...The strangers who came to stay Most people are aware of the fact that, the reason the Australians speak English is because the British colonized territory ‘Down Under’. Furthermore, it is widely known that the people who make up for the biggest part of the Australian population are Caucasian in contrast to the native inhabitants who are black. The people we call Australians today are of for the most part of British origin, as they either descent from prisoners who were shipped off to Australia, or they are descendants of free settlers, who ventured out to seek their fortune. This is the information that most non-British Europeans remembers about Australia from history lessons, if no further exploration into the matter is made. As a consequence it is often forgotten that this continent also is the home of the first people of the world. The fact that people lived in Australia more than 12000 years before there were humans in Europe is not fingertip knowledge, even though it could be argued that this information is of vital importance to knowing of the history of the human race. To illustrate how fleeting brief the history of the white people of Australia is compared with that of the black Aborigines; it is believed that the Aboriginals have lived in Australia for 1600 generations in contrast to the white people, who have only lived on the continent for 8 generations (f). The population of indigenous people of Australia has been estimated to have counted around 300.000 in number...
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...north. Eventually they reached Moreton Bay where they were cared for by local Aboriginals. Later on in that year while exploring Moreton Bay for possible penal settlements, John Oxley, surveyor general came across the convicts, it was Finnegan who acted as a guide when Oxley navigated the same large flowing river which he named the Brisbane River after the Governor General.(Fig 1) By 1824 the Moreton Bay penal settlement had been established and Oxley had returned to Brisbane from Sydney and along with Lieutenant Butler and botanist Allan Cunningham explored and surveyed the Brisbane River.( Fig 2) On the 19th September Oxley observed a large creek or stream which branched off from the Brisbane River. Oxley’s party continued with their journey upstream until they could go no further as the water levels were too low. On their return journey the Europeans saw a group of Indigenous Australians who upon discovery retreated into the bush. Oxley and his party examined their belongings, which included weapons and baskets but took nothing hoping to reassure the locals that they meant no harm or disrespect. That night they camped on the riverbank opposite the tributary which they had discovered earlier. Oxley named this the Bremer River, again after another prominent European Sir James Bremer who had months earlier established a penal colony in Northern Australia. (Buchanan: 2009). Rather than venture further up the Bremer River Oxley and his party returned to Brisbane. (Fig 3) Three years...
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...Nation Report: Part 2 - Australia Dana Terry-Pettigrew Global Issues | HUMN305-E2WW (W15) Professor Suzie Arehart 24 Jan 2015 Nation Report: Part 2 - Australia Australia is unique in that it is the smallest continent in the world, that is also a single country. This predominantly Christian nation is located in the Southern Hemisphere, southeast of Asia and bordered by the Pacific and Indian Oceans. Approximately the same size as the mainland Unites States, Australia boasts a current population of approximately 22.5 million people. English is the primary language spoken in this country that started out as a British penal colony. Migration/Immigration Issues http://www.migrationpolicy.org/article/top-10-2014-issue-3-border-controls-under-challenge-new-chapter-opens http://www.iom.int/cms/en/sites/iom/home/news-and-views/press-briefing-notes/pbn-2014b/pbn-listing/iom-prepares-migrants-for-life-i.html Australia accused of hypocrisy. (2015, January 26). Age [Melbourne, Australia], p. 2. Fairfax Media Publications Pty Limited. Retrieved from http://find.galegroup.com/gic/infomark.do?&source=gale&idigest=1a97b077f8b4b28683d3e0c4440991d3&prodId=GIC&userGroupName=colu29131&tabID=T004&docId=A398699172&type=retrieve&PDFRange=%5B%5D&contentSet=IAC-Documents&version=1.0 http://0-www.countrywatch.com.olinkserver.franklin.edu/cw_topic.aspx?type=text&vcountry=9&topic=POFOR http://0-www.countrywatch.com.olinkserver.franklin.edu/cw_topic...
