...Meanwhile, the French, Russians, and British all converged in the Sykes-Picot agreement and the treaty of San Paulo to divide up the territory within the Ottoman empire. The British determined that they would be responsible for the area of Palestine and Transjordan. Initially, the British were only seeking new territory, however, they soon became involved with building a home for the Jews within part of the territory that would come under their control via the Balfour declaration. However, only after the war when the League of Nations was created did this mission become official. The League of Nations issued...
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...(WW2), because Britain had become bankrupt and couldn’t maintain its global colonies. The end of the British mandate formally provided a homeland for the Jewish citizens in Palestine, although the events that occurred in WW2, such as the Holocaust can be seen as the most important factors in providing a homeland for the Jewish. It can be seen that WW2 advanced the Jewish position in a claim for a homeland, more than the Palestinian position. This was boosted by the fact that an estimated 6 million Jews were persecuted by the Nazis in the Holocaust, which shocked the globe. This is one of the most important factors for a Jewish claim for a homeland, as the Jewish community felt worldwide sympathy as millions of Jews had died. Although the Holocaust was not only a Nazi persecution of the Jews, other leaders carried it out across Europe. During the war, thousands of Jews fled to Palestine to avoid the Nazi regime, and by the end of the war, Jewish population grew tenfold between 1919 and 1947, from 60 000 to over 600 000 Jews in Palestine. This showed the Jewish vulnerability as the wished for a place where they could avoid anti-Semitism a place they could feel safe in. During the war the Jewish community supported the British army, therefore they were able to gain weapons and valuable experience from them, which they were able to use against the Palestinians, when the British mandate finally ended. For these reasons WW2 can be seen as the most important factor in the creation of...
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...Palestine is considered an area in the Middle East bordered by Syria and Saudi Arabia located east of the Mediterranean Sea. It was under Turkish rule from the years of the Ottoman Empire in the 16th century until the end of World War I in which the Turks were defeated and Palestine was handed over to the French and eventually to the British. The British Empire ruled over Palestine for approximately thirty years; from 1917 to 1948 and it began with the Balfour Declaration of 1917 and the League of Nations Mandate of 1922. The Balfour Declaration was a letter from the British Foreign Secretary, Arthur James Balfour addressed to Walter Rothschild, a leader in the British Jewish Community expressing support of a national home for the Jewish...
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...During the time of the Mandatory Palestine, the Balfour Declaration signed in 1917, stated that the government of Great Britain supported the establishment of a "Jewish national home" in Palestine. This exacerbated tensions between the Arabs living in Mandate Palestine and the Jews who emigrated there during the Ottoman period. Signed in January 1919, the Faisal–Weizmann Agreement promoted Arab-Jewish cooperation on the development of a Jewish national homeland in Palestine and an Arab nation in a large part of the Middle East, though this event had little to no effect on the conflict. In 1920, the San Remo conference largely endorsed the 1916 Anglo-French Sykes–Picot Agreement, allocating to Britain the area of present day Jordan, the area between the Jordan River and the Mediterranean Sea, and Iraq, while France received Syria and Lebanon. In 1922, the League of Nations formally established the British Mandate for Palestine and Transjordan, at least partially fulfilling Britain's commitments from the 1915–16 McMahon–Hussein Correspondence by assigning all of the land east of the Jordan River to the Emirate of Jordan, ruled by Hashemite king Abdullah but closely dependent on Britain, leaving the remainder west of the Jordan as the League of Nations Mandatory Palestine. While the British had made promises to give both Arabs and Jews land, the British claimed they had never promised to give either side all of the land. Rising tensions had given way to violence, such as the 1920...
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...Palestine (Arabic: فلسطين Filasṭīn, Falasṭīn, Filisṭīn; Greek: Παλαιστίνη, Palaistinē; Latin: Palaestina; Hebrew: פלשתינה Palestina) is a geographic region in Western Asia between the Mediterranean Sea and the Jordan River. It is sometimes considered to include adjoining territories. The name was used by Ancient Greek writers, and was later used for the Roman province Syria Palaestina, the Byzantine Palaestina Prima and the Umayyad and Abbasid province of Jund Filastin. The region is also known as the Land of Israel (Hebrew: ארץ־ישראל Eretz-Yisra'el),[1] the Holy Land, the Southern Levant,[2] Cisjordan, and historically has been known by other names including Canaan, Southern Syria and Jerusalem. Situated at a strategic location between Egypt, Syria and Arabia, and the birthplace of Judaism and Christianity, the region has a long and tumultuous history as a crossroads for religion, culture, commerce, and politics. The region has been controlled by numerous different peoples, including Ancient Egyptians, Canaanites, Israelites, Assyrians, Babylonians, Persians, Ancient Greeks, Romans, Byzantines, the Sunni Arab Caliphates, the Shia Fatimid Caliphate, Crusaders, Ayyubids, Mameluks, Ottomans, the British and modern Israelis and Palestinians. Boundaries of the region have changed throughout history, and were last defined in modern times by the Franco-British boundary agreement (1920) and the Transjordan memorandum of 16 September 1922, during the mandate period.[3] Today, the...
