...Case Study on Neural Function This is the second case study that is required for the class. Please submit a paper (doesn’t have to be long; you could even give me bullet-point answers to the questions listed below) that answers all of the questions posed after Case Study 1. I have included an easy second case study which, if you complete it, will be worth extra credit. Answers to the first Case Study are worth 25 points and responding to Case Study 1 is required work for the course. The extra credit, which is not required, will be worth a total of 10 points. Both are due at the beginning of class on Tuesday, November 18, 2014. Case 1 M.G. is an 8-year-old boy who has been brought to the emergency department by his parents with a fever of 104º F, lethargy, headache, and stiff neck. Laboratory analysis of a spinal tap demonstrates increased white blood cells in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Discussion Questions 1. What is the most likely cause of M.G.’s signs and symptoms? What is the origin and pathogenesis? What other laboratory findings would be consistent with this etiology? * Meningitis is the likey cause. Usually a bacterial infection. 2. What are common complications of this disorder, and how would one assess for their occurrence? 3. What is the usual treatment for this disorder? Case 2 J.S. is a 72-year-old woman with a long history of atherosclerosis. One afternoon, her grandson found her sitting in a chair staring blankly into...
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...Timely treatment after a stroke is imperative in increasing a patient’s likelihood of survival, as well as sustaining their quality of life. Stroke was once seen as a condition in which little could be done for a patient in the emergency environment; emergency personnel could assess vital signs and maintain airways during transport, whereas in the emergency department (ED) the patient would undergo monitoring until they were recovered enough to receive cognitive and physical therapy. However, with the advent of tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), this dim reality has largely changed. First approved for ischemic strokes by the Food and Drug Administration (FDA) in 1996, tPA works by breaking down blood clots that cause nearly 80% of all stroke...
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...10.1 STROKE This concept was taken from module 10 “Assessment of nervous system”, Sub-topic 3 “common abnormalities and assessment findings of nervous system”. Stroke is a condition of both the nervous and cardio-vascular system. Stroke is a condition of brain damage which results due to shortage of blood supply. The blood supply to the arteries of the brain is reduced leading to brain damage. This result from shortage of blood supply and glucose supply to the brain. In the US it is the fourth leading cause of death. Stroke is also known as cerebro-vascular accident and it is a medical emergency. TYPES OF STROKE There are two main types of stroke namely ischemic stroke and hemorrhagic stroke, though some authors belief that transient...
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...Case Study 1 Nichelle Torres Pathophysiology Session 4 Case Study Case 1 (Chapter 14: Concepts of Neurologic Dysfunction & Chapter 15: Alterations in Neurologic Function) J .S. is a 72-year-old woman with a long history of atherosclerosis (hardening of the arteries). One afternoon, her grandson found her sitting in a chair staring blankly into space. She was tilting toward the right, drooling, and had been incontinent of urine. She was able to focus her eyes on him when he spoke to her, but she was unable to verbalize a response. She was transported to the local hospital and diagnosed with cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Discussion Questions : 1.)What questions could be asked of J. S.'s family to help determine the cause of her stroke as thrombotic, embolic, or hemorrhagic (i.e., questions to assess risk factors for each type of stroke)? * The family may be asked if J.S. is a smoker, or if there is a history of hypertension or diabetes. 2.)Based on the scenario described above, which brain hemisphere (left or right) suffered the ischemic damage? What other manifestations of this stroke location would likely be apparent? *Given the information above, the left hemisphere would be affected because a stroke is contra lateral. The fact that she is drooling and incontinent may suggest damage to the brain stem. 3.)What medical therapies might be used to manage this stroke and/or to prevent another one? *...
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...Stroke is a disease with disturbance or damage in brain function that may cause temporary or permanent function loss of the part of the body or even death. This disease is one of the major leading causes of death almost in all over the world, including Indonesia. According to Riskesdas' survey result, stroke causes 15,4% death in all ages in Indonesia. This rate is the highest among all death rates caused by other non-transmitted diseases. (Departemen Kesehatan RI, 2011) As a heterogeneous disease, stroke has some types and each of them has its own warning signs, symptoms, risk factors, and causes. The one that will be discussed in this article is ischemic stroke, which occurs as the result of blockage in cerebral artery. This blockage leads...
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...Running Head: Physical Activity and Stroke Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke His/her Name University Name Abstract Researchers and scientists have always favored preventive measures to avoid the conditions which result in undergoing a rigorous treatment. In this view physical activity or fitness training programs have been found having significant effects in the prevention of strokes as well as at post care stage as treatment and a measure of rehabilitation in survivors of cardiac arrests. Further, it has been noted in recently conducted studies that quite a remarkable evidences are discovered in favor of physical activity as therapeutic as well as rehabilitative in nature. Organized physical activity in the form of exercise, tailor made programs according to the needs of the patients at post care stage and fitness training exercise therapy have been found considerably helpful in rehabilitation in the survivors of stroke. In addition, further research is proposed to explore the different types of organized exercise programs according to the physical and mental conditions of survivors and as preventive measures among them. Physical Activity in the Prevention and Treatment of Stroke Cardiac arrest is a one of the growing and leading causes of death around the globe. According to available data, more than 130,000...