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...Early life before he came to Australia James Ruse was born on August 9,1759 in Launceston, Cornwall, England. James Ruse and his family lived on a farm and were pretty poor. He worked as a farmer. At the age of 23 James Ruse was sentenced to death for breaking into the house of Thomas Olive He stole 2 silver watches were valued at 5 pounds. They changed his capital sentence and he was transported to Africa for 7 years. During the next 5 years James Ruse was to spend a lot of his time in the hulk Dunkirk at Plymouth while the government was searching for ways to solve the convict problem. When it was established to send a boat to Australia for the convicts or free settlers, James Ruse was sent out with the first fleet in 1787. James Ruse ended being the first convict who set foot on Australian soil. This was because he chosen by a naval officer to carry him on his back as the Naval officer did not want to get his boots wet. Life in Australia For 2 years he was a convict in Australia. James Ruse claimed that the sentence he was given was now expired and therefore asked Governor Arthur Phillip for a land grant. Governor Arthur Phillip did not believe that James Ruse was entitled to his freedom as there was not enough evidence and so did not give him a land grant, however he did let him work on the land, but not take ownership of it until he proved himself as a famer and once he did this, would then be able obtain his freedom. The reason the governor did this was partly because...
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...reputedly very loving and supportive. Genet was a good student at school but he often got into trouble due to his often attempts of running away from home and stealing. (New World) Genet’s life of crime began at age ten when he was falsely accused of stealing. At that point Genet decided that he would become the thief that he was accused of being. (imagi-nation) It was a couple years later that Genet discovered that he was a homosexual. It was during these early years when Genet discovered who he was as a person. That person was a homosexual criminal and that discovery would later influence the rest of his life. (imagi-nation) Genet’s life as a thief eventually led him to be taken into a French Juvenile Deliquent Center known as Mettray Penal Colony (Pendergast). He was there until he joined the French military at the age of eighteen. He was soon dishonorably discharged...
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...Development of Corrections CJS230 John O'Hern The 18th century government had started sending prisoners to penal colonies, this was first in America, for a given period, usually seven years, but in some cases for life. The American War of Independence which broke out in 1775 stopped this. After this men and women were sent to new penal colonies in Australia. During the course of the years roughly 160,000 people were sent including both men and women of all different ages some as young as nine years old. Despite evidence of concerns about juvenile crime, several of historians have debated that the late eighteenth and early nineteenth century was a pivotal era of change in the treatment that juvenile criminals received. Accordingly, a traditional approach to the history of crime has debated that during the nineteenth century there was what some would call and “invention” of juvenile crime, and that the foundations were created for the juvenile justice system not only for the nineteenth century but also for our modern system. Several key features that were enshrined in this system were the axiomatic tension between systems of punishment and reformation, as well as the seperation of juveniles and adults on all stages of the criminal justice system which was effectively the removal of the child from what were believed as debilitating domestic environments. Traditional histories show that it was no coincidence...
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...cause some havoc bothe to the government and to the people. Through the leadership of Nicholas II, Siberia was viewed as a place of great interest booth to the locals and the people who came from far parts of the region. He encouraged the colonization of Siberia due to its richness in gold and also its agricultural potential. He also made a move in reducing rural over population in the country by moving people to Siberia not mentioning how the railway helped in the opening up of the region to the rest of the world. After Siberia became part of the Russian government, decades after it was made a place of exile by the empire in order to serve the political ends. Choosing Siberia as a Place of Exile As with other Western powers that gained colonies overseas, the acquisition of Siberia led to making it a place of exile. Criminal and political prisoners had been sent to Siberia for more than three centuries;...