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...Palestine has been recognized as a common ground for the constant and continuous conflict between the Jewish and Arabic communities. Through these situations, outer forces, such as Britain, have attempted avaricious approaches to the predicament, which ultimately led to the eruption between the two parties[1]. Beginning with World War 1, The Sykes-Picot Agreement, and the Arabs, following through to The Balfour Declaration with the Jews, showed that the respective parties were forced to rely on outside forces to help mend their broken hearts full of nationalism and possession[2]. It is safe to say that these two breeds of strong-hearted individuals made an impact in more places than Palestine itself. With Britain’s reign over the land, it was the duty of the Arabs and the Jews to get along with one another as best as they could, provided that Britain would give each party what they were owed[3]. Britain and The Balfour Declaration contradicted the original deal during World War 1 between Britain and the Arab community, sparking the conflict between the Arabs and the Jews, which, to this day, made living in Palestine a hostile and challenging place to call ‘home’. The Balfour Declaration, created in 1917, revealed the British offering Israel as a homeland for the Jewish people[4]. For the Jews, this meant that they would finally be able to have what is rightfully their own. Israel is the birthplace of the Jewish community, and living on the land where their story began has been...
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...the "king of the Arabs". Hussein Bin Ali was a member of the Hashemites, the tribe of the prophet Mohommad. Because of the British decision to make the lands into mandates instead of allowing the Arabs and Muslims to govern themselves. This greatly hurt the relationship with the Sharif. And at the time the Arabian peninsula was not untied, instead it was being fought between mainly two different factions. By the 1920s the British funded a powerful family called the House of Saud. And it started conquering territory throughout the region. The Sauds basically became the west’s lap dog and still are today, to the point that the Saudis support Israel just to earn the United State’s support in world...
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...In the context of the period 1895-2000, how far can the birth of Israel be held responsible for the conflict over Palestine? The State of Israel was inaugurated on 14th May 1948 by David Ben-Gurion in what is now Independence Hall in Tel-Aviv. Since then Israel has had a turbulent history, the situation today maintaining this violent trend. This is the reason many hold Israel and thus its birth responsible for this century old conflict, however this reasoning is too simple for a conflict that has lasted for more than a century. An ancient claim, a nationalist movement, two wars, foreign powers, genocide and the UN created Israel, however there is more than one group of people; the other peoples that live in the land of Palestine can share the responsibility for the conflict alongside their Arab neighbours. However it is reasonable to say one can be held more responsible than the other. The Jewish people played an important part in the history of Palestine for many centuries before the birth of Christ. The Jewish version of this period is told in the Bible. It describes how God chose the Jews as his special people and gave them the land of Israel. Under the kings David and Solomon the Jews reached a peak of power in the 10th century before Christ however by the end of the second century AD Jews were no longer a majority in Palestine. The Diaspora had spread the Jewish people far across Europe where they suffered much anti-Semitic discrimination from persecution to the pogroms...
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...religion. Israel has the great city of Jerusalem. Jerusalem is where the temple mount is located, as well as the dome on the rock. Jerusalem is considered by some as the third-holiest city in Sunni Islam. (Esposito) Stated by Urofsky the 1947–1948 civil war in Mandatory Palestine started on November 30, 1947, the date after the UN General Assembly voted on the UN Partition Plan. It finished on 14 May 1948 when the Jewish People's Council approved a proclamation which declared the establishment of a Jewish state in Eretz Israel, to be known as the State of Israel. (January 1982).But before the Jewish Council came together the British government, who had control over the region, finally ended its mandate over Palestine. The surrounding Arab nations were also emerging from the mandate. During this period, the Arab and Jewish communities of Palestine fought, while the British, who had to maintain order, organized their own withdrawal and intervened only on an occasional basis. Eventually Arab Palestinians left fled or were expelled in large numbers, especially after Jewish forces took the major seaport in Haifa in April 1948. "The United Nations partition resolution did not provide a solution to the Palestine problem, and violence increased. In protest against the partition of their country, the Palestinian Arab Higher Committee called for a general strike. Palestinian-Jewish clashes proliferated with Jewish paramilitary...
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...Islamic rule. The Ottoman Empire, which was Islamic, built temples where the Jews prayed for the Muslim, Christian and Jewish warriors who fought and are fighting for the Ottoman Empire. There were people who were living in the area, who call themselves Palestinians; Palestinians were ruled by the Ottoman Empire, just like Egypt, Syria, Jordan, Lebanon etc. The Palestinians lived in the land for hundreds of years, building, trading and more. The Jews in Europe began to immigrate into the Palestinian province of the Ottoman Empire, to start their life there and eventually create a state of their own but the Palestinians did not like the idea that Europeans coming in creating a state in their land in 1914 The British promised the Arabs in the Middle East that if Arabs helped the British to fight against the Ottoman empire which was controlling the Arab countries, the...
