds that “everyday life has come under Medical dominion, influence, and supervision.” Having been stricken by polio, Zola spoke from a...
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...Differences of models of health and healing: Body-Mind-Spirit/Bio-psycho-social Model Religion and spirituality are components of any cultural system which is difficult to clearly separate culture form religion and spirituality as it is practiced in everyday life. For some it is like the air they breathe while others profess no real sense of religion or spirituality in their lives. Religious and spiritual beliefs are often part of concepts related to etiology, treatment and prevention of ill health. The relationship between spirituality, religion, healing, and healers was very close. It is like a process of reconciliation led by popular demand rather than by either the religious or medical fields. This model discuss about the relationship between spirituality, religion and health that has grown enormously over the last several decades, and has gain more interest among health and mental health professionals. Religion and spirituality can play a role in how an individual child or adult copes with being sick, may influence medical decisions that are made, and may have an impact on the medical outcome. The bio-psycho-social model of medicine, is a way of looking at the mind and body of a patient as two important systems that are interlinked and it is like a mind-body connection. This is in contrast to the traditional biomedical model of medicine. This model treats the biological, psychological and social issues as systems of the body, similar to the traditional medical systems...
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...BIO-CLEAR Air Purifier * In 1995 Mr. T. Wan of RW & Company agreed with his foreign suppliers that there would be a market for its BIO-CLEAR air purifier in the Philippines. Since there was then as yet no such comparable commercial product in the local market, the decision was made to bring it to the market as fast as possible. This decision was made to preempt the competition, to be able to define the market by being the first product that was to be locally available, and to build up brand equity. Arrangements were therefore made for the initial shipments of the product’s range of models into the Philippines. A year later, however, Mr. Wan was struggling with unsold inventory consisting mostly of the more sophisticated and computerized higher priced models. Sales in the provincial outlets were consistently poorer than predicted versus those in the urban areas, especially Metro Manila. Metro Manila sales, however, were still marginal as well. Product sales were barely covering costs, and Mr. Wan was wondering whether it would be better to simply discontinue offering the line. He would be talking to the foreign supplier’s representatives in a week and needed a good position in order to be able to strike a negotiation with confidence, especially because this supplier was not only the source of the BIO-CLEAR line of air purifiers but also of other home appliance products that RW & Company was selling. Above all, Mr. Wan had to decide as to whether or not he...
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...Extending Human Life One Chip at a Time COM 172 March 21, 2012 Dr. Yvette Irizarry Extending Human Life One Chip at a Time How long would you like to live? It is undeniably that scientists and technology are predestined to mend and prolong people natural lifespan expectancy. This, due to the emergence and advancements of a new technology era with highly specialized medical doctors, along with; biologists and bioengineers, electronics, chemists and chemical engineers, physicists, and mechanical engineers all working together in an orchestrated choreographed process around the globe. Novelties in nanotechnology, sustained living tissue reproduction, bio-hybrid organ devices and microfluidics platforms have evolved from a concept of fantasy to a revolutionized reality. Available technology has migrated into the medical world, allowing scientists to develop several human organs utilizing microfluidics platform technology. Harvard University has developed a highly refined lung on-a-chip that embodies numerous forms of tissues. “We started with the simplest embodiment of human airway and capillary cells, and then introduced immune cells” (Ingber, 2010, p. 661). The chip consists of micro-channels parted by a malleable micrometer tissue. A single conduit encompasses air sacks lining like human lungs, and the other channel conveys capillaries, and to emulate blood flow, it has liquids flowing. The chip highlights the cells’ behavior and fluctuations when they are stretched....
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... 7. A time schedule suitable for nurses was developed to conduct the program that included; date, place, topic, time and duration of each session. Intervention program designed for this study has been implemented through 15 sessions. These sessions have lasted for 30 hours (10) hours of theory and 20 hours of practice). These sessions were conducted for each M.C.H separately all nurses for every M.C.H and a copy of the intervention program contents was given to each nurse. Nurses participated in the intervention program. 8. Implementation phase beginning by assess the staff nurses' knowledge of health care waste management before starting the intervention program topics include definition, sources, important, of waste, segregation of bio medical waste…. ect ,using the teaching strategies in the program were discussion, paper, data show, pen and paper, handouts. The teaching course included 2 parts: The first part was theoretical part which included 5 lectures, 2 hours for each. It was given within 11days. The second part was practical part; this part was implemented within 10 days for each MCH center covered Wash hand, antiseptic hand, personal protective devices like gloves, mask and segregation infectious procedures related to precautions and application...
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...Born in 1940. West Virgina. Dr. Jean Watson is Distinguished Professor and Dean Emerita, University of Colorado Denver College of Nursing and Anschutz Medical Center, where she held an endowed Chair in Caring Science for 16 years. She is founder of the original Center for Human Caring in Colorado and is a Fellow of the American Academy of Nursing. She previously served as Dean of Nursing at the University Health Sciences Center and is a Past President of the National League for Nursing. Her latest activities include Founder and Director of the non-profit foundation: Watson Caring Science Institute. In partnership with Heart science developments, she serves as Distinguished Scholar in Institute of HeartMath (www.heartmath.org). Dr. Watson has earned undergraduate and graduate degrees in nursing and psychiatric-mental health nursing and holds her PhD in educational psychology and counseling. She is a widely published author and recipient of many awards and honors, including The Fetzer Institute Norman Cousins Award, in recognition of her commitment to developing; maintaining and exemplifying relationship-centered care practices; an international Kellogg Fellowship in Australia, a Fulbright Research Award in Sweden. She holds ten (10) Honorary Doctoral Degrees, including 7 International Honorary Doctorates (Sweden, United Kingdom, Spain, British Colombia and Quebec, Canada, Japan). Clinical nurses and academic programs throughout the world use her published works on the philosophy...
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...value the diversity within a society. The functionalist approach to health is identified through the relationship shared between an individual who is sick and the whole of society. Talcott Parsons strongly believed that for a society to run smoothly all individuals must be free of ill health and that ‘medicine serves the wellbeing of society as a whole’. Individuals in which believe the functionalist perspective believe that having a sick role in society is classed as an act of deviance and that they should exempt from the average rights. This means that if an individual is to obtain ill health they are not obligated to procced in completing the average day to day tasks within the family role. However, they are obliged to co-operate with medical professionals to gain full health. Additionally to this, critics of the functionalist perspective believe that groups of society...
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...A COMPARISON OF COMMUNITY PSYCHOLOGY AND PUBLIC HEALTH. In this assignment the key differences and similarities of community psychology and the public health approach will be examined and critically compared. Community Psychology is a branch of psychology which is concerned primarily with achieving positive mental health in the broader context of the community rather than the individual. Public health is primarily concerned and focused on changing behaviours within the context of the public in order to lower the incidence of disease and lower the workload placed on professional medical practitioners. Community psychology is a relatively new field as far as the behaviour sciences go and was only established as a solution to the capitalistic and individualistic approach psychology had become after the Second World War. It does not stand as a unique and recognised field at the moment as there is little research and theories available in order to support further development. It is for this reason that when faced with challenges community psychology often reverts back to methods of individual psychotherapy. This damages the ultimate process and outcomes the initiatives. Community psychology also criticises conventional psychology for being elitist and only catering to the wealthy portion of the community as well as ignoring the low income groups who require the services. Community psychology strives to create equality to all social groups and therefore can often seem over...
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