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...acknowledging that they were being targeted for exclusion. In other words, it was widely understood to be an Act designed to exclude non-whites but officially it wasn’t. The reluctance to officially recognise the Immigration Restriction Act as a policy to exclude non-whites could be partly explained as flowing from the popularity of non-whites in Australia for much of the 19th century. Ironically, this could be seen as a legacy of Australia's penal foundations. Specifically, in 1820, nearly 80 per cent of the colonial population was a Convict, Emancipist or of Convict descent. As a consequence, the majority of the population were second class-citizens and the exclusive free settlers were the disliked minority. Race was insignificant compared to the stigma of criminality and the majority of the population shared that stigma together. An English newspaper of the time wrote: "Historically, the greatest rift has been between the "exclusives" and the "emancipists". The first group believe that anyone who has come to the colony in penal servitude is never capable of complete redemption. These people, who tend to be among the wealthy landowners, thus see themselves as a superior class. For their part, the emancipists, who are all ex-convicts, are concerned with equality of human...
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...in the Indian and Pacific Oceans.[N 4] It is the world's sixth-largest country by total area. Neighbouring countries include Indonesia, East Timor and Papua New Guinea to the north; the Solomon Islands, Vanuatu and New Caledonia to the north-east; and New Zealand to the south-east. For at least 40,000 years[14] before European settlement in the late 18th century, Australia was inhabited by indigenous Australians,[15] who belonged to one or more of roughly 250 language groups.[16][17] After discovery by Dutch explorers in 1606, Australia's eastern half was claimed by Great Britain in 1770 and settled through penal transportation to the colony of New South Wales from 26 January 1788. The population grew steadily in subsequent decades; the continent was explored and an additional five self-governing Crown Colonies were established. On 1 January 1901, the six colonies federated, forming the Commonwealth of Australia. Since Federation, Australia has maintained a stable liberal democratic political system that functions as a federal parliamentary democracy and constitutional monarchy. The federation comprises six states and several territories. The population of 22.7 million [5] is heavily concentrated in the Eastern states and is highly urbanised. A highly developed country, Australia is the world's 13th-largest economy and has the world's sixth-highest per capita income. Australia's military expenditure is the world's 13th-largest. With the second-highest human development...
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...Nikita Federoff Essay #1 Joseph-Anthony Roberto January 26, 2012 Criminology-BHS 142 Capital Punishment I believe Capital Punishment to be one of the most important environmental forces currently impacting the United States Criminal Justice System in a negative way. Capital Punishment is defined as the lawful infliction of death as a punishment, Commonly known as the Death Penalty. The first known infliction of the death penalty occurred in the American colonies the year of 1608, The victim being Captain George Kendall in the Jamestown Colony. Throughout history the death penalty has been known to be carried out by one of five lawful means; Hanging, Gas Chambers, Firing Squad, Lethal Injection, and Electrocution. In the eighteenth century 162 documented executions took place, Followed by 1,391 executions in the nineteenth century. Towards the end of the Revolutionary War, 11 Colonies wrote new constitutions allowing Capital Punishment. Ironically, nine out of those eleven colonies did not allow “Cruel and Unusual Punishment.” The Eighth Amendment of the U.S. Constitution prohibits the government from inflicting "cruel and unusual punishments." The uncertainty of the phrase "cruel and unusual." cause controversy's over the constitutionality of the death penalty. Some argue that the phrase "cruel and unusual" refers to the type of punishment inflicted, others feel that the phrase refers to the degree and duration of the punishment. The U.S. Supreme Court has rejected...
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...teach a lesson than simply punish the offender. The “criminal” was almost always male. However, punishment for such crimes as witchcraft, infanticide, and adultery fell heavily on the women. In addition, much of the blame and punishment for crimes was attributed to those in the lowest rank in society. Whipping was the most commonly used form of punishment, especially in the south with slaves. Other frequently used punishments included branding, cutting off ears, and placing people in the pillory. These punishments were sometimes harsher, depending on the crimes committed. In the American colonies, executions were less common than in England. However, when such a method was used, it was most often a public hanging. Usually capital offenses, such as murder or rape, or repeated serious offenses constituted a need for an execution. Imprisonment was uncommon in colonial America since the budding colonies did not have people to spare to keep the community in order. Every person was valuable for their working ability, and losing even one worker to law keeping was neither reasonable nor an efficient use of resources. In addition, colonial communities rarely had enough extra money to build a prison and feed prisoners. Since probation was not yet known to the colonists, they used a system of nods to guarantee troublemakers would not cause any problems. Courts began to require many problem-causing people to put up money to make sure they would stay out of trouble. This system worked especially...