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...Six Caps Case Study University of Phoenix Undergraduate Nursing Studies Introduction In the words of Albert Einstein, “the world we have created is a product of our thinking; it cannot be changed without changing our thinking.” Today more and more nurses have to change their thinking process to ensure clients receive quality care. Therefore, clinical judgments cannot be based on speculation but on outcome, directed thinking. As the client health status changes, the nurse must be able recognize, assess, and evaluate all the presenting information to make an outcome decision that is best for the client and client’s family. To make appropriate decisions require nurses to put on their thinking caps. Edward de Bono’s six thinking caps integrates knowledge, comprehension, application, analysis, and evaluation allowing the nurse to make quality, outcome based decision. The purpose of this paper will focus on a case study using six thinking caps to critically analyze and make clinical decisions in promoting client safety and quality care. White Cap Thinking Looking at the case study with the White, Ms. Marianne first presented with a severe headache. The nurse uses her knowledge base about hemorrhagic stroke to decide what additional information is needed. Since information cannot be obtained from the patient, the nurse ask the patient’s family questions about the patient’s health problems, family health problems, medical history, medication regimen...
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...‘Biology is the study of life and living things (organisms), and is an enormous, rapidly developing subject involving many allied disciplines such as chemistry, physics, mathematics, geology and psychology’ (Roberts et al, 2000, p.1). ‘Psychology is a science in which behavioural and other evidence (including individuals’ reports of their thoughts and feelings) is used to understand the internal processes leading people (and members of other species) to behave as they do’ (Eysenk, 2009, p.36). ‘Sociology provides a critical and systematic understanding of the processes which structures the society in which we live’ (University of Surrey 2009). The above quotations shortly define biology, psychology and sociology as three individual topics, which will be discussed throughout the whole assignment in order to gain an understanding of the relation of their individual influences to the outcome of my chosen patient’s current health status, a cerebrovascular accident (stroke). Rana and Upton (2009) were the first to research these three factors individually, relating them to poor health and well-being. Roberts’ (2000) definition above describes the certain issues explored within biology today; however, psychological and sociological issues can influence the biological status of the human body. Despite sociology influencing ones behaviour, it is also based around the effect it has upon groups and external events. Sociology does not only target the individual involved, but the way the...
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...Biopyschologists believe that every mental event involves a brain event. Many people have experienced severe injuries and trauma to their brains in their lives. However after undergoing exercises, surgery or therapy it is able to help them repair their brains as well as change their minds and literally change their brains. The process whereby their brains change in response to experience is called neuroplasticity. There are various forms of neuroplasticity such as homologous area adaptation, map expansion, cross-modal reassignment and compensatory masquerade which occur through diverse forms of therapeutic rehabilitation and treatment. Many processes are involved in brain recovery, after an injury or trauma. Neural networks and how they trigger an action potential, neuroplasticity, learning experience and therapy in patient recovery or remission are very important in brain recovery. In this essay, case studies that underwent neuroplasticity due to brain damage will be shown as well as how the treatment they underwent both psychologically and physically ‘changed their brain’. In computer science and associated fields, artificial neural networks are computational models motivated by an animal's central nervous system (in particular the brain) which is competent of machine learning as well as pattern recognition. Artificial neural networks are usually conferred as systems of interconnected "neurons" which can calculate values from inputs (Elsevier, 1988). An action potential is...
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...Case Study: Treating a Patient with Vascular Dementia Grand Canyon University Case Study: Treating a Patient with Vascular Dementia Vascular dementia is one of the most common causes of dementia, Alzheimer being the most common. Vascular dementia causes around 10% of cases while Alzheimer causes around an estimate of 60% to 80% of cases. NHS Choice (2015) defines dementia as “a loss of mental ability (cognitive impairment) associated with gradual death of brain cells” (para. 2). Vascular dementia occurs when the blood flow to the brain is reduced and usually happens from strokes, it also can be caused by a variety of diseases and damages that affects the brain. One of the most common type of vascular dementia is the Multi-infarct dementia which is caused by minor strokes or (which sometimes are called “mini strokes” or silent strokes”) that at times could go unnoticed. Unlike Alzheimer's disease, there are no licensed treatments for vascular dementia (O’Brien and Thomas, 2015) Multi-infarct dementia is more common in older men than women around the ages of 60 to 75 years old. Vascular dementia is really rare in anyone younger than 65. Global, 48.5 million people have dementia, about 70% of that is Alzheimer’s and around 10% are vascular dementia, there are 7.7 million new cases every year. This case study looks further into Vascular Dementia and the people who have them and shows how a great care system and collaboration can help the patient. A case study will be conducted...