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...together to see what could be done in order to make sure that the Middle East could make it on their own. Thus, there was a system put in place, called the mandate system, to try and counteract the lack of government there. The mandate system was a way to have other countries basically teach the Middle East how to govern themselves and what to do in certain situations. This did not really go as planned, and this is why some historians consider the mandate system a failure, due to Britain and France abusing their powers and trying to take over the countries rather than helping them. When World War I concluded, the Middle East was in total chaos. The powers that were supposed to govern were no longer there due to the war. The Ottoman Empire was defeated and ceased to exist. It was broken up, and with that became countries filled with chaos. The formation of the League of Nations led to some solution to the problem, which was to establish a mandate system...
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...UN Simulation Information History: (Retrieved from ‘’ The World Since 1945’’ Second Edition by Daniel R. Brower. New Jersey, 2005) * By 1960’s military dictatorship had taken power in most middle Eastern countries they justified their rule by promoting social reform and often by claiming to be defenders of the Muslim faith Jewish Problem: * Jewish settlers living among Arab-speaking peoples in Palestine achieved the Zionist dream of a Jewish nation-state shortly after ww2 * the inflexible opposition of Arab states to the very existence of Israel led to four separate wars between Israel and its Arab neighbors * Pan- Arab Nationalism To unite Arab peoples under one nation * Zionism- Jewish movement * Later, Palestinians entered into the struggle against the Jewish state in an effort to forge their own nation-state nationalism was at the heart of the Middle East turmoil in the last half of the century Oil Conflict/issue * Oil fields concentrated in the area around the Persian Golf contained greater petroleum reserves of higher quality than anywhere else in the world * The dependence of industrial countries on this vital resoourse brought the preasures of the cold war to bear on the oil-rich countries * SOVIETS AND U.S KEPT CLOSE WATCH ON THE UNSTABLE GOVERNMENTS THERE * Governments of land with large oil reserves nationalized their petroleum industry to get direct access to a share of the profits created an international...
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...finally entering the Dead Sea 1,349 ft (411 m) below sea level—the world's lowest land elevation. Government Parliamentary democracy. History Palestine, considered a holy land by Jews, Muslims, and Christians, and homeland of the modern state of Israel, was known as Canaan to the ancient Hebrews. Palestine's name derives from the Philistines, a people who occupied the southern coastal part of the country in the 12th century B.C. A Hebrew kingdom established in 1000 B.C. was later split into the kingdoms of Judah and Israel; they were subsequently invaded by Assyrians, Babylonians, Egyptians, Persians, Romans, and Alexander the Great of Macedonia. By A.D. 135, few Jews were left in Palestine; most lived in the scattered and tenacious communities of the Diaspora, communities formed outside Palestine after the Babylonian exile. Palestine became a center of Christian pilgrimage after the emperor Constantine converted to that faith. The Arabs took Palestine from the Byzantine empire in 634–640. Interrupted only by Christian Crusaders, Muslims ruled Palestine until the 20th century. During World War I, British forces defeated the Turks in Palestine and governed the area under a League of Nations mandate from 1923. State of Israel Gives Jews a Homeland As part of the 19th-century Zionist movement, Jews had begun settling in Palestine as early as 1820. This effort to establish a...
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... Israel and Palestine have been in a land war for years fighting over entitlement that neither really have. Both Palestine and Israel believe that the land that they both occupy belongs to them and will not stop until one side surrenders the rights to the land. The argument is over the Gaza Strip, Hamas, and the West Bank. Many different people with different religious beliefs once occupied Palestine who had at one time been occupied by Turkey. Over the years a large Jewish population had fled to Palestine and a group formed called the Zionist. This group believed that they had the right to the land because based on Biblical texts it was the Holy Land and only those who were descendants of the biblical Jewish faith should have rights to the land. “The Jewish claim Palestine is actually the site of the ancient land of Israel, which was, according to the Hebrew Bible promised to the Jewish by God.” (Ebscohostconnection) During World War I a letter was drafted stating that the British would support a Jewish national home. “During World War I, in 1916, it convinced Arab leaders to revolt against the Ottoman Empire (which was allied with Germany). In return, the British government would support the establishment of an independent Arab state in the region, including Palestine.” (Shah, 2006) After World War I Turkey lost control of the Palestine and the British now controlled it. The League of Nations ended up approving the letter that had been drafted by the British stating that...
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...Religion and religious organizations assert a most important impact on international conflicts. To date, religious, ethnic and nationalist conflicts remain ignored in the study of international relations and peace. The end of The Cold War brought an escalation of nationalist violence and many expected an additional escalation of religious conflicts. Despite the attention given to the religious element of conflicts, it exists as an under-inquired subject. No critical study of the impact of religious organizations on conflict behavior or comparative research of peace-making and peace-building efforts of different religious organizations can document the facts we know in our hearts and should execute as human beings. World religious conflicts continue to affect global peace at a rate exceeding economic or political gains. Even the illustrious United States of America avoids engaging in war for “real reasons” of persecution. Using the veils of ability, lack of enemies, volunteer military, entrenched positions of foreign policy and a steady usurpation of power from Congress to the Presidency since the end of The Cold War (Huffington Post), our great nation engages for reasons of employing democracy as an assumption of our historical position. Regardless, the most disturbing form of conflict remains those of religiously tempered ancient struggles. In particular, the enduring and explosive struggle between the Israelis and the Palestinians remains front and center on the world stage...
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