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...KAFKA MARX COMBO _________________________________________________________________________________________________ Kafka wrote about the contradictions and anxieties of his time but the central theme of his works, indisputably, is the theme of alienation. Alienation is a complex subject which is linked with its vast historicity from the Judeo-Christian beginnings. To understand alienation in Kafka’s works, it is essential to understand its foundation within a socio-economic context of the modern society. In this regard, Karl Marx and his theory of alienation can help steering our way. The human society, as Marx had stressed in the Grundrisse, “does not consist of individuals; it expresses the sum of connections and relationships in which individuals find themselves”. Human beings therefore cannot exist independently of the society but are shaped by the society they live in. Human lives are dominated by natural and impersonal forces that control society to a great extent. While studying the nature and functioning of the capitalistic form of production Marx had discovered the uniqueness of human labor: “At the end of every labor-process, we get a result that already existed in the imagination of the laborer”. This physical and intellectual labor of man has resulted in the collective development of the productive forces and subsequently became capable of producing a surplus. By taking over control of the means of production, a particular minority class of people adroitly...
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...Beginning Before examining the development of any laws in Australia, one must review and accept the irony that, Australia began as a nation of convicts. In the late 18th century, the British empire were being burdened by the increasing number of criminals, convicted of variety of crimes from petty theft, fraud, to even murder. Due to the limited landmass, King George III empowered Captain Arthur Phillip, commander of the First fleet, to sail out to Australia and establish the first British Colonial state on the shores of the new landmass. On 26 January 1788, Captain Arthur Phillip, along with about 700 convicts aboard his 11 fleets, landed at Sydney Cove and marked the beginning of a new colony. As the first governor of Australia, he was the authority of the First Charter of Justice in the new colony. Although the administration of the...
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...In January 2002, the first shackled and hooded men from Afghanistan were incarcerated behind barbed wire at the U.S. Naval Station, Guantánamo Bay, Cuba. In April 2004, when the case challenging the legality of their detention was argued before the U.S. Supreme Court, Guantánamo still appeared to many as a strange aberration, as an “animal,” with “no other like it,” as Justice Ginsburg stated. Descriptions of Guantánamo as a lawless zone enhanced this image of its exceptional status: a legal black hole, a legal limbo, a prison beyond the law, a “permanent United States penal colony floating in another world.”3 Yet since the revelations of prisoner abuse at Abu Ghraib in Iraq and the leak of the Washington “torture memos,” it has become increasingly clear that, more than an anomaly, Guantánamo repre- sents the start of the “road to Abu Ghraib,” one island in a global penal archi- pelago, where the United States indefinitely detains, secretly transports, and tortures uncounted prisoners from all over the world.4 As a rallying cry against human rights abuses in the U.S. “war on terror,” Guantánamo has come to embody what Amnesty International calls a “gulag for our times.”5 The global dimensions of Guantánamo cannot be understood separately from its seemingly bizarre location in Cuba. Prisoners captured in Afghani- stan and around the world were transported here, to a country quite close geographically, yet far politically, from the United States, a country with which the United...
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...“Cuban Girl Martyr”: An Ordinary Girl Lifted to Fame by Yellow Journalism Sensationalism is at the forefront of the media with every outlet attempting to captivate a broader audience in order to elicit popularity and sales among themselves. The Spanish-American war was not excluded from this type of coverage. At a time when the American government was arguing that they their presence was needed in Cuba in order to generate change, the need for support by the general public was sought through all outlets. Cuba had long been a Spanish colony and the revolutionary movement, which had been simmering on and off there for much of the 19th century, intensified during the 1890s. Many in the United States called upon Spain to withdraw from the island,...
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