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...STUDY OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE Ex. No : Date : AIM: To study the various parts and mechanism of four stroke diesel engine. STUDY OF ENGINE COMPONENETS AND MECHANISMS: The following are major component in a four-stroke diesel engine. 1. Cylinder 2. Cylinder head 3. Piston 4. Piston rings 5. Connecting rod 6. Crank shaft 7. Piston pin 8. Inlet valve 9. Inlet manifold 10. Exhaust valve 11. Exhaust manifold 12. Cam and cam-follower 13. Fly wheel 14. Cam shaft 15. Push rod 16. Valve spring 17. Rocker arm 18. Fuel Nozzle 19. Fuel pump 20. Cam shaft drive mechanism 21. Crank case 22. Governor 23. Water Jacket TERMS COMMONLY USED: TOP DEAD CENTER (TDC): The top most position of the piston towards the cylinder head and the topside of the cylinder of the vertical engine are called top dead center position. BOTTOM DEAD CENTER (BDC): The lowest most position of the piston towards the crank end side of the cylinder of a vertical engine is called bottom dead center position. WORKING OF FOUR STROKE DIESEL ENGINE: The working cycle of the engine is completed in four strokes and diesel oil is used as fuel. Therefore it is known as four-stroke diesel engine. The following are the four working stroke of the engine. SUCTION STROKE: The piston is at the top most position and is ready to move downwards. ...
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...civil engineer had been fighting in the British courts for the right to end his suffering from Locked-In Syndrome, an incurable condition, following a stroke he suffered in 2005 (Burns). According to the National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, Locked-In Syndrome is “a rare neurological disorder characterized by complete paralysis of voluntary muscles in all parts of the body except for those that control eye movement…Individuals with locked-in syndrome are conscious and can think and reason, but are unable to speak or move…Communication may be possible with blinking eye movements.” Nicklinson’s only way of communicating was through a system that allowed him to write messages on a computer screen by blinking his eyes (Burns). His message was clear—“I want permission to die.” Before his case went to trial, Tony wrote an essay to the courts expressing his astonishment that a 21st century British court would deny him the right to take his own life just because he was handicapped (Burns). His case was emotionally charged and highly profiled; nevertheless, the British courts rejected his request to die. Lord Justice Sir Roger Toulson, the judge writing for the three-panel court that heard Nicklinson’s case said a decision in his favor would constitute “a major change in the law” (Burns). Nicklinson died six days after the court’s decision. Currently, euthanasia, or its more politically correct term, assisted suicide, is only legal in Europe in Belgium, Luxembourg and...
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...This study will utilize a retrospective design and it is defined as the linking of a presently existing phenomenon to a past phenomenon. This type of research design begins with a research variable that is dependent (such as the effects of an intervention), and then examines to see if there is any relation or correlation with an independent variable (potential causes) which as previously occurred (Polit & Beck, 2012). The rational for using this study design is mainly due to limitations that relates to the lack of control over who is eligible to receive rt-PA, and who cannot receive it. Also, the study population under review is not readily available for treatment therefore using a retrospective chat review gives the researchers the ability...
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...extractions; and humans can be purged of such feelings and their validities by demolishing the theories that give them life. The cognitive restructuring model is a proven model in addressing behavioral issues concerning stroke victims and adolescents. Team A’s focus will be addressing the perceptions into these interventions. Behavioral changes can be difficult, but for a stroke victim it can be even more challenging due to cognitive deficiencies after a stroke. These changes are not only grueling to accept, but create a challenge due to physical, cognitive and emotional impairments. After a stroke, the ability to return to a consistent routine and activities now depend on the individual’s ability modify behaviors. One of the challenges one may face after a stroke is difficulty relating with others among other behavioral challenges relating to this type of injury. One of the main steps in overcoming this challenge is building a trusting relationship with the stroke victim; this develops throughout the rehabilitation process. Encouraging the patient too understand the benefits of setting goals. This trust is achieved through honesty, caring and regular interaction always trying to achieve realistic expectations. “Other Interventions include developing a plan that the stroke victim is happy with, so that it is more likely to be effective” (White, Seckinger, Doyle, and Strauss, 1997). Take into consideration their weaknesses and strengths, and prioritize their needs. Also reflect on the...
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...Concept Analysis: Heat-related Illness The Dangers of Children Left in Cars Edward Hynes Abstract An understanding of the concept of heat-related illness on children in enclosed vehicles and the impact on their families is necessary for Advanced Life Support (ALS) in order to appropriately assess the situation and determine the most appropriate actions to take. This paper will present various aspects of heat-related illness on children in enclosed vehicles, including the causes and outcomes of these situations, the impact on the families, and preventative measures. Concept Analysis: Heat-related illness What is the concept of Heat related illness on children in enclosed vehicles and the impact on the family? In todays’ families both parents have to work in order to pay the bills. As a result, both parents have to split the responsibilities of getting the kids from one place to another. The results are we all get involved in our routines that when you change that routine something always gets forgotten. Unfortunately the add responsibility of drop our child off at daycare sometime gets forgotten. And our days go on as normal. Until the dreaded question comes up “Can you pick up the children from daycare?” And your world gets turned upside down and inside out and will never be the same. As you remember you forgot to drop your child off at daycare. You run franticly to your vehicle to find out you are too late and you have lost your child to a heat related illness called